Chemical Composition Of Urinary Calculi Research Articles

Analysis on Chemical Composition of Urinary Calculi and Evaluation on Metabolic Disturbance in 1080 Uyghur, Kazakh and Han Nationality Patients of Xinjiang

Urinary stones pose a significant health concern globally. The incidence rates vary and are influenced by diverse factors. Despite advancements in the treatment modalities, increasing rate of urinary stones necessitates the development of stone prevention strategies and understanding of metabolic risk factors. Objective: To determine the relationship between chemical composition of urinary calculi and evaluation on metabolic disturbance in 1080 Uyghur, Kazakh and Han patients of Xinjiang. Methods: The stone composition of 1080 patients and analysis of 24-h urine and serum biochemistry results of 775 cases was evaluated by infrared spectroscopic analysis and automatic biochemical machine respectively. Results: Among 644 cases of urinary stones, calcium oxalate stones (409 cases) and mixed type stones (436 cases) were predominant. Metabolic disturbances were found in 643 cases (82.97%) out of 775 patients, showing various urinary abnormalities like hyperuricosuria, hyperoxaluria, hyper-phosphaturia, hyper-cystinuria, hypercalciuria, hypomagnesuria, hypocitraturia, and reduced urine volume (<2000ml in 407 cases). Conclusions: Urinary calculi have intimate connection with metabolic evaluation. Metabolic evaluation and composition of urinary calculi have great significance in treatment and prevention of urinary calculi.

The changing composition of urinary calculi in Southern Thailand over the past 14 years

A worldwide increased incidence of urolithiasis has been observed over the past few decades. Insight into the composition of these stones can lead to enhanced medical treatment and outcomes. The objective of this study was to examine the distribution and chemical composition of urinary calculi in Southern Thailand over the past decade. An analysis was conducted on 2611 urinary calculi submitted to the Stone Analysis Laboratory, Songklanagarind Hospital, a single stone analysis laboratory in Southern Thailand. The analysis was performed from 2007 to 2020 using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The demographic results were described using descriptive statistical analyses, and the Chi-square test for trends was performed to identify changes in urinary calculi composition. The patients' demographic data revealed a male-to-female ratio of 2.2:1; the most common age group of affected men was 50-69 years, whereas the most common age group of affected women was 40-59 years. The most common components found in the calculi were uric acid (30.6%), mixed calcium oxalate with calcium phosphate (29.2%), and calcium oxalate (26.7%). We noted a trend of increasing uric acid calculi for 14 years (P = 0.00493), whereas the trend for the other major components was decreasing. The most common component of urinary calculi analyzed in Southern Thailand was uric acid, with a significant rising trend in proportion in the past decade; the trend of other major components, such as mixed calcium oxalate-calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate, decreased.

In Vivo Evaluation of Chemical Composition of Eight Types of Urinary Calculi Using Spiral Computerized Tomography in a Chinese Population.

This study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition of eight types of urinary calculi using spiral computerized tomography (CT) in vivo. From October 2011 to February 2013, upper urinary tract calculi were obtained from 122 patients in the department of urinary surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. All patients were scanned with a 64-detector row helical CT scanner using 6.50 mm collimation before ureterorenoscopy. Data from the preoperative spiral CT scans and postoperative chemical composition of urinary calculi were collected. The chemical composition analysis indicates that there were five types of pure calculi and three types of mixed calculi, including 39 calcium oxalate calculi, 12 calcium phosphate calculi, 10 calcium carbonate calculi, 8 magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi, 6 carbonated apatite, 21 uric acid/ammonium urate calculi, 10 uric acid/calcium oxalate calculi, and 16 calcium oxalate/calcium phosphate calculi. There were significant differences in the mean CT values among the five types of pure calculi (P < 0.001). Furthermore, we also observed significant differences in the mean CT values among three types of mixed calculi (P < 0.001). Significant differences in the mean CT values were also found among eight types of urinary calculi (P < 0.001). However, no statistically significant difference was observed between the mean CT values of magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi and uric acid/calcium oxalate calculi (P = 0.262). Our findings suggest that spiral CT could be a promising tool for determining the chemical composition of upper urinary tract calculi.

Analysis of the Chemical Composition of Urinary Calculi using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: A Preliminary Study

ABSTRACT Background The etiology of primary and recurrent stone formation in the urinary tract remains obscure in spite of intensive research. The formation of renal calculi is a multifactorial disorder resulting from the combined influence of epidemiological, biochemical and genetic risk factors which disturb the lithogenous salt profile in the body. Materials and methods In the present study, 52 stone samples have been analyzed for their stone composition by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The samples were made in a potassium bromide pellet and analyzed to identify the stone components. Results Stone formation was more prevalent in males and the incidence increased with age. Majority of stones were oxalate and mixed stones. The components of mixed stones were identified by spectrum analysis. Conclusion Specific dietary factors can affect the urinary composition and supersaturation, which in turn, can affect the process of crystallization and stone formation. The same chemical components may crystallize in different forms during stone formation. Hence, proper analysis has to identify not only the molecular species present in the calculus, but also the crystalline form. So, quantitative evaluation of all components of the calculi is necessary for effective prevention or reduction of stone recurrences. How to cite this article Bhattacharyya S, Sharma G, Mandal AK, Singh SK. Analysis of the Chemical Composition of Urinary Calculi using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: A Preliminary Study. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2014;48(3):128-131.

FT-Raman spectral analysis of human urinary stones

FT-Raman spectroscopy is the most useful tool for the purpose of bio-medical diagnostics. In the present study, FT-Raman spectral method is used to investigate the chemical composition of urinary calculi. Urinary calculi multi-components such as calcium oxalate, hydroxyl apatite, struvite and uric acid are studied. FT-Raman spectrum has been recorded in the range of 3500–400cm−1. Chemical compounds are identified by Raman spectroscopic technique. The quantitative estimations of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) 1463cm−1, calcium oxalate dehydrate (COD) 1478cm−1, hydroxyl apatite 959cm−1, struvite 575cm−1, uric acid 1283cm−1 and oxammite (ammonium oxalate monohydrate) 2129cm−1 are calculated using particular peaks of FT-Raman spectrum. The quantitative estimation of human urinary stones suitable for the single calibration curve was performed.

Chemical Composition Urinary Calculi in Nigerians

Urinary stone disease is one of the oldest disorders known to man. It is most prevalent in the affluent industrially developed world and least common in the agricultural developed countries. In Nigeria, the disease has been reported to be rare, however recent study found a rising incidence. In this study, urinary calculi extracted from Nigerians were analyzed using chemical methods. 22 .2% of the stones were renal, 35.5% ureteric while 35.5% were vesical calculi. 4.4% were urethral and 2.2% were passed spontaneously. 55% of them were found to contain pure calcium oxalate, 28.9% contain both calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate, 8.4% contain Triple phosphate and 4.4% contain uric acid and calcium urate. The chemical composition of urinary calculi in present day Nigeria is similar to those of the developed countries. Change in dietary habit and improved socio-economic standard may be responsible for this development. NQJHM Vol. 14 (2) 2004: pp. 143-146

Chemical Composition of Urinary Calculi in North Jordan

Chemical Composition of Urinary Calculi in North Jordan

Determination of the chemical composition of urinary calculi by noncontrast spiral computerized tomography

Various techniques for noncontrast spiral computerized tomography (NCCT) were utilized for the determination of the Hounsefield unit (HU) values of various types of urinary calculi with the aim of determining the best technique for distinguishing various stones compositions. A total of 130 urinary stones, obtained from patients who underwent open surgery, were scanned with a multidetector row scanner using 1.25 mm collimation at two energy levels of 100 and 120 kV at 240 mA. Two post-scanning protocols were used for the HU value assignment, tissue and bone windows, for both kV values. In both protocols, three transverse planes were defined in each stone, one near the top, one in the middle, and one near the bottom. Three regions of interest (ROI) were obtained in each plane. The absolute HU value was determined by three methods: the mean of the nine ROI, the mean of the central three ROI, and the central ROI in the middle plane. Determination of the stones' composition was performed using the absolute HU value measured at 120 kV, the dual CT values (HU values at 100 kV-HU values at 120 kV), and HU values/stone volume ratio (HU density). All stones were analyzed by x-ray diffraction to determine their chemical composition. After the exclusion of groups with few calculi, 47 pure stones [25 uric acid (UA), 15 calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), seven struvite], and 60 mixed stones [15 COM 60-90%+hydroxyl apatite (HA), 14 COM 40-90%+UA, 21 UA+COM <40%, ten mixed struvite+COM+hydroxyl apatite] were included in the statistical analysis. From the least to the most dense, the pure stone types were UA, struvite, COM. Mixed UA+COM<40% calculi were less dense but insignificantly different from pure UA, while when the COM ratio was > or =40% their density became higher than and significantly different from pure UA, and less than but not significantly differentiated from pure COM. Mixed COM+HA were the most dense stones. Using the absolute HU values at 120 kV and HU density, we could distinguish, with statistical significance, all pure types from each other, pure UA from all mixed calculi except UA+COM <40%, pure COM from mixed UA+COM <40%, and pure struvite from all mixed stones except mixed struvite stones. Dual CT values were not as good as absolute HU values and HU density in the determination of stone composition. These results demonstrate that absolute HU values and HU density derived from CT scanning using a small collimation size could uncover statistically significant differences among all pure and most of the mixed urinary stones. This permits more accuracy in the prediction of stone composition. Moreover, this technique permits diagnostic conclusions on the basis of single CT evaluation.

Helical CT evaluation of the chemical composition of urinary tract calculi with a discriminant analysis of CT-attenuation values and density

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of helical CT using a combination of CT-attenuation values and visual assessment of stone density as well as discriminant linear analysis to predict the chemical composition of urinary calculi. One hundred human urinary calculi were obtained from a stone-analysis laboratory and placed in 20 excised pig kidneys. They were scanned at 80, 120 and 140 kV with 3-mm collimation. Average, highest and lowest CT-attenuation values and CT variability were recorded. The internal calculus structure was assessed using a wide window setting, and visual assessment of stone density was recorded. A stepwise discriminant linear analysis was performed. The following three variables were discriminant: highest CT-attenuation value, visual density, and highest CT-attenuation value/area ratio, all at 80 kV. The probability of correctly classifying stone composition with these three variables was 0.64, ranging from 0.54 for mixed calculi to 0.69 for pure calculi. The probabilities of correctly classifying calculus composition were: 0.91 for calcium oxalate monohydrate and brushite, 0.89 for cystine, 0.85 for uric acid, 0.11 for calcium oxalate dihydrate, 0.10 for hydroxyapatite, and 0.07 for struvite calculi. When the first two ranks of highest probability for the accurate classification of each calculus type were taken into account, 81% of the calculi were correctly classified. Assessment at 80 kV of the highest CT-attenuation value, visual density and the highest CT-attenuation value/area ratio accurately predicts the chemical composition of 64-81% of urinary calculi. When the first two ranks of highest probability for the accurate classification of each calculus type were taken into account, all cystine, calcium oxalate monohydrate and brushite calculi were correctly classified.

Predicting Urinary Stone Composition Using X-Ray Coherent Scatter: A Novel Technique With Potential Clinical Applications

Coherent scatter properties depend on the molecular structure of the scattering medium and measured scatter patterns are often characteristic of a chemical species. We explored the usefulness of coherent scatter analysis as a basis for identifying urinary calculus composition. A laboratory system for collecting coherent scatter signals from biological specimens was developed. This technique uses a diagnostic x-ray tube and image intensifier, and measures coherent scatter from intact renal stones. The coherent scatter signatures of 6 common stone components (calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium phosphate, calcium phosphate dihydrate, cystine, magnesium ammonium phosphate and uric acid) were acquired from pure chemical samples and stones identified by infrared spectroscopy as having a uniform composition. In addition, a sample of calculus identified as containing only calcium oxalate dihydrate was examined. The same fragmented stone samples analyzed by infrared spectroscopy were scanned using coherent scatter. In each case the scatter patterns from powdered chemicals and fragmented stones showed circular symmetry and consisted of a series of broad rings of various intensities. Each pure chemical sample produced a distinct coherent scatter pattern. The signatures of the stone specimens closely agreed with those of the chemical samples. These initial results indicate that coherent scatter analysis using diagnostic x-rays has potential as a tool for urinary calculous composition identification. Further developments in this technique may have the potential for determining the composition of a calculus in vivo before therapy, thus, aiding in therapy planning.

Evaluation of chemical composition of urinary calculi by normal X-ray-scanning

Evaluation of chemical composition of urinary calculi by normal X-ray-scanning

Chemical Composition of Urinary Calculi in Desert Region of Rajasthan, India

Chemical Composition of Urinary Calculi in Desert Region of Rajasthan, India

Accurate determination of chemical composition of urinary calculi by spiral computerised tomography

Correspondence to Mr Christopher R. Chapple, Urology Research Department, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK. Tel: +44 114 271 2791; fax: +44 114 279 8318 Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK

ACCURATE DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF URINARY CALCULI BY SPIRAL COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY

Purpose Choice of efficacious clinical management of symptomatic renal calculi can be facilitated by ascertaining the precise chemical composition of the calculus. Spiral computerized tomography (CT) is becoming a frequently used radiographic examination to establish the diagnosis and severity of calculus disease. Our objective for this study was to determine the precision of spiral CT in identifying the chemical composition of 6 different types of urinary calculi with region of interest measurements using spiral CT. Materials and Methods A total of 102 chemically pure stones were separated into 6 groups. The stones along with phantoms containing butter (fat) and jello (water) were mounted vertically in the scanner gantry. Then 1 mm. thickness scanning was performed with a high speed scanner at the 2 energy levels of 80 and 120 kV. The determination of the chemical composition was performed using the absolute CT value measured at 120 kV. and the dual kilovolt CT values measured at 80 and 120 kV. Hounsfield unit at 80 kV. - Hounsfield unit at 120 kV.). Results The absolute CT value measured at 120 kV. was able to identify precisely the chemical composition of uric acid, struvite and calcium oxalate stones. It was imprecise in differentiating calcium oxalate from brushite stone and struvite from cystine stone. However, dual kilovolt CT value was able to differentiate these latter stones with statistical significance (p <0.03). Uric acid stones were easily differentiated from all other stones using the absolute CT value. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the chemical composition of urinary calculi can be accurately determined by CT scanning in an in vitro setting.

Determination of the Chemical Composition of Urinary Calculi by Computerized Tomography

AbstractThe clinical management of renal calculi would be aided if a direct in vivo determination of stone chemical composition could be made. We investigated the possibility of obtaining this information by a quantitative analysis of the computerized tomography scan images of 80 urinary calculi. Our results show that by using an appropriatelycalibrated computerized tomography scanner the differentiation of stone chemical composition can be made on the basis of 3 parameters, namely, absolute computerized tomography value at a single x-ray energy, the difference between computerized tomography values measured at 2 different x-ray energies, and computerized tomography value-frequency histograms (pixel patterns) of the stones. Uric acid stones were differentiated from all other stones at a significance level of p <0.001. Cystine was differentiated from calcium oxalate and brushite at the same significance level. Using pixel patterns cystine and struvite were separated from each other correctly with 70 per cent accuracy. Struvite stones of low or moderate calcium phosphate content were identified correctly with 80 per cent accuracy. Struvite stones of high calcium phosphate content could not be differentiated from calcium oxalate or brushite. Calcium oxalate and brushite could not be separated. The minimum stone size that allowed chemical identification was established for each stonetype. In addition, we demonstrated that all the urinary calculi examined were visible on computerized tomography scan regardless of chemical composition or size.