Chemical Equilibrium Conditions Research Articles

RENEWABLE LIGNIN-BASED BIOMATERIALS FOR THE ADSORPTION OF Co(II) IONS FROM WASTEWATERS

The current study examines the adsorptive potential of a biomaterial resulting from the extraction of cellulose, Sarkanda grass lignin, for the retention of Co(II) from aqueous medium under static conditions. The initial solution pH, initial concentration of Co(II), the adsorbent dose and the contact time between the adsorbent and the adsorbate were the main parameters preliminarily tested in order to accurately establish the optimal experimental conditions. The adsorption capacity of Sarkanda grass lignin was evaluated through surface analyses, the application of the Freundlich and Langmuir models to establish chemical equilibrium conditions, the Lagergren I and Ho-McKay II models for process kinetics, and biological stability analysis of specific indices. The number of germinated seeds or germination energy for the seeds of Triticum aestivum L, Glosa variety, introduced in the contaminated adsorbent and in the filtrates resulting from the phase separation was also evaluated. The results obtained through the aforementioned analysis methods indicate that Sarkanda grass lignin may be a promising solution for the adsorption of Co(II) from wastewater. This is evidenced by the observed adsorption capacity and the time required for the adsorption process.

Hydride induced embrittlement and fracture of non-hardening metals under hydrogen chemical equilibrium

The stress field in the hydride precipitation zone is examined, under conditions of hydrogen chemical equilibrium and constant temperature, in the case of non-hardening metals, by applying slip-line theory. It is proven that the hydride precipitation zone, in any geometry, is a constant stress area. In this area, the principal stresses are equal to the respective principal stresses, before hydride precipitation, minus the difference of hydrostatic stress before and after hydride precipitation. The general relations are applied to the case of a stationary sharp mode-I plane-strain crack and the deviations from Prandtl-field are derived, in the [-π/4, +π/4] sector ahead of the tip, where hydrides precipitate. In this case, the hydride precipitation sector is characterized by a constant hydride volume fraction. In addition, hydride precipitation is associated with the development of elastic sectors along the crack faces and the reduction of the centered fan sectors; the relation between hydride precipitation zone stress trace and the extent of the centered fan sector is presented. The mode-I plane-strain blunted crack is also considered and the deviations from the logarithmic spiral slip-lines is discussed together with the reduction of hydride volume fraction as the blunted crack-tip is approached. A general fracture criterion, based on the strength of hydride platelets, is derived, which indicates that fracture occurs, when a critical hydride precipitation zone stress trace dominates. The criterion is applied, under the condition of a dominant K-field annulus, surrounding the plastic zone, and the estimated threshold stress intensity factor of delayed hydride cracking correlates favorably with experimental measurements.

Carbon dioxide capture by aqueous glucosamine solutions: Pilot plant measurements and a theoretical study

AbstractA comprehensive investigation of the potential of aqueous glucosamine solutions as an eco‐friendly solvent for CO2 capture was performed. It includes an experimental study in a pilot plant setup and a theoretical analysis with a rate‐based model. The model was validated against the measured column profiles of temperature and CO2 concentration in both liquid and gas phases. Model‐based parameter sensitivity studies revealed inherent challenges for an effective absorption process. A slow reaction rate and suboptimal chemical equilibrium conditions were identified as key limitations, restricting the absorption efficiency and CO2 loading capacity of the glucosamine solution. Furthermore, an analysis of the dissociation constant of this novel absorbent was performed and its significance with respect to the (limited) performance, capability, and efficiency evaluation was highlighted.

Understanding shape selectivity effects of hydroisomerization using a reaction equilibrium model.

We study important aspects of shape selectivity effects of zeolites for hydroisomerization of linear alkanes, which produces a myriad of isomers, particularly for long chain hydrocarbons. To investigate the conditions for achieving an optimal yield of branched hydrocarbons, it is important to understand the role of chemical equilibrium in these reversible reactions. We conduct an extensive analysis of shape selectivity effects of different zeolites for the hydroisomerization of C7 and C8 isomers at chemical reaction equilibrium conditions. The reaction ensemble Monte Carlo method, coupled with grand-canonical Monte Carlo simulations, is commonly used for computing reaction equilibrium of heterogeneous reactions. The computational demands become prohibitive for a large number of reactions. We used a faster alternative in which reaction equilibrium is obtained by imposing chemical equilibrium in the gas phase and phase equilibrium between the gas phase components and the adsorbed phase counterparts. This effectively mimics the chemical equilibrium distribution in the adsorbed phase. Using Henry's law at infinite dilution and mixture adsorption isotherm models at elevated pressures, we calculate the adsorbed loadings in the zeolites. This study shows that zeolites with cage or channel-like structures exhibit significant differences in selectivity for alkane isomers. We also observe a minimal impact of pressure on the gas-phase equilibrium of these reactions at typical experimental reaction temperatures 400-700K. This study marks initial strides in understanding the reaction product distribution for long-chain alkanes.

Numerical investigation on the effect of gas-phase dynamics on graphene growth in chemical vapor deposition

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a crucial technique to prepare high-quality graphene because of its controllability. In the research, we perform a systematic computational fluid dynamics numerical investigation on the effect of gas-phase reaction dynamics on the graphene growth in a horizontal tube CVD reactor. The research results indicate that the gas-phase chemical reactions in the CVD reactor are in a nonequilibrium state, as evidenced by the comparison of species mole fraction distributions during the CVD process and under chemical equilibrium conditions. The effect of gas-phase reaction dynamics on the deposition rate of graphene under different conditions is studied, and our research shows that the main causes of change in graphene growth rates under different conditions are gas-phase reaction dynamics and active species transport. The results of numerical simulation agree well with the experimental phenomena. The research results also indicate that, for methane, the main limiting factor of graphene growth is the surface kinetic reaction rate. Conversely, for active species, the main limiting factor of graphene growth is species transport. Our research suggests that the growth rate of graphene can be regulated from the perspective of the gas reaction mechanism. This method has theoretical guiding significance and can be extended to the preparation of large-area graphene.

Surface and curvature tensions of cold quark matter in the SU(3)fNJL model with vector interactions

AbstractWe investigate the surface and curvature tensions of three‐flavor cold quark matter in a state of electric charge neutrality and chemical equilibrium under weak interactions, employing the Nambu–Jona–Lasinio model with the inclusion of vector interactions. To account for finite‐size effects we adopt the multiple‐reflection expansion framework and present our results for various input parameters. Our results indicate that both surface and curvature tensions increase with heightened vector interactions and density. Furthermore, we note that the restoration of chiral symmetry in the strange quark sector leads to a modest reduction in curvature tension and a substantial increase in surface tension.

Magnetothermal evolution in the cores of adolescent neutron stars: The Grad–Shafranov equilibrium is never reached in the ‘strong-coupling’ regime

ABSTRACT At the high temperatures inside recently formed neutron stars ($T\gtrsim 5\times 10^{8}\, \text{K}$), the particles in their cores are in the ‘strong-coupling’ regime, in which collisional forces make them behave as a single, stably stratified, and thus non-barotropic fluid. In this regime, axially symmetric hydromagnetic quasi-equilibrium states are possible, which are only constrained to have a vanishing azimuthal Lorentz force. In these states, the particle species deviate from chemical (β) equilibrium, which tends to be restored by β decays (Urca reactions), inducing fluid motions that change the magnetic field configuration. If the stars remained hot for a sufficiently long time, this evolution would eventually lead to a chemical equilibrium state, in which the fluid is barotropic and the magnetic field, if axially symmetric, satisfies the non-linear Grad–Shafranov equation. Here, we present a numerical scheme that decouples the magnetic and thermal evolution, enabling to efficiently perform, for the first time, long-term magnetothermal simulations in this regime for different magnetic field strengths and geometries. Our results demonstrate that, even for magnetar-strength fields $\gtrsim 10^{16} \, \mathrm{G}$, the feedback from the magnetic evolution on the thermal evolution is negligible. Thus, as the core passively cools, the Urca reactions quickly become inefficient at restoring chemical equilibrium, so the magnetic field evolves very little, and the Grad–Shafranov state is not attained. Therefore, any substantial evolution of the core magnetic field must occur later, in the ‘weak-coupling’ regime ($T\lesssim 5\times 10^8 \, \mathrm{K}$), when Urca reactions are frozen and ambipolar diffusion becomes relevant.

A Computational Perspective on Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation by Single Cu Atom on Pd(111) Surface for CO Electrochemical Reduction

This study focuses on the computational characterization of electrochemical C-C bond formation through the CO and CHO coupling process utilizing a dioxo-coordinated Cu single atom site ([CuO2]*) supported on a Pd(111) surface. The stable intermediate, [CuO2]*(CO)2, was identified as a tetradentate-and-tetrahedral species formed upon exposure to CO gaseous molecules. Electrochemically, the hydrogenation of the carbonyl group to CHO was found to be 0.87 eV, conceivably lower than the corresponding step for conventional Cu surfaces. This study observed a considerable charge transfer effect from the top layer of Pd atoms to the adsorbate moiety, especially at the TS structure. This phenomenon resulted in an accessible C-C bond formation barrier at 0.67 eV. Furthermore, the reaction energy of C-C bond formation was found to be exothermic at −0.21 eV, indicating a favorable chemical equilibrium condition. Considering the temperature effect and pressure of the gaseous molecules (CO, CO2, O2), the [CuO2]*(CO)2 intermediate was substantially populated at room temperature and was found to be chemically resilient under dry ambient conditions, as suggested by the kinetic modeling results.

Numerical Simulation of CO2 Extraction from the Cement Pre-Calciner Kiln System

The cement industry is one of the primary sources producing anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The significant increase in the demand for cement in years has significantly contributed to the increase in carbon emissions. Among numerous CO2 treatment technologies, calcium looping (CaL) is a practical approach to mitigating CO2 emissions. This paper used calcium looping (CaL) to capture CO2 from flue gas in a cement pre-calciner kiln system. The raw material exiting the lowest stage of the preheater is used as a calcium-based adsorbent, and the carbonation reactor is built between the tertiary and secondary preheaters, using the high-temperature flue gas exiting the tertiary preheater to provide heat for the reaction. The CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation technology was used to evaluate the rationality of the carbonation reactor and the key factors affecting the carbon removal efficiency of the carbonation reactor. The results indicate that the velocity and pressure fields of the carbonation reactor conform to the general operating rules and are reasonable. The optimal operating speed of particles in the carbonation reactor is 15 m/s, with a separation efficiency of particles of 92.5%, ensuring the smooth discharge of reaction products. The factor analysis of the carbonation reactor shows that when the temperature is 911 K, the mass flow rate of CaO is 2.07 kg/s, and the volume fraction of CO2 is 0.28, the carbonation reaction reaches a chemical equilibrium state, and the carbon removal efficiency is 90%. It should be noted that this carbon removal efficiency is the optimal carbon removal efficiency based on a combination of economic factors. In addition, the influencing factors show a precise sequence: CO2 volume fraction > CaO addition amount > temperature. Finally, we investigated the impact of the addition of the carbonation reactor on the preheater system. The results show that adding the carbonation reactor causes an increase in the flue gas velocity at the outlet of the preheater and a decrease in pressure, reducing the separation efficiency. Although the separation efficiency decreases slightly, the impact on the pre-calciner system is minimal.

Two-temperature ablative material response model with application to Stardust and MSL atmospheric entries

Ablative material response codes currently in use consider local thermal equilibrium between the solid phases and the pyrolysis gases. For typical entry conditions, this hypothesis may be justified by the fact that the thermal Peclet number within the pores is small, which is a necessary condition for thermal equilibrium in non-reactive materials. However, the validity of this analysis may fall under some circumstances. The thermal Peclet number may become large due to high pyrolysis gas velocities. Additional physical phenomena not accounted for in the Peclet analysis may become non-negligible, such as the change of enthalpy due to chemical reactions. The objective of this study is two-fold. First, a detailed two temperature material response model for porous reactive materials is presented. This model has been implemented and made available in the Porous material Analysis Toolbox based on OpenFOAM (PATO). Second, the model is applied to the Theoretical Ablative Composite for Open Testing (TACOT) in a wide range of conditions to assess the true range of validity of the thermal equilibrium hypothesis. Simulations are carried out on the Stardust and Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) atmospheric entries. The main design variables have been monitored and compared between the two models: temperature evolution and species concentration within the material, pyrolysis gas blowing rate, extension of the pyrolysis zone, and wall recession due to ablation. Results show that under chemical equilibrium conditions, no significant deviation in the monitored quantities are observed, while under chemical non-equilibrium conditions there is a large impact on the species concentration.

The effect of thermal non-equilibrium on kinetic nucleation

Context. Nucleation is considered to be the first step in dust and cloud formation in the atmospheres of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, exoplanets, and brown dwarfs. In these environments dust and cloud particles grow to macroscopic sizes when gas phase species condense onto cloud condensation nuclei (CCNs). Understanding the formation processes of CCNs and dust in AGB stars is important because the species that formed in their outflows enrich the interstellar medium. Although widely used, the validity of chemical and thermal equilibrium conditions is debatable in some of these highly dynamical astrophysical environments. Aims. We aim to derive a kinetic nucleation model that includes the effects of thermal non-equilibrium by adopting different temperatures for nucleating species, and to quantify the impact of thermal non-equilibrium on kinetic nucleation. Methods. Forward and backward rate coefficients are derived as part of a collisional kinetic nucleation theory ansatz. The endother-mic backward rates are derived from the law of mass action in thermal non-equilibrium. We consider elastic collisions as thermal equilibrium drivers. Results. For homogeneous TiO2 nucleation and a gas temperature of 1250 K, we find that differences in the kinetic cluster temperatures as small as 20 K increase the formation of larger TiO2 clusters by over an order of magnitude. Conversely, an increase in cluster temperature of around 20 K at gas temperatures of 1000 K can reduce the formation of a larger TiO2 cluster by over an order of magnitude. Conclusions. Our results confirm and quantify the prediction of previous thermal non-equilibrium studies. Small thermal non-equilibria can cause a significant change in the synthesis of larger clusters. Therefore, it is important to use kinetic nucleation models that include thermal non-equilibrium to describe the formation of clusters in environments where even small thermal non-equilibria can be present.

Applicability Limits of the Maturity Concept in Organic Geochemistry

To find out how various maturity criteria reflect how much OM as a whole approaches the state of chemical equilibrium, correlation analysis of relationships between 27 composition parameters was carried out. The OM was obtained from carbonate, siliceous–carbonate, carbonate–siliceous, and siliceous rocks from the northern and central regions of the Volga–Urals area (more than 100 samples). The data were processed using the apparatus of nonparametric statistics. We analyzed interrelations only between maturity indicators that are based on the same type of reactions (for example, reactions breaking C–C bonds). It has been established that none of the 85 correlation coefficients corresponds to the values characteristic of the functional dependence. The largest absolute value is 0.87. Therefore, maturity can be a factor determining the value only of one of all the parameters. For the rest, two options are possible. First, even for reactions of the same type, it is impossible to judge whether chemical equilibrium is generally approached. Second, the values of almost all the parameters are affected not only by reactions of approaching equilibrium but also by several other comparable and unknown factors. It is shown that, if the difference between the samples is up to five-fold values of any of the parameters, it is impossible to determine whether the OM of one of the samples is more mature than in any other. Thus, the concept of maturity is applicable at best only to roughly subdivide OM samples, with an increment in any parameter corresponding to at least a ten-fold change in it. For a detailed description, the term maturity can be used only with specifying the parameter by which it is determined (for example, maturity based on the Ts/Tm ratio). In this case, several such indicators based on reactions of different type should be used.

Environmental characteristics of thermal utilization of waste with external and internal supply of thermal energy

THE PURPOSE. Identification of optimal regimes for autothermal and allothermic methods of gasification of plant biomass in terms of energy parameters of generator gases, as well as determination of environmental indicators during subsequent combustion of generator gases to obtain thermal energy.METHODS. When modeling gasification processes, a nonstoichiometric model was used, based on the assumption that a chemically reacting multicomponent mixture is in a state of thermodynamic and chemical equilibrium, which corresponds to the minimum value of the isobaric-isothermal potential. When modeling the combustion of generator gas in a mixture with air, a kinetic model of a perfectly mixed flow reactor was used and the detailed mechanism of chemical interaction for the C-H-O-N-S reacting system was taken into account. The calorific value of generator gas obtained by steam gasification and external supply of thermal energy is significantly higher than the calorific value of gas obtained by internal supply of thermal energy. However, the values of the energy potential and thermochemical efficiency are very close for both types of gasification.RESULTS. For plant biomass with a given averaged elemental composition, gasification conditions are determined that increase the degree of conversion of initial materials into generator gas. In particular, for the autothermal gasification method, the maximum calculated values of the energy potential of dry ash-free generator gas and thermochemical efficiency were obtained at an excess air coefficient α ≈ 0.32. For the allothermic gasification method, the maximum calculated values of the energy potential of the generator gas and the thermochemical efficiency correspond to the gasification temperature range T ≈ 1050 -1100 K and the mass fraction of the supplied steam gH2O ≈ 0.217. To ensure these conditions, it will be necessary to supply thermal energy through combustion of ≈ 37 wt. % generator gas. Generator gas produced by the allothermic method has higher energy performance, and the negative impact on the environment during its subsequent combustion is characterized by lower specific CO and CO2 emissions in terms of a ton of reference fuel.

Environmental characteristics of thermochemical conversion of agricultural residues

The main purpose of this study was to find optimal methods and conditions for the processing of plant biomass in regard to the energy parameters of the obtained combustible gases as well as to determine environmental indicators during the subsequent combustion of these gases. In the numerical assessment of biomass processing, a non-stoichiometric model was used. It was assumed that a chemically reacting multicomponent mixture is in a state of thermodynamic and chemical equilibrium. This state of the mixture corresponds to the minimum value of the isobaric-isothermal potential. Pyrolysis processes had low efficiency of the thermochemical conversion of biomass processing into a mixture of combustible gases. These processes are of practical importance in obtaining such target products, as tar, biocoal and ash. In addition to pyrolysis, two types of biomass gasification were studied: (A) gasification with internal heating of the reaction volume due to partial biomass combustion; and (B) gasification with the supply of water vapor and external heating of the reaction volume due to the combustion of a part of the generated gas. The energy and environmental characteristics of the synthetic gas obtained through the steam gasification (B) were significantly better than those of the gas obtained through the gasification type (A).

Are all chemical reactions in principle reversible? Thermodynamic distinction between “conceptually complete” and “practically complete” reactions

Abstract Among the chemical reactions having a pronounced thermodynamic driving force to the formation of products, a distinction has to be made between processes which attain a chemical equilibrium state very much shifted towards the products and those where the final equilibrium state corresponds to the truly complete consumption of reactant(s), i.e. where a true chemical equilibrium is actually not attained under the given conditions. Based on a few selected examples, two thermodynamic arguments are led which rationalise the above distinction from different points of view: a phase-rule point of view and a Gibbs energy minimization approach. “Conceptually complete” reactions involve pure phases and, as a consequence, establishing chemical equilibrium would imply a negative variance, what is avoided by the complete consumption of one or more phases. In the Gibbs energy approach, “conceptually complete” reactions and “practically complete” ones can be distinguished (at fixed temperature and pressure) by the different way to attain the minimum Gibbs energy condition, respectively with sharp (not differentiable) and flat (zero derivative) minimum points as a function of the extent of reaction ξ.

Boundary of nighttime ozone chemical equilibrium in the mesopause region: Improved criterion of determining the boundary from satellite data

A modified derivation of the criterion of nighttime ozone chemical equilibrium (NOCE) in the mesopause region is presented. According to 3D model calculations, the improved criterion reproduces the lower boundary of the equilibrium much better than its earlier version. Processing of the SABER/TIMED data of 2021 has shown that the modified criterion elevates the NOCE boundary by ∼ 0.1–1.7 km, depending on latitude and season. The proposed method of determining the condition of chemical equilibrium can be used to analyse the equilibrium of many trace gases in the stratosphere and troposphere important for different practical applications.

Multiphysics-informed deep learning for swelling of pH/temperature sensitive cationic hydrogels and its inverse problem

This paper proposes a field theory of constrained swelling of pH/temperature sensitive cationic hydrogels in equilibrium with their chemical and mechanical environment. A general formulation is obtained based on a variational approach, yielding a set of governing equations coupling mechanical and chemical equilibrium conditions, which is employed to investigate some benchmark problems involving homogeneous and inhomogeneous swelling of the pH/temperature sensitive cationic hydrogels. The simulation results are compared with experimental data available in the literature to verify the present model. By encoding the underlying physical and chemical laws into the deep learning neural networks as prior information, we introduce the multiphysics-informed deep learning (MIDL) to investigate the effects of temperature and pH on the distributions of concentration of solvent and stresses in the hydrogel shell. In addition, the MIDL is extended to solve inverse identification problem of inhomogeneous swelling of core-shell hydrogels, which yields a reasonable identification accuracy even if the observed data is corrupted due to uncorrelated noise.

Investigation on the influence of gas temperature characteristics for engine combustion chamber on plasma jet deflection with MHD control

This paper is devoted to investigating the influence of gas temperature on plasma jet under magnetic control. The combustion temperature and the conductivity of the chemical equilibrium state were calculated by using a numerical method. K2CO3 was selected as the ionization seed. The characteristics of gas plasma in ionization were compared for methane/air/K2CO3 and acetylene/air/K2CO3 combustion schemes. The results showed that the acetylene/air/K2CO3 combustion scheme can obtain higher gas temperature and conductivity. The functional relationship between the conductivity and the gas temperature is fitted in polynomial form. The experiments on the deflection of plasma were carried out on the combustion and flow control test rig at temperatures of 1600–2500 K and in a magnetic field of intensity 0.6 T. The effect of jet deflection was analyzed from macroscopic and microscopic points of view. When the gas temperature increases, the ionization degree increases, the positive Lorentz force in ions increases, and plasma jet deflection becomes more obvious. The Lorentz force on the positive ion determines the effect of plume deflection. The calculated and experimental results indicated that the high temperature condition is very helpful to improve the characteristics of gas plasma in ionization. The results provide references for corresponding experimental research.

Hydrogeochemical processes in aquifers of volcano-sedimentary origin using inverse modeling

The study area is located in the Trans-Mexican Neovolcanic Belt. A complex hydrogeological system was approached, composed of metamorphic rocks, covered by sedimentary rocks of marine origin and folded, covered by tertiary clastic rocks and a volcanic sequence of Quaternary age. The main objective of this research was to carry out a hydrogeochemical characterization to identify hydrogeochemical processes. The interaction with different geological units and anthropogenic activities produces different water types (facie Ca–Mg–Na–HCO3–SO4 in the urban area, Ca–Na–Mg–HCO3 agricultural area). It was determined that the local flow contributes 55%, the intermediate 26%, and the regional 19% with ternary mixtures model. With speciation diagrams, the conditions of chemical equilibrium in the aquifer are determined. Given this scenario, inverse modeling was applied in a cross-section to identify water interaction with the different types of geological materials through which it circulates and anthropogenic activities. The inverse modeling in cross-section 71-61, from the Pico de Orizaba recharge zone, indicates that the main processes present are altering silicates and clays (albite, illite, Ca-montmorillonite, gibbsite; dolomite, halite and gypsum dissolution; calcite and kaolinite formation). In cross-section 61-51, the model shows albite, gibbsite, Ca-montmorillonite alteration; dolomite and halite dissolution; also, calcite, gypsum, kaolinite, and illite formation. In cross-section 51-53, the modeling indicates albite, gibbsite, illite, Ca-montmorillonite alteration; halite and dolomite dissolution; also, gypsum, calcite, kaolinite, formation; NH3 (g), NH4, N (2) (g), ion exchange of NaX. The organic matter plays an essential role in REDOX conditions due to anthropogenic activities of the study area.

Restoration of the Indicator Properties of Whole-cell Luminescent Biosensors

Whole-cell biosensors are widely used to produce medical diagnostic tests, but in the long term, they tend to lose their indicator properties. Consequently, it is crucial to find ways to restore these properties and prolong the shelf life of the tests. Here, we propose to use electromagnetic radiation with optimally selected parameters of frequency, power, and exposure time. The impact of radiation parameters on biosensor luminescence was studied as well as the effects of different types of radiation coming from laser sources (λ = 875nm), a LED source (λ = 850 ÷ 890nm), and microwave units (at frequencies 42.22, 53.53, 61.18 и 34 ÷ 38GHz). IR treatment resulted in dose-dependent suppression of biosensor luminescence. The luminescence level when exposed to microwave radiation depends on the radiation time and frequency. Also, it has been found that optimal selection of the main radiation parameters enables to restore indicator properties partially lost by biosensors during storage. We explain the mechanism responsible for the sensitizing effect of radiation, which implies the polarization of solvent dipoles and changes in mobility of acceptor molecules. This, in turn, leads to a shift in the chemical equilibrium states and triggers a cascade of biochemical reactions that lead to restoration of the lost indicator properties of biosensors. The study of antagonistic activity has revealed that restored biosensors provide reliable test results after the expiration of their warranty period.