Hazard Assessment Of Chemicals Research Articles

Mode of Action and the Assessment of Chemical Hazards in the Presence of Limited Data: Use of Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) under TSCA, Section 5

Mode of Action and the Assessment of Chemical Hazards in the Presence of Limited Data: Use of Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) under TSCA, Section 5

Book Reviews

Risk Management and Hazardous Waste By Brian Wynne Berlin: Springer‐Verlag, 1987 459 pp., $59.50 hb. Hazard Assessment of Chemicals, Vol. 5 Edited by Jitendra Saxena Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1987 440 pp., $59.50 hb. Pesticides: Minimizing the Risks Edited by Nancy N. Ragsdale and Ronald J. Kuhr Washington, D. C.: American Chemical Society, 1987 185 pp., $34.95 hb. Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: 10th Volume Edited by William J. Adams, Gary A. Chapman, and Wayne G. Landis Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Society for Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication, 1988 580 pp., $64.00 hb. Silent Spring Revisited Edited by Gino J. Marco, Robert M. Hollingworth, and William Durham Washington, D. C.: American Chemical Society, 1987 214 pp., $29.95 hb. The Dilemma of Toxic Substance Regulation: How Overregulation Causes Underregulation at OSHA By John M. Mendelhoff Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1988 321 pp., $35.00 hb. Hazardous Materials Disposal: Siting and Management Edited by Manas Chatterji Brookfield, Vermont: Gower Publishing Co., 1987 331 pp., $59.50 hb. Guide to State Environmental Programs Edited by Deborah Hitchcock Jessup Washington, D. C.: The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 1988 578 pp., $40.00 pb. Environmental Biotechnology: Reducing Risks from Environmental Chemicals through Biotechnology Edited by Gilbert S. Omenn; associate eds., Rita Colwell, A. M. Chakrabarty, Morris Levin, and Perry McCarty New York: Plenum Press, 1988 505 pp., $89.50 hg. Radioactivity and Nuclear Waste Disposal By Foo‐Sun Lau New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1987 615 pp., $144.00 hg. Managerial Decision Analysis By Danny Samson Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1988 745 pp., $43.95 hb.

Exposure and ecotoxicity estimation for environmental chemicals (E4CHEM): Application of fate models for surface water and soil

The e4chem (Exposure and Ecotoxicity Estimation for Environmental CHEMicals) model system was developed for exposure and hazard assessment of environmental chemicals. Two e4chem fate models, exwat and exsol , for surface waters and soil, respectively, are tested and validated by comparing experimental with calculated results. The concentrations of a volatile compound (tetrachloroethene) in the river Main can be predicted by exwat , taking into account the average consumption values along the river and an empirically derived proportionality factor for the release rate (0.6% for tetrachloroethene). A sensitivity analysis shows the dominance of volatilisation over dilution. The transport and fate of the herbicide, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, are simulated for four German soils under various climatic conditions. Downward movement is underestimated by laboratory sorption measurements. Sorption coefficients derived from field trials have lower values and lower variabilities than those from laboratory sorption studies.

Book Review: Toxic Hazard Assessment of Chemicals

Book Review: Toxic Hazard Assessment of Chemicals

Hazard assessment of chemicals using fish cell culture and quantitative structure-activity relationships in aquatic toxicology.

Present status of cytotoxicity studies with fish cell culture and quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) in aquatic toxicology were discussed from the viewpoint of utilization of alternative species or methods for toxicity tests. In vitro cytotoxicity studies with fish cell culture were much less than those with mammalian cells. However, recently cytotoxicity studies comparing toxicological responses in fish cell with those in whole fish and mammalian cells are increasing. Reproduction, unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and cromosomal aberration of cells are used as a measure of effects on cells. Especially, UDS and cromosomal aberration are used in studies to detect carcinogenic substances in an aquatic environment. In QSAR studies, steric parameters e. g. molecular connectivity index were taken into consideration as a physical-chemical properties in addition to well-known n-octanol/water partition coefficient recently and it is concluded that its ability to predict the toxicity is successful for range-finding and test priority determination among the chemicals.

Biological half-lives of chemicals in fishes.

The biological half-life of a chemical is the time required for its concentration in an organism to decline by 50%. This value is described in the relationship: $$ {{T}_{{1/2}}} = \frac{{0.693}}{{{{K}_{e}}}} $$ where T 1/2 is the biological half-life, and K e the clearance coefficient. Both T 1/2 and K e have important applications in chemical hazard assessments. Contaminant dynamics models generally include a coefficient to describe the clearance rate of a chemical (Thomann 1981; Bruggeman 1982). K e can be used to estimate the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of a persistent chemical that does not attain steady-state concentration in fish during a study. Using the kinetics approach, another experiment could determine the chemical uptake coefficient (K 1) by exposing fish to a constant chemical concentration, and this factor can be estimated as BCF = K 1/K e (Oliver and Niimi 1985). Half-lives can also be used to assess the relative importance of the bioconcentration and biomagnification pathways for accumulation of contaminants by fish (Niimi 1985).

Margins of uncertainty in ecotoxicological hazard assessment

AbstractMargins of uncertainty in predicting toxicity from one species to another, from acute to chronic exposures and from single species to higher levels of biological organization were determined by regression and correlation analyses. Based on the acute sensitivities of 35 aquatic species to 15 compounds, no species was found to be particularly sensitive to all chemicals and the 95% uncertainty factor (UF) ranged from 3 to 1,985. Analyses of acute and chronic sensitivities for the same species to 164 chemicals resulted in the acute/chronic relationship log NOEC = ‐1.28 + 0.95 log L(E)C50 (r = 0.89) and the UF of 25.6 (where NOEC is the no observed effect concentration). Comparison of the lowest acute and corresponding ecosystem effect levels for 34 chemicals indicated the relationship log NOEC(ecosystems) = ‐0.55 + 0.81 log L(E)C50 (r = 0.77) and the UF of 85.7. As to the predictability of ecosystem effect levels from chronic single‐species data, the following relationship was found: log NOEC(ecosystems) = 0.63 + 0.85 log NOEC (r = 0.85), with a UF of 33.5. These data indicate that acute testing is not pointless; it offers a statistical base for the use of acute toxicity information in the hazard assessment of chemicals in the aquatic environment.

Relation of survival to other endpoints in chronic toxicity tests with fish

AbstractHazard assessments of chemicals in aquatic organisms often include chronic toxicity testing. The evaluation of exposure duration and of the life stages tested according to standard test methods has led to the development of shorter chronic toxicity tests. A similar evaluation of biological endpoints (i.e., survival, growth and reproduction) could result in tests that are more economical. We analyzed endpoints for 28 chemicals and seven fish species in 34 chronic toxicity studies. When all endpoints were compared, survival was equal to or more sensitive than all other endpoints 56 to 69% of the time. Individual endpoints were more sensitive than survival 19 to 61% of the time, except for reproduction, which was always more sensitive (although there were few observations). The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) for growth could be predicted from the NOEC for survival by using interendpoint correlations (r = 0.949 to 0.974). Ratios of NOECs for survival to those for all other endpoints examined were 5 or less in 93 to 96% of the comparisons (specific endpoint comparisons ranged from 80 to 100%).The determination of the survival endpoint requires less time and money than does the determination of most other endpoints, and it appears adequate for hazard assessments in the initial stage of estimating chronic toxicity. However, a factor of at least 0.2 should be applied to the estimated no‐effect concentrations for survival to include other potential biologically significant effects at least 95% of the time. The factor of 0.2 is based on frequency analyses that resulted in the NOECs for survival being 5 times or less than the NOECs for most other endpoints about 95% of the time. Univariate analyses, however, indicated a range of 0.13 to 0.22 for the factor. A thorough evaluation of other published studies that contain endpoints other then survival should be conducted to define the appropriate factor more accurately.

Hazards of chemicals to earthworms

AbstractWhile great strides have been made in recent years regarding water quality criteria and hazard assessment of chemicals in the aquatic environment, the same is not true for the terrestrial ecosystem. This results in part from the magnitude of the problem and, perhaps, to some degree, from an attitude held by some that animals dwelling in and on the land can better cope with environmental stress than can their aquatic counterparts. Indeed, this sometimes may be the case, but results of our studies with the earthworm Eisenia foetida suggest otherwise. This organism is extremely susceptible to the toxic action of many common pesticides and other chemicals, and there is good evidence that this species is among the more hardy of all the earthworms. Although many facets of the terrestrial ecosystem must be addressed with regard to chemical hazards, practicality dictates that emphasis be directed toward specific organisms representing a given segment of the terrestrial population. This article discusses the vital role of earthworms in the environment and why they are particularly useful as test organisms, and summarizes chemical toxicity data obtained in laboratory and field investigations.

Resources Available for Patient Evaluation

The availability of resources to aid in the assessment of chemical hazards as etiologic agents of disease is limited. Resources are slowly expanding, however, and the nature of these is discussed.

Hazard assessment — A summary of analysis and integrated evaluation of exposure and potential effects from toxic environmental chemicals

The increasing uses of commercial chemicals have forced governments and international organisations, such as OECD, EEC etc. in the years following World War II to address the problem of toxic chemicals in the environment. The scientific basis for any chemical regulation is the knowledge of potential fate and effects of chemicals. Practically every chemical law which has been developed in recent years requests manufacturers and/or importers to register (notify) their production of their marketing of new chemicals to national authorities. The notifications comprise series of data on physico-chemical properties and biological (i.e. toxicological and ecotoxicological) characteristics of the chemicals. From such data it is attempted to establish a hazard ranking (or preliminary hazard assessment) of chemicals. This involves evaluation, or possibly calculation, of the expected exposure from the chemicals and of the potential effects resulting from such exposure. Some basic knowledge on the target, i.e. the ecosystem need to be included in the evaluation process. The possible use of mathematical modelling in hazard ranking and hazard assessment is presently confined to the exposure analyses, which are based on calculations from physico-chemical data of the chemicals and from parameters describing over-all properties of a so-called Unit World. In contrast, the potential effects of a chemical is assessed from a limited number of toxicological and ecotoxicological laboratory tests. The main criteriae used in hazard ranking are established from laboratory data on degradability, mobility and potential for bioaccumulation of the individual chemicals. Such data are selected as the fate (exposure) characteristics of primary importance, while information on acute toxicity to rat, fish, and daphnia are the measures used for evaluation of potential effects. In various ranking schemes these characteristics are expressed in simple numerical scales, and classification codes are assigned to each. These can be scoring systems, or - even more simple - descriptive codes as for instance colour codes, such as Black for ‘Damaging to the environment’, Grey for ‘Dangerous to the environment’, and White for ‘Potentially dangerous to the environment’. The limitations of presently known hazard rankings schemes are discussed, and it is suggested that basic chemical properties (such as the OECD/EEC base-set data or similar) should not realistically be utilised beyond the stage of simple classification rules, e.g. for labelling purposes. More elaborate hazard assessment schemes are still to be expected, and they should be based on more individually developed case-by-case studies.

The growth response in fish chronic and early life stage toxicity tests: A critical review

Toxicity data from 25 years of fish life cycle chronic, partial chronic and early life stage tests are examined to determine the utility of the standard fish chronic toxicity endpoints, in particular the growth response, to chemical hazard evaluations. The 173 tests include exposure to metals, pesticides, unclassified organics, inorganic compounds, detergent chemicals and complex effluents. Fry survival was significantly reduced in 57% of all tests at the lowest effect concentration. Fry growth was reduced in 36% and egg hatching in 19% of the tests. Only 60% of the tests include exposure of adult organisms. Reproduction was reduced in 30% of these tests. Adult survival (13%) and growth (5%) were seldom reduced at the lowest effect concentration. Fry survival and growth were very often correlated as equally sensitive. Fry growth was the single most sensitive response in only 14% of the tests reported. In the absence of the growth response data for these 20 chemicals/effluents, the fry survival data would have provided MATC values within a factor of 2 to 7 ( x⋍3 ). The conclusion is that, as presently derived, the growth response could be deleted from routine applications of the fish early life stage test. The net result would be a significant reduction in the duration and cost of screening tests with no appreciable impact on estimating MATCs for chemical hazard assessments. Possible explanations for the insensitivity of the standard growth response, alternatives, and other relevant observations of this data base are discussed.

Relationship between molar refraction and n-octanol/water partition coefficient

The n-octanol/water partition coefficient ( P ow) for organic chemicals which do not form the hydrogen bond was considered on the basis of London's dispersion force, because the dispersion force is the main component of van der Waals-type attractive forces between solute and solvent molecules. The dispersion force is a function of both the ionization potential and the molar refraction. As the variation of the ionization potential is small in comparison with that of the molar refraction, the latter is the most important factor to determine the value of P ow. Thus the relationship between P ow and the molar refraction can be established. The relationship was confirmed for some halogenated alkanes, alkenes and aromatics, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by analysis of observed values of P ow and calculated values of the molar refraction. Estimation of P ow from the molar refraction is advantageous for the preliminary hazard assessment of new chemicals, because direct measurement of P ow is laborious and time consuming for lack of information about analytical methods.

The Microtox as an alternative assay in the acute toxicity assessment of water pollutants

The toxicity of 15 chemicals was determined with the Microtox Assay System (MAS). Subsequently the sensitivity of the MAS was compared with that of standard aquatic toxicity tests, comprising 20 different species including recommended test species. The MAS yielded fairly replicable results which were comparable with those obtained with the standard tests. As the MAS does not require the culturing of test organisms and takes about 5% of the actual work involved in the standard procedures, it is suggested to use the MAS as a prescreening tool in the hazard assessment of chemicals.

Comparative Requirements for Premarketing Premanufacture Notifications in the EC Countries and the USA, with Special Reference to Risk Assessment in the Framework of the US Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)

The legal-scientific control system for toxic substances is embodied in the 79/831 EC Directive in the European Community countries and in the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) in the United States. The 6th Amendment of the EC Directive and Section 5 of TSCA cover notification of new chemicals and require a Premarketing Notification and a Premanufacture Notification, respectively (both known as PMN). Beyond a commonality of some general information required in the submission on a new chemical (such as chemical identity and molecular structure, proposed categories of use, production or importation level) there are two important differences between the two systems. First, the EC Directive requires as a mandatory part of a PMN submission a specified “base set” of health, environmental, and physicochemical test data; TSCA Section S does not specify a set of mandatory test data but requires, as a part of the PMN submission, data on all health and environmental effects in the possession or control of the notifier, as well as on byproducts, resulting from the manufacture, processing, use, or disposal of the new chemical. Second, the EC Directive is not concerned with either controlling the potential adverse health and environmental effects of a new chemical or with the assessment of risk that these effects represent; these issues are left up to the EC member states to legislate and handle. Forty-five days after submission of an EC PMN, if all notification requirements have been met and if the packaging and labeling requirements comply with the Directive, the chemical may be placed on the market. In TSCA, companies must notify the US EPA 90 days before they intend to begin the manufacturing or importation of a new chemical for commercial use. The 90 days (which may be extended under TSCA to 180) is used by EPA to carry out an initial assessment of the health and environmental risk that the chemical may represent. Should a “reasoned evaluation” of the data submitted and/or otherwise available indicate that the chemical could or does present an “unreasonable risk to health and the environment,” the Agency can, under Sections 5(e) and 5(f), respectively, limit or prohibit the production, use or disposal of the chemical. Both the EC Directive and TSCA mandate the establishment and publication of Inventories of chemicals. The EC Directive Inventory is a closed system, listing only those chemicals which were on the EC market during specified reporting periods; chemicals submitted subsequently will remain “new” so that each subsequent manufacturer or importer must submit a PMN. In contrast, the TSCA Inventory keeps on continuously increasing by those PMN chemicals, the manufacture or importation of which has actually begun. The TSCA assessment framework for chemicals makes a clear distinction between hazard and risk. The hazard of a chemical represents its suspected or established inherent toxicological capabilities to inflict damage on the health of humans, animals, plants, and the environment at-large, through some type of exposure. There is risk, when there is actual exposure to a hazardous chemical; in other words, risk of chemicals represents the overlap of hazard and exposure. The overall process of PMN assessment in the US EPA includes a first phase of risk assessment and a second phase of regulatory disposition. In accordance with the distinction made between hazard, exposure and risk, the stage-setting initial evaluation of PMNs is carried out along two converging procedural channels (representing hazard assessment and exposure assessment) in the risk assessment stage. Following the convergence of the outcomes of the hazard and exposure assessments, the level of risk that a new chemical may represent determines the regulatory disposition (if any) taken subsequently. A key component of the hazard assessment of PMN chemicals at EPA resides in the Structure-Activity Team (SAT). SAT assesses PMNs against a hazard evaluation grid, representing data or estimate categories on chemical and physiocochemical properties, environmental fate, bioaccumulation, irritant properties toward and absorption into living organisms, acute and chronic toxicological and pharmacological effects, generation of xenobiotic metabolic split products, impurities present,, etc. The hazard rating of PMN chemicals (into those of low-, medium-, and high-level concern) is based on a combination of three approaches or data source categories: (a) evaluation of the test data and related information submitted; (b) evaluation of the xenobiotic and/or pharmacological potentialities of the compound regarded singly, as distinct from its possible analogy to other compounds; (c) structure-activity relationship analysis, based on structural analogy to compounds or classes of compounds established to have xenobiotic effects. Only chemicals of substantial concern are led through all steps of the assessment process. Submissions on certain categories of PMN chemicals (e.g., certain water-insoluble high polymers, low/medium hazard level photographic chemicals incorporated into films) receive special procedural treatment and undergo limited assessment.

Carcinogenesis bioassay results from the National Toxicology Program.

Research ArticleOpen AccessCarcinogenesis bioassay results from the National Toxicology Program. J Huff J Huff Search for more papers by this author Published:1 November 1982https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8245185Cited by:11AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited by Huff J (2013) Benzene-induced Cancers: Abridged History and Occupational Health Impact, International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 10.1179/oeh.2007.13.2.213, 13:2, (213-221), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2007. Linkov I, Polkanov M, Shagiakhmetov A, Wilson R and Gray G (2016) Correlations among tumor types in mouse cancer bioassays: liver adenomas, liver carcinomas, leukemias and lymphomas, Toxicology and Industrial Health, 10.1177/074823370001600103, 16:1, (16-40), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2000. Dunnick J and Elwell M (1989) Toxicity studies of amphetamine sulfate, ampicillin trihydrate, codeine, 8-methoxypsoralen, α-methyldopa, penicillin VK and propantheline bromide in rats and mice, Toxicology, 10.1016/0300-483X(89)90127-3, 56:2, (123-136), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1989. Yoshitomi K, Alison R and Boorman G (2016) Adenoma and Adenocarcinoma of the Gallbladder in Aged Laboratory Mice, Veterinary Pathology, 10.1177/030098588602300428, 23:4, (523-527), Online publication date: 1-Jul-1986. Jansson K and Jansson V (1986) Inability of chlorophenols to induce 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants in V79 Chinese hamster cells, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology, 10.1016/0165-1218(86)90050-9, 171:2-3, (165-168), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1986. (2018) Chemical carcinogens: a review of the science and its associated principles. U.S. Interagency Staff Group on Carcinogens., Environmental Health Perspectives, 67, (201-282), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1986. Witte I, Juhl U and Butte W (1985) DNA-damaging properties and cytotoxicity in human fibroblasts of tetrachlorohydroquinone, a pentachlorophenol metabolite, Mutation Research/DNA Repair Reports, 10.1016/0167-8817(85)90042-2, 145:1-2, (71-75), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1985. Haseman J, Crawford D, Huff J, Boorman G and McConnell E (2009) Results from 86 two‐year carcinogenicity studies conducted by the national toxicology program, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 10.1080/15287398409530613, 14:5-6, (621-639), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1984. Haseman J, Huff J and Boorman G (2016) Use of Historical Control Data in Carcinogenicity Studies in Rodents, Toxicologic Pathology, 10.1177/019262338401200203, 12:2, (126-135), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1984. Hart L, Huff J, Moore J and Rall D (1983) The National Toxicology Program's Research and Testing Activities Hazard Assessment of Chemicals, 10.1016/B978-0-12-312402-9.50012-3, (191-244), . Maronpot R and Boorman G (2016) Interpretation of Rodent Hepatocellular Proliferative Alterations and Hepatocellular Tumors in Chemical Safety Assessment , , Toxicologic Pathology, 10.1177/019262338201000210, 10:2, (71-78), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1982. Vol. 45November 1982Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Originally published1 November 1982Published in print1 November 1982 Financial disclosuresPDF download License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. Note to readers with disabilities EHP strives to ensure that all journal content is accessible to all readers. However, some figures and Supplemental Material published in EHP articles may not conform to 508 standards due to the complexity of the information being presented. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please contact [email protected]. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days.

Current OECD activities relating to the Hazard Assessment of Chemicals

The OECD Hazard Assessment Project was initiated by the Chemicals Group in December 1979, a time when the early phase of the OECD Chemicals Programme was essentially drawing to an end with major products such as draft Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals and the Minimum Pre-marketing set of Data (MPD). MPD constitutes a package of data which would normally be sufficient to allow a meaningful first assessment of the potential hazard of a chemical at the premarketing stage. It was thought important, once MPD had been proposed, to start a hazard assessment project based on MPD. In fact, the Expert Groups which developed the draft Test Guidelines had in many cases discussed principles for interpretation of test results-with respect to individual MPD parameters, but also integrated interpretation of such parameters. OECD has been working with chemicals control since the beginning of the 1970s. Initially, actions within the Organisation were concentrated on individual chemicals such as mercury and PCBs, but soon questions about testing and assessment of chemicals in general became the major target of the work. The somewhat limited scope of the OECD Hazard Assessment Project and the national and international needs which constitute the driving force for such a Project will be discussed. But first I would like to stress that in its Chemicals Programme OECD has always attempted to use the best available science as a basis for its policy actions. Therefore, it is with great interest that the Organisation follows activities such as the present symposium, so timely convened by IAES and SECOTOX. I am confident that the experts gathered here in London have added substantially to our knowledge of the current scientific basis for hazard assessment, and that the OECD Project will benefit from this. Initially, the work under the Hazard Assessment Project is being carried out in

The International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC) of UNEP

Until recently there has been no international register or international network linking national registers for the exchange of information on, and for, chemical hazard assessment and control. The International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC) was established by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1976 and is now in full operation.The objectives assigned to the Register concern the establishment of a global network of contributing partners through which it can develop its data-bank containing relevant information for an assessment of environmental hazards caused by chemicals, and disseminate this information to decision-making bodies, national authorities, international organizations and other institutions, and to the scientific community that is concerned with the evaluation and control of chemicals in the environment.The IRPTC operations involve preparation of data profiles for chemicals, the development of a computerized data storage and retrieval system, a query–response service, and the publication of a 4-monthly Register Index, a periodical Bulletin, and other documents. These contain information on chemicals, international and national activities related to issues of chemical safety, and also legislative and regulatory measures for protection of the health of humans and of the environment from the noxious effects of chemicals.

The EEC policy in the hazard assessment of new chemicals.

The sheer number of new chemicals produced each year poses problems to ensure that no dangerous products are brought in to use in the Community. Therefore the Council of Ministers of the European Communities has adopted on September 18, 1979 a Community legislation with respect to the notification of new chemicals. This is the so called sixth amendment of the Council directive of 27 June 1967 relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. The purpose of this directive is to approximate the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the ten Member States on: a) the notification of new chemical substances and b) the classification, packaging and labelling of substances dangerous to man and the environment which are placed on the market (including imported products) in the Member States of the Community. When giving this pre-marketing notification, the technical dossier requires, amongst others, the results of tests, of physico-chemical properties and toxicological and ecotoxicological parameters, following a three level hierarchical or step-sequence test system based on the quantities of the substances marketed. The first level concerns a mandatory base-set or level 0, the so called Annex VII, followed by a level 1 and level 2 testsystem (Annex VIII).

Haque, R.: Dynamics, Exposure and Hazard Assessment of Toxic Chemicals. Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor Science Publ. Inc., The Butterworth Group, 1980, 496 S., 657 Lit., Preis: £ 23.10

Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologicaVolume 10, Issue 1 p. 30-30 Buchbesprechung Haque, R.: Dynamics, Exposure and Hazard Assessment of Toxic Chemicals. Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor Science Publ. Inc., The Butterworth Group, 1980, 496 S., 657 Lit., Preis: £ 23.10 R. Koch, R. KochSearch for more papers by this author R. Koch, R. KochSearch for more papers by this author First published: 1982 https://doi.org/10.1002/aheh.19820100107AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume10, Issue11982Pages 30-30 RelatedInformation