Chemical Composition Of Surface Waters Research Articles

Influence of river flow regulation in the Angara-Yenisei region on the hydrochemical regime of the cascade of hydroelectric power plant reservoirs and their downstream sections

The paper gives an analysis of the influence of river regulation on the chemical composition of surface waters in cascades of HPP reservoirs and downstream sections on the example of the largest rivers of Eastern Siberia. After regulation changes in the temperature regime of watercourses occur, which leads to a change in the timing of the onset of the main ice formations and the emergence of non-freezing sections of rivers. There is a local oxygen deficiency in the summer in the bays and the near-bottom horizon. According to the ionic composition surface waters belong to the hydrocarbonate class of the calcium group. A change in the morphometric parameters of water bodies causes a chain of subsequent hydrochemical reactions. In surface waters, there is a violation of fishery standards for the content of Al, Fe, Zn, Mn, Al, Cu, phenols and oil products. The integral assessment of water quality by the value of the specific value of the combinatorial index of water pollution shows a high fluctuation along the rivers. The risk of negative impact on the watercourse increases with increasing concentrations of pollutants relative to natural conditions.

Assessment of Trace and Rare Earth Elements Pollution in Water Bodies in the Area of Rare Metal Enterprise Influence: A Case Study—Kola Subarctic

An extended study of the chemical composition of surface waters and lakes bottom sediments, which are affected to varying degrees by an enterprise that mines and processes rare metal ores in the Lovozero tundra, was carried out. Using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, the content of trace elements and rare earth elements was established. Elevated concentrations of trace elements and rare earth elements were revealed in samples of water and bottom sediments of lakes receiving wastewater from the enterprise and polluted due to dusting in the tailings of the processing plant. Thus, the average content of the total REEs in the surface layers of the SR Ilma and Lovozero (at the mouth of the Sergevan River) reaches 561 and 736 mg/kg, respectively, while for the SR of Lake Krivoe this indicator was 74 mg/kg. The enrichment factor (EFi), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), potential ecological risk index factor (Eir) and potential ecological hazard index (RI) were calculated. Assessing the total pollution with trace elements and rare earth elements of bottom sediments of lakes Ilma and Lovozero at the mouth of the Sergevan River, the value of potential ecological risk reaches values corresponding to the level of moderate ecological risk pollution (RIlma = 174, RILovozero = 186). The conducted correlation analysis made it possible to establish some of the main phases containing trace elements and rare earth elements in the bottom sediments of lakes Ilma and Lovozero.

Impact of dredging on the environmental state of a small river with considering the composition of bottom sediments

Reports on the environmental impact assessment of planned activities aimed at restoring the hydrological regime and sanitation of rivers do not always pay attention to in-depth analysis of the physicochemical composition of bottom sediments. The silt deposits have proven to be a good ameliorant for agricultural lands, provided they are of satisfactory quality. Bottom sediments, especially their fine alluvial fraction, accumulate various compounds and trace elements, including heavy metals. Analysis of the content of iron Fe, manganese Mn, cobalt Co, chromium Cr and determination of the integrated level of contamination of bottom sediments did not reveal their toxic contamination in the area of the village Kleshnivka and the village Petrykivka. Determination of "geoaccumulation indices" by G.M. Mueller allowed to classify the sediments of the Chaplinka River as unpolluted, and the man-caused load on the hydroecosystem as low. In compliance with the recommendations on the content of Mn grades in the soil cover of the obtained fifth Igeoclass, which provides heavy pollution and significant man-caused load on the hydroecosystem. To characterize the processes occurring in the hydroecosystem of the Chaplynka River, the bottom accumulation coefficient was calculated. The assessment of the ecological status of hydroecosystems revealed an overwhelming ecological emergency. There is a significant threat of deposits of iron Fe, manganese Mn in bottom sediments. Despite the low risk of contamination of bottom sediments with chromium Cr, the risk will increase due to the rather variable chemical composition of surface waters, and hence the possibility of an ecological crisis for the hydroecosystem. The sanitary condition of a small river could be improved by restoring its hydrological regime. The decrease in the efficiency of dredging works is related to the regulation of the regulation of the riverbed. In the vast majority of cases, hydraulic structures are not provided for or do not correspond to the current level regime of watercourses. After clearing the river bed, there is a danger of their secondary silting, due to the abandonment of part of the temporary dumps on the banks within the water protection zones without fixing.

Assessment of the Impact of an Emergency Oil Spill on the Surface Waters of the Pyasina River Basin

The ecological state of the Pyasina river basin was assessed by the microbiological and chemical composition of surface waters. The waters of the Bezymyanny (Nadezhdinsky) stream, the Daldykan, Ambarnaya, Pyasina, Dudypta and Tareya rivers, Pyasinsky lakes were studied. The content of oil products, sulfate ions, copper, nickel, iron and manganese in water was identfied. The microbiological composition of waters was analyzed and saprophytes, oligotrophic plants, bacteria oxidizing individual hydrocarbons and oil were isolated. It is shown that the aquatic ecosystems of the Norilsk industrial region are exposed to technogenic impact with subsequent local anomalies in pollutant concentrations. The ecological state of the studied reservoirs was determined by the number of saprophytic bacteria.

Картографическое обеспечение идентификации природных и техногенных источников растворенного вещества в бассейне озера Байкал

A method of GIS mapping was developed to identify and assess the contributions of sources of matter to the composition of surface waters. The basis for the creation of the GIS database was the results of the study of the spatial diversity of the chemical composition of surface waters. Geoinformation analysis included the creation of a digital framework for mapping, vectorization of mapping sources and Earth remote sensing materials, creation of a single database combining cartographic, statistical information and field observation materials, morphometric relief analysis based on a digital relief model, creating a landscape basis for base maps, creating thematic maps, analyzing changes in the components of geosystems, creating electronic cartographic layers allowing to identify participation of solute sources in formation of water composition. The analysis of component changes was based on the results of different-time studies of the composition of water and bottom sediments. Based on the comparison of the chemical composition of the waters of the Baikal tributaries with the chemical and mineralogical composition of rocks, an approach was developed to identify sources of solute and assess their contributions to the formation of macro- and microelement compositions of surface waters. To solve the problems of the study, methods of statistical analysis of data, multicomponent mixing using systems of linear equations, field methods of data collection were used. Three main categories of solute sources (silicate, sulfide-containing silicate, carbonate rocks) were identified and their contributions to the chemical composition of water were calculated. On the basis of microelement tracers, the contributions of silicate rocks were divided into contributions of primary and secondary silicate rocks, ore-containing silicate rocks without sulfides were isolated. By comparing the ratios of concentrations of trace elements in the waters of uncontaminated territories and wastewater of enterprises, tracers were identified that made it possible to identify sources of surface water pollution. Maps of territories that determine a certain chemical composition of surface waters were compiled, which was first classified on the basis of the ratio of the contributions of drained rocks.

The environmental fate of metals from zinc and lead mining area in surface water (Przemsza River, southern Poland)

The chemical composition of surface waters of the Przemsza River flowing through Upper Silesia (in southern Poland) is strongly affected by Zn and Pb ore, and less by Carboniferous hard coal deposits. The chemical type of surface water is Ca-HCO3. In the waters, three groups of metals and metalloids were found that directly interfere with the mineralization of the deposit. Although genetically related to the same deposit, each group exhibits a different fate in the environment. A typical deposit association is Pb-Zn-Ag-As-Sb-Hg. The first group of metals in surface waters is consistent with the typical association of the ore Zn-Pb-Cd-(Tl), the second includes Ag-Sb-Hg, and the third includes the additives in the zinc and lead ore Co-Ni-Mo-Mn:[(Ca↔Na)+(HCO3↔Cl)]+[(Zn-Pb-Cd-(Tl))+(Ag-Sb-Hg)+Co-Ni-Mo-Mn)].Depending on the pH-Eh conditions, metals and metalloids precipitate out of the solution or sorb on solid particles. The concentrations of individual groups of metals are interdependent but show different environmental fates along the river course. The natural process of the enrichment of surface waters with Zn-Pb-Cd-(Tl) is by water circulation in a rock matrix naturally rich in the metals and draining groundwaters by the river. Under oxidizing and slightly alkaline conditions, Ag-Sb-Hg incorporated into the soluted chemical compounds, may, when the physicochemical parameters of the waters change, be adsorbed and/or precipitated. The presence and ratio of concentrations of Co-Ni-Mo-Mn with respect to zinc are almost identical, differing only in concentration.

Spatial Hydrochemical Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Surface Water in the Yancheng Area

Surface water resources are crucial to economic development in China's eastern coastal areas. Under the influence of intense human activities, problems such as abnormal water quality and pollution are very prominent. Here, the chemical composition of surface waters and their controlling factors were analyzed in the Yancheng area. The results showed that:① The surface water pH is low and the concentrations of total dissolved solids(TDS) are high in the study area. pH is likely controlled by the acidic organic pollutants discharged by human activities as well as acidic substances formed by anaerobic decomposition in soils. TDS data showed low values in the west and high values in the east, and low values in north and high south of the study region. ② Cation content was dominated by Na+, anions were dominated by HCO3- and Cl-, and, overall, hydrochemical composition was controlled by HCO3-(Ca+Na), although there was significant variability between the different regions. ③ Because the silt layer in the region is mainly composed of clay, subclay, and sandstone, the soluble matter in surface water is mainly derived from the decomposition of Na-feldspar in silicate debris via carbonation, supplemented by carbonation. Due to the low-lying terrain and high groundwater level in the tidal flat area, solutes are significantly affected by evaporation-driven concentration alongside evaporite weathering replenishment. ④ Although the surface waters in different regions were found to be affected by human activities to varying degrees, the impact was always strong. In particular, in areas of tidal wetland expansion, water quality is not only affected by urban sewage and agricultural irrigation but also industrial wastewater discharge.

Impact of the mining industry on surface waters in the Arctic zone of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

The article presents the results of hydrochemical studies of northern rivers of the Arctic zone of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). It was revealed that the background hydrochemical composition of surface waters in the study area is diverse: from hydrocarbonate-sodium waters in the North-West and hydrocarbonate-sulphate waters in the North-East of Yakutia. During the study of the microelement composition of surface waters in the Arctic zone, high concentrations of total iron, manganese, and copper are found everywhere, indicating their natural origin. In places where groundwater influence is observed we found that the characteristic elements are lithium, strontium and barium. Analysing the research results, we can say that each mining enterprise has its own specific effect on surface waters, which makes its own adjustments to the chemical composition of surface waters.

Landscape REE anomalies and the cause of geophagy in wild animals at kudurs (mineral salt licks) in the Sikhote-Alin (Primorsky Krai, Russia).

To test the "rare earth" hypothesis of geophagy, geological and hydrogeochemical studies unparalleled anywhere in the world were carried out at kudurs (salt licks) in two districts in the Primorsky Krai, Russia. The mineral and chemical compositions of geophagic earth consumed by animals, the chemical composition of surface waters and vegetation, and the chemical composition of biological tissues of red deer (Cervus elaphus) were studied in this research. It was found that ultra-fresh surface and fontinal waters in the studied areas contain anomalously high concentrations of rare earth elements (REE), the sums of which exceeded the average values in the Primorsky Krai and worldwide by tenfold, and more. The presence of landscape REE anomalies is confirmed by elevated concentrations of these elements in vegetation. Using electron microscopy, it was determined that the sources of REE in landscape components are rocks containing secondary, readily soluble, REE minerals (hydrophosphates and fluorocarbonates). The study of the chemical composition of animal tissues showed the presence of significant concentrations of heavy REE (HREE) in the blood and brain, which indirectly indicates a high probability of animals developing stress reactions against the background REE-elementosis. Eaten earthy substances in both areas are represented by mixtures of smectite clays and zeolites with high ion-exchange properties. In the digestive tract of animals, such sorbents actively interact with the biological electrolyte, saturating it with sodium ions and absorbing HREE. The main meaning of geophagy is regulation of the concentration and proportion of REE in the body. Sometimes it manifests itself in intake of significant amounts of Na.

Analysis of Spatial Variability of Water Chemistry Indicators of the Rivers within Oilfields of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Ugra

An increase of technogenic load on the catchment area with a decrease of the volume of water protection measures leads to spread of surface water pollution. The paper considers the chemical composition of surface waters in Khanty-Mansi autonomous okrug – Ugra. The technique for analyzing the chemical composition of surface waters based on the combined application of the method of cluster analysis is presented. In this work, the concentration of metal ions in the rivers under study was determined. It was found that concentrations of iron and zinc ions exceeded the maximum permitted concentrations for fishery rivers (MPC) in 100% of samples, as for copper concentration an excess of MPC was noted in some cases. The spatial dynamics of the distribution of chlorides and oil hydrocarbons in surface waters is considered. According to the monitoring data, the analyzed surface water samples had very low concentrations of chlorides and oil hydrocarbons.

Climate Change as an Important Factor of the Formation of the Chemical Composition of Surface Waters at the Present Time (a Review)

Results of the study of climate change impact on the chemical composition of surface waters given in literature have been generalized in the paper. It has been shown that climate change influences mainly hydrologic, chemical, and biological processes occurring in water bodies and watercourses. Climate change can result in change in river runoff and in water level in lakes, reservoirs, and limans. The increase in water temperature can result in time displacement and in the increase in the duration of temperature stratification in lake systems. Shallow lakes are most vulnerable to climate change. Temperature stratification in lakes and reservoirs is accompanied by oxygen stratification. As a consequence, the water of hypolimnion is characterized by prolonged dissolved oxygen deficiency, and also by the formation of anaerobic zones. Under such conditions, the intensity of nutrients and organic matter migration from bottom sediments into water column will increase. This process will be accompanied by the increase in the degree of eutrophication of water bodies, in particular by the increase in the intensity of phytoplankton development. Climate change influences salt composition of surface waters and relationship between its main components. It will result in the increase in the concentration of allochthonous organic matter (in particular of humic acids) as a result of its influx from the bottom sediments of swamps with increasing the amount of precipitation, and also in the increase in the concentration of autochthonous organic matter as a result of the increase in bioproductivity of water bodies. Prolonged solar radiation in summertime will favor the increase in the intensity of photochemical reactions in water bodies, which will manifest itself in transformation of high molecular organic matter into the compounds with lower molecular mass. Other aspects of climate change impact on the chemical composition of surface waters are also discussed in the paper.

Migration Forms of Heavy Metals and Chemical Composition of Surface Waters in the “Arsenic” Shaft Area (Pitkäranta Ore District, South Karelia)

Ore-bearing rocks and natural waters of the Pitkaranta ore district (near the “Arsenic” shaft, the Hopunvaara mine field) were sampled and analyzed. The permanganate value as well as iron and manganese contents in surface water are higher than MPC values, while water samples from the “Arsenic” shaft have the elevated contents of zinc, copper, and arsenic. The Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, As, and Ni speciation in waters have been determined by thermodynamic calculations, taking into account the possibility of the formation of metal complexes with humic and fulvic acids. The fulvic acid is almost completely consumed for the formation of the complex Fe(OH)2Fu-. Ni, Cd, Co occur mainly in the ionic form, and the fraction of Mn and Zn in the ionic form is also significant.

Researches of the chemical composition of surface water in Ukraine, 1920-2020 (review)

The development of researches of the chemical composition of surface waters (rivers, lakes, reservoirs and ponds) is due to problems that are solved at one stage or another in the development of the country’s economy and are related to water quality issues. Depending on the tasks set during hydrochemical researches, attention is paid to a particular group of chemical components in water: 1) the main ions and their total amount (water mineralization); 2) dissolved gases; 3) biogenic elements; 4) organic matter; 5) microelements (including heavy metals); 6) radioactive elements; 7) specific pollutants. The article presents an analytical review of studies of the chemical composition of surface waters of Ukraine from the beginning of systematic research in the first half of the 20th century to the present day (1920-2020). The authors identified four typical chronological periods in the history of hydrochemical studies of surface waters in Ukraine. I period (1920s-1950s) – the beginning of systematic hydrochemical studies of surface waters; the appearance of regular observations of the chemical composition of water at the posts of hydrometeorological service on the Dnipro and Southern Bug rivers (1930s) and publication of these data in “Hydrological Yearbooks”; hydrochemical studies for selected large projects (Dnipro hydroelectric power station). II period (1950s-1970s) - expansion of hydrochemical research to meet the needs of water and hydropower construction, forecasting their possible impact on the country’s water resources; increasing the number of observation points for the chemical composition of water on large and medium-sized rivers; development of hydrochemistry of reservoirs. III period (1970s – at the beginning of the 2000s) – development of complex hydrochemical researches in the conditions of increasing anthropogenic load on water objects; creation of a system of hydrochemical monitoring of water bodies within the framework of the national system of observation and control of the environment (1973); application of sanitary and hygienic criteria for assessment of water quality – universal maximum acceptable concentrations (MAC); publication of quarterly “Hydrochemical Bulletins” (since 1967); development of radioecological studies of natural waters after the Chernobyl accident (1986); first publication in Ukraine of textbooks on hydrochemistry. IV period (after the beginning of the 2000s) – reformatting of hydrochemical research (monitoring system) to the requirements of the Water Framework Directive of the European Union, especially after the signing of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement in 2014; reforming the water monitoring system based on environmental rationing with the identification of reference indicators; components of state monitoring of surface waters are the monitoring of biological, hydromorphological, chemical and physico-chemical parameters. The article also describes scientific hydrochemical schools: Institute of Hydrobiology of NAS of Ukraine; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine and NAS of Ukraine.

РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЭКОЛОГО-ГЕОХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ ПОВЕРХНОСТНЫХ ВОДНЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ В ТАЕЖНОЙ ЗОНЕ ЗАПАДНОЙ СИБИРИ

Актуальность.Количественная оценка эколого-геохимического состояния поверхностных вод и факторов ихформированияявляется одним из важнейших этапов управления водными ресурсами, определяющим эффективность мероприятий по комплексному использованию и охране вод. Цель:количественная оценка региональных особенностейсовременного эколого-геохимического состояния поверхностных водных объектов в таежной зоне Западной Сибири. Методы: методы определения химического состава вод:титриметрический, турбидиметрический, фотометрический, ионная хроматография, инверсионно-вольт-амперометрический, атомно-абсорбционный, масс-спектрометрический с индуктивно-связанной плазмой; статистические методы. Результаты и выводы.По результатам анализа материалов многолетних гидрохимических наблюдений Росгидромета и ряда других организаций рассмотрены региональные особенности эколого-геохимического состояния поверхностных водных объектов в таежной зоне Западной Сибири. Показано, что химический состав поверхностных вод в регионе в значительной степени определяется природными процессами заболачивания, вследствие чего наблюдается нарушение рыбохозяйственных и хозяйственно-питьевых нормативов качества по величине pH, содержанию NH4+, Fe, Al, Mn, фенолов, веществ, идентифицируемых как «нефтепродукты», а также рыбохозяйственных нормативов – по содержанию NO2–, фосфатов, Cu, Zn и хозяйственно-питьевых – по величине бихроматной и перманганатной окисляемости. Установлено, что антропогенное влияние достаточно надежно выявляется по повышению содержаний хлорид-иона (в пределах предельно допустимых концентраций, но в 2–3 раза выше фоновых значений). Разработаны рекомендации по организации процесса оценки гидрохимического фона. На основе региональных фоновых концентраций загрязняющих веществ и расходов воды на режимных створах сибирских рек могут быть определены степени разбавления сточных вод, сбрасываемых в реки,с сильно заболоченными водосборами. Эти расчеты должны быть положены в основу утвержденных нормативов допустимых воздействий на речную сеть таежной зоны Западной Сибири.

Spatial Differences in the Chemical Composition of Surface Water in the Hornsund Fjord Area: A Statistical Analysis with A Focus on Local Pollution Sources

Surface catchments in Svalbard are sensitive to external pollution, and yet what is frequently considered external contamination may originate from local sources and natural processes. In this work, we analyze the chemical composition of surface waters in the catchments surrounding the Polish Polar Station in Svalbard, Hornsund fjord area. We have pooled unpublished and already published data describing surface water composition in 2010, related to its pH, electrical conductivity (EC), metals and metalloids, total organic carbon (TOC) and selected organic compound concentrations, including persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and surfactants. These data were statistically analyzed for spatial differences, using Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA and principal component analysis (PCA), with distance from the station in the PCA approximating local human activity impact. The geological composition of the substratum was found to be a strong determinant of metal and metalloid concentrations, sufficient to explain significant differences between the studied water bodies, except for the concentration of Cr. The past and present human activity in the area may have contributed also to some of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), although only in the case of naphthalene can such an effect be confirmed by an inverse correlation with distance from the station. Other likely factors contributing to the chemical concentrations in the local waters are marine influence, long-range pollution transport and release from past deposition in the environment.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR WATER MANAGEMENT IN AGROLANDSCAPES

Quantitative and qualitative depletion of water resources in Ukraine because of the increase in climate aridity make the problem of integrated surface and ground water management more urgent. The integrated management is based on the water balance of the territories, which automatically takes into account natural and artificial features of water use.
 The paper presents the results of a long term research aimed at resolving the problems of scientific support of integrated water resources management in Ukraine in the context of climate change.
 The plans for integrated water management are developed according to the administrative principle allowing optimization of the structure of water consumption and the assessment of available water resources capacity to meet water demand of the required quality without environmental risk for aquatic ecosystems and population.
 The surface and ground water in Ukraine have spatially homogeneous hydrochemical spectrum, which characterizes the concentration anions and cations in water and the nature of their change at different water exchange rates.
 Studies of hydrochemical spectrum have shown that its basic parameters are much higher for groundwater than for surface water.
 The results of the study on the spatial changes in the chemical composition of surface waters in the Dnipro river basin testify to the distinct homogeneity of their hydrochemical spectrum, which gives the reason to limit in practice observations of changes in the chemical composition of water to local points.
 As the experimental data are accumulated and the geospatial analysis of hydrochemical spectrum is made, the number of such points can be reduced ten times without significant negative impact on the reliability of the final results.
 It is possible to draw up a water balance with the use of correlation functions, the observance of which will guarantee the rational water resources use, based on their actual available volume and restrictions on the total water inflow, filtration losses, surface runoff (discharges).
 The water balance in the graphical representation is described by a linear function, which cuts the average of the sum of expendable elements on the ordinate axis over the entire observation period. The tangent of the slope of the graph represents the coefficient of water supply.
 The scope of this methodological approach's application is limited only by the availability of raw data. There are sufficient data from precipitation observations, water abstraction from all sources in volumes comparable to precipitation and more. It is also desirable to have observations of groundwater level fluctuations and air moisture deficit.
 The experimental research confirmed a high positive impact on the water resources formation made by forests, shelterbelts and meadows. In the humid zone it is possible to separate natural landscapes of wetlands and floodplains (60% of the territory), in the southern part - transitional landscapes that replace artificial agrolandscapes (40% of the territory). In arid climate conditions, the types of landscapes differ in the area of irrigated lands and the density of shelterbelts.
 Agrolandscapes are complex natural-technical systems. In most cases, when investigating their impact on the processes of formation and use of water, it is possible to operate a finite number of interconnected parts (subsystems). The purpose of such separation on subsystems is to obtain typical areas for which spatial structure of agricultural landscapes can be experimentally evaluated and the nature of its relationship with the factors of surface water resources formation can be determined.
 According to the assessment of water balance of rural territories, their water resources potential is equal to the sum of atmospheric precipitation and the volumes of water entering the balance space due to its withdraw for economic needs from surface and ground water bodies. When drawing up water balance for a hydrological year, water resources do not include precipitation, which is almost completely converted to river flow. The available volume of water for use should include the volume of water, the removal of which from natural or artificial circulation will not lead to negative environmental impacts or increase the cost of economic activity and restoration of fresh water bodies. The volume of water available for use is also limited by its qualitative indicators, which in turn are determined by its chemical composition (spectrum).

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY OF THE BASIN OF THE INGULETS RIVER IN THE MIDDLE REACHES

According to the results of analytical studies revealed that the hydrochemical regime is divided into three parts of the Ingulets river: upper (from Alexandria to Krivoy Rog), middle (from Krivoy Rog to Snigirevka), lower (from Snigirevka to the mouth). Gradual decrease in surface water quality due to discharges of insufficiently treated wastewater of Znamenka and Alexandria, Kirovograd region. A significant deterioration in water quality begins from the observation point at the Karachun Reservoir. The worst indicators of hydrochemical composition of waters are recorded near the village of Andreevka, which is located within the Dnipropetrovsk region, the lowest downstream of the Ingulets river, on the border with the Mykolaiv region. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of the hydrochemical composition of the waters of the Ingulets river, an intensive anthropogenic impact on surface waters during the course within the Krivoy Rog iron ore basin was recorded, which is manifested primarily by increased mineralization and high content of sulphates and chlorides. For example, during 2005-2017 the average annual content of dry residue in the waters of the Ingulets river in the middle and lower reaches varied from 0.7 g/l in thevillageofPetrovoto 3.6 g/l in thevillageofArkhangelsk, Dnipropetrovsk region. On the basis of environmental assessment of surface water quality in the relevant categories established: - the waters of the Ingulets river for the period 2005-2006 and 2015-2018 for most of the channels belong to the II class of water quality «Good», the corresponding category 3 «Good» and to the II class of water quality «Clean» in terms of their purity (pollution), the corresponding category 3 «Sufficiently clean»; - the waters of the Ingulets river at the observation point of Andreevka village on 15.08.2005 are characterized by the worst indicators and belong to the II class of water quality «Good», the corresponding category 3 «Good» and to the II class of water quality «Clean» in terms of their purity (pollution), the corresponding category 3 «Sufficiently clean»; - water of Yellow river for the period 2005-2006 and 2015-2018 for most of the sites belong to the THIRD quality class «Good», corresponding to category 3, «Good» and to III class of water quality «Contaminated» according to their degree of purity (contamination), corresponding to category 4 «Cabosanlucas». The calculations showed that the environmental assessment of surface water quality in the relevant categories needs to be improved, as it does not take into account the priority of the identified pollutants typical for areas with developed mining industry. This is contrary to the detected non-compliance of the quality of the waters of the Ingulets river to meet the needs of the local population for recreation, drinking water and irrigation without additional measures. In accordance with the requirements of SanRN (sanitary regulations and norms) 2.1.5.980-00 found: excess MPC (maximum permissible concentration) in terms of – aluminum, BSC5, pH, hardness, odor, iron, manganese, sulfates, dry residue, chlorides; excess MPC is not observed in terms of (dissolved oxygen, copper, nitrites, nitrates, phenols, chromium. Thus, the deterioration of social conditions is observed in the middle and lower reaches of the Ingulets river, due to the anthropogenic impact of mining enterprises of the Krivoy Rog iron ore basin on the quality of surface waters. Significant amplitude fluctuations of hydrochemical indicators, mainly due to discharges of mine waters. Annually, waste water of mining enterprises of the Krivoy Rog iron ore basin is accumulated in the pond-storage beam Svistunov, where before the irrigation period, usually in November and February, controlled discharge volume of 9.6-11.7 million m3 to the Ingulets river. Mineralization of accumulated mine waters in the Svistunov basin reaches 41 g/l. Improvement of the water situation is achieved by annual washing of the Ingulets river bed, which leads to a temporary improvement in water quality. After its completion in 2-3 months the chemical composition of surface waters deteriorates significantly. However, according to the method of water quality assessment, they are classified as «good» and «clean», which does not correspond to their actual condition. Therefore, additional post-treatment of surface waters is necessary for their further use for domestic purposes.

«РЕГІОНАЛЬНА ГІДРОХІМІЯ УКРАЇНИ» (2019) – СУЧАСНИЙ ПІДРУЧНИК З ВИВЧЕННЯ ХІМІЧНОГО СКЛАДУ ПОВЕРХНЕВИХ, ПІДЗЕМНИХ І МОРСЬКИХ ВОД НА ТЕРИТОРІЇ КРАЇНИ

The article reviewed and analyzed the textbook “Regional Hydrochemistry of Ukraine” (authors V.K. Khilchevskyi, V.I. Osadchyi, S.M. Kurylo), published in 2019. The textbook comprehensively summarizes and covers materials on the hydrochemistry of precipitation, rivers, lakes, reservoirs and ponds, underground and sea waters in Ukraine. The authors used the latest results of studies of the chemical composition of water of various water bodies in the country, applied the hydrochemical characteristics of the river basin districts according to the modern hydrographic zoning of Ukraine (2016), which takes into account the requirements of the European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD 2000/60/EC). A feature of the textbook is that the authors were largely based on the materials of their own studies of the chemical composition of surface waters. They also systematized and generalized the monographic works of leading Ukrainian scientists, in different years (from the 1950s to the present day) they studied fundamental and applied issues of hydrochemistry of surface, underground and sea waters. The structure of the textbook consists of a preface, 11 sections, applications and a list of references. The textbook is intended for students of the specialty “Earth Sciences”, studying in educational programs of hydrological, hydroecological and hydrogeological profile. It may be useful for students of the specialty “Geography”, students in educational programs of a physical-geographical and geo-ecological profile.

Transformation of the chemical composition of surface waters in the area of the exploited Lomonosov diamond deposit (NW Russia).

The specific objective of this study was to investigate the changes in the chemical composition of river waters during the exploitation of the Lomonosov diamond deposit and the danger of these changes for the ichthyofauna. It was found that the Ca-HCO3 composition of river water both upstream and downstream from the quarry was almost identical before discharge of the drainage waters into the river. In subsequent years, the water downstream from the quarry acquired a Na-HCO3 composition, and then a Na-HCO3-Cl composition and TDS increased by 2.5 times. With respect to Fe, Mn, and Mo, concentrations that are above the maximum permissible concentrations (MPCs) for fishery rivers are apparent. At the same time, elevated Fe and Mn concentrations are associated with the natural composition of river water. The negative influence of drainage waters is manifested only with respect to the high concentrations of Mo. An important role in increasing Mo concentrations in drainage waters is played by the processes of hydrolysis of sodium aluminosilicates and mixing of fresh water with salt water. The concentrations of Sr, B, Ba, V, and Cr in drainage waters are higher than those in surface waters. However, they generally do not exceed the concentrations of the current MPCs. The source of Cr, Ba, Ni, and V in the drainage waters can be the products of the kimberlite magmatism. The possible impacts of metals effects on fish are presented.

ГЕОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ БИОТЫ В ВОДОЕМАХ КАРЕЛИИ, "Известия Российской академии наук. Серия географическая"

Multiple reported data on plankton, benthos, and chemical composition of surface waters and geology ofKareliaare summarized in order to reveal regional peculiarities of the formation of aquatic communities’ structure and biological productivity. A basic scheme for the biological productivity formation of water bodies inKareliais proposed. The main features of the humid climate ofKareliaare the low average annual air temperature and excessive humidification. The geographical features determine the specific physico-chemical properties of the aquatic environment, including low temperature, short vegetation period, low total dissolved solids (TDS), pH and phosphorus concentrations. Low water temperature and phosphorus concentration limit the development of highly productive forms of biota. Increased color of water diminishes the area of phytoplankton distribution. Low TDS concentration of water restricts the growth of diatom frustule and shell-bearing mollusks, which can limit the total biomass of plankton and benthos. Acid reaction of the environment can have toxic effects on aquatic animals. The proposed scheme was tested on seven lakes ofKarelia, located in different landscapes and differed in the degree of swampiness and density of the river network in the catchment area, in flowage, TDS concentration, color, pH, phosphorus concentration. The performed principle component analysis has statistically confirmed the regularities identified due to the generalization of reported information.