Chemical Composition Of Natural Waters Research Articles

Chemical composition of natural waters from the Urov endemic area

Owing to the importance of drinking water in human nutrition, in this study, we performed a comparative analysis of the chemical composition of drinking water from settlements endemic to Kashin–Beck disease and from territories that are not endemic to Kashin–Beck disease. Our analysis showed that all drinking water samples were weakly alkaline and had a hydrocarbonate–calcium–magnesium composition. There were no considerable differences in mineralization, pH, or concentrations of Mg, Si, F, Se Zn, K, and Na. All waters had weak hardness specific for the waters from the northern territories. The mineral waters from the Urov biogeochemical subregion of the biosphere have elevated concentrations of Ca, Mg, Sr, Si, and Li and lower concentrations of I, Se, and Cu. The maximum Sr content was found in mineral water from the Bazanovo village, i.e., 20 mg/L, with a Ca/Sr ratio of 8 units. Owing to the inconsistency of data on the chemical composition of drinking water from the territories endemic for Kashin–Beck disease, we suggest an indirect role of biogeochemical factors in the disease pathogenesis. Previous pathologies may be important, which have arisen because of hypothermia, common cold, hormonal imbalance, and alimentary factors.

First data on the chemical composition of natural waters at the gold deposit “Novye Peski” (South Karelia, Russia)

Actual analytical methods make it possible to precisely determine a of chemical elements contained in water, including for the purpose of assessing the ecological state of the environment in connection with mining activities. The object of this research is the natural waters of the gold deposit “Novye Peski” located in the Pryazhinsky region (Republic of Karelia, Russia). Analytical data indicate that the geochemical background of the region is exceeded for most of the chemical elements. Research results indicate that the geochemical background of the region is exceeded for most of the considered chemical elements and ions, which can be divided into three groups: 1) the highest concentrations were determined in quarry water (Zn, As, Mo, U, Ni, Cu, Sr, Li, B, as well as Ca 2-); 2) the content is at the same level in all and other cations, HCO3samples (Al, Si, V, Ti, Ba); 3) the highest content in stream and tailing pond (Fe, Mn). We assume that the main factor influencing the behavior of elements of the first group is mining, and for the third is the presence of dissolved organic matter high content with the formation of metal-organic species in water.

ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF OCCURRENCE AND QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER IN THE TERRITORY OF KEZ SETTLEMENT OF THE UDMURT REPUBLIC

In the village of Kez of the Udmurt Republic, the drinking water supply is carried out at the expense of groundwater. The quality of groundwater does not fully comply with hygienic standards. Formation of the chemical composition of natural waters in the study area is determined mainly by natural factors, namely the hydrogeological conditions of their occurrence. Anthropogenic factors in the study area do not significantly affect the quality of groundwater. Almost everywhere there are waters with excess of boron standards, as well as with an increased level of mineralization. No excess of MPC for nitrates, nitrites and ammonium was recorded. To provide the population with high-quality drinking water, it is proposed to search for other underground sources of water supply, the water from which will comply with hygienic standards. The analysis of hydrogeological data and the conditions of occurrence of aquifers in the study area showed that the Slobodskoy complex and the roof of the Verkhneurzhum formations are the most suitable for operation. Drilling deeper wells will lead to deterioration of water quality by underlying alkaline waters, which, due to their alkalinity, will more actively dissolve boron contained in rocks. It was also revealed that drilling wells for drinking needs in deep cuts of river valleys is impractical due to the fact that in this case highly mineralized waters are opened. Prospecting works should be carried out within the framework of hydrogeological studies of the territory and regional monitoring of groundwater.

Chemical Weathering Rates of Soils Developed on Eocene Marls and Sandstones in a Mediterranean Catchment (Istria, Croatia)

Physical and chemical weathering, together with biological and biochemical processes, form soil from bedrock and strongly influence the chemical composition of natural waters. Erosive processes, primarily through the agents of running water and wind, remove the products of weathering from catchments. The aim was to determine the chemical weathering of minerals because of changes in land-use and natural forestation in two small neighboring catchments of the rivers Argilla and Bazuja. Agricultural land-use practice is very intense in the Argilla catchment, while the Bazuja catchment’s arable land is mostly abandoned, with progressive forestation. Chemical weathering in soils and sediments was evaluated with the aid of bulk chemistry analysis focused on major elements, trace elements, and zirconium. Weathering indices, mass balance, and strain were calculated. The abandonment of arable land and intense forestation in the Bazuja catchment caused increased chemical weathering with the loss of base cations (Ca and Mg) and enrichment of conservative elements (Zr and Ti) in surface horizons. EIC and MTF values are positive (enrichment) in areas with agricultural activities, while forested areas show negative values (loss). A comparison of the oldest and youngest parts of the overbank sediment profiles in the swallow hole zone and stream sediments shows that chemical and mechanical weathering in the Bazuja catchment was similar to present weathering in the Argilla catchment, while agriculture was active in the Bazuja catchment. The integrated knowledge gained in small catchment studies can be broadly applicable to larger systems.

Assessment of the ecological state of water bodies of the drainless area of the Ob-Irtysh River basin

Aim. Assess the current state of water bodies, compare with retrospective study data, update the bank of hydrological, hydrochemical and hydrobiological information.Material and Methods. Three groups of indicators were used: hydrological, hydrochemical and hydrobiological. Hydrological measurements were carried out to determine the flow of water in the rivers and their sections not covered by the Roshydromet observation system. Hydrochemical analysis of samples was carried out by ion chromatography and spectrophotometry and included the determination of basic cations and anions, organic substances and biogens. The assessment of water quality by hydrobiological indicators was carried out using the structural characteristics of phyto- and zooplankton.Results. According to environmental and sanitary indicators, the water quality of only three rivers - Solonovka, Cheremshanka and Burla (downstream) - belongs to class 4 (polluted waters). Most of the rivers have the 2nd class of water quality (clean).Conclusions. A trend towards an increase in the level of mineralization and metamorphization of the chemical composition of natural waters in the inland region of the Ob-Irtysh interfluve was revealed. The pollution of water bodies with organic substances and biogens was noted.

The Influence of the Chemical Composition of Natural Waters about the Triclocarban Sorption on Pristine and Irradiated MWCNTs

The influence of the chemical composition of natural waters on triclocarban (TCC) sorption on pristine and irradiated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) at different temperatures was studied. Natural waters have been characterized in terms of the concentrations of cations and anions, pH, and electric conductivity. The sorption process of TCC on MWCNTs is influenced by both the chemical composition of natural waters and the variation of the temperature. The adsorption capacity of TCC on pristine and irradiated MWCNTs in the studied natural waters increased by increasing the temperature. The increase of the concentration of monovalent cations (Na+ and K+) in natural waters determined a significant decrease of the adsorption capacity of TCC on both pristine and irradiated MWCNTs while the increase of the bivalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) determined an easy increase adsorption capacity. Freundlich and Langmuir models were selected to describe the steady adsorption of the TCC on the pristine and irradiated MWCNTs.

О гидрогеологических и гидрогеохимических закономерностях Оренбуржья и сопредельных районов

The complexity of the formation of hydrodynamics and chemical composition of natural waters of the Urals folded mountains and platform Pre-Urals is due to large differences in the geological structure and in the formation of fluids in the mountain-fold, platform, and transition zones. In addition, the properties and amount of waters in the hydrosphere in the supercritical state below the Conrad boundary are practically not investigated. Hydrogeochemical regularities are used in mapping, zoning of the territory, as well as for the interpretation of the actual material, and division of the cross-section in the drainage basins. For this purpose, concepts of hydrodynamic and hydrogeochemical floors, hydrogeochemical zones, hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical aquifer complexes and horizons are used. Each hydrogeological area is distinguished by its vertical hydrogeochemical zonation, which synthesizes the most essential features of the evolution of this structure during a particular period of history. As a result, chemical types of waters with zones of a certain thickness, successively replacing each other within adjacent areas or provinces (belts) are formed. The same type of zonation may also characterize a group of structures.

The Isotope Composition, Nature, and Main Mechanisms of Formation of Different Types and Subtypes of Salt Lakes in Transbaikalia

Abstract —More than a hundred lakes, groundwater, rivers, and precipitation of their catchments have been studied in Transbaikalia. The chemical composition of natural waters and the mineral composition of rocks and lacustrine bottom sediments have been analyzed. The isotope composition of waters, the isotope ratios in dissolved and deposited carbonates and in bacterial mats, and the content of heavy oxygen in the aluminosilicate fraction of bottom sediments and rocks in catchments have been determined. It is shown that all secondary minerals inherit the oxygen isotope composition of water, but their oxygen is isotopically much heavier than the water oxygen, because the water–rock interaction leads to the fractionation of oxygen and the transition of its heavy isotope into secondary carbonates and aluminosilicates. Bacterial mats using oxygen of carbon dioxide ions for their vital activity are also enriched in its heavy isotope. We have established that the water of soda lakes, being less saline than other lake waters, is more enriched in heavy oxygen isotope. Mineral analysis of lacustrine bottom sediments and material from sedimentation traps revealed chemogenic carbonates and secondary aluminosilicates. The performed thermodynamic calculations confirm their possible formation in lakes. It is shown that the lake water is in equilibrium not only with carbonates, clays, and hydromica but also with zeolites, and the most alkaline and mineralized water is in equilibrium with albite. The bottom sediments of soda lakes have a greater portion of clays and carbonates than those of fresh, chloride, and sulfate waters. The enrichment of salt lake waters with heavy isotopes is due not only to evaporation but also to the water–rock interaction. The contribution of aluminosilicate hydrolysis to oxygen fractionation is confirmed by the direct dependence of the “oxygen shift” value on pH, whose value is determined by the degree of the above interaction. We have established that the diversity of the chemical and isotope compositions of lake waters is due to their multifactorial formation related to the different degrees of lake water evaporation, the different mineralization of organic matter, and the different duration of the interaction of lake waters and groundwater with rocks.

Influence of cavitation processes on river water purification of mountain streams

Problems: The article considers the study of the influence of cavitation phenomena in hydrodynamically active areas of mountain rivers on the processes of natural self-purification of water. The paper considers the experimental results of determining the change in seasonal indicators of the hydrochemical composition of surface waters in the Stryi river basin.
 Objective: to determine the impact of hydrodynamically active areas (HAA) of mountain rivers on the processes of natural self-purification and to develop methods of laboratory modeling of these areas to determine the hydrochemical parameters of river waters.
 Methods of implementation: Research of ecological and hydrochemical factors of chemical composition of natural waters of the Stryi river basin combines basin and landscape-geochemical approaches, which allows to integrate various natural and anthropogenic influences, to identify the most important parameters for their detailed analysis. The combination of these approaches made it possible to improve the method of ecological analysis of the area of ​​the Stryi river basin, which allows to spatially differentiate and hydrochemically integrate the factors of formation of the chemical composition of natural waters.
 Results: It is stated that microbiological safety of water is a special problem, because even water from underground sources may contain single cells of pathogenic microorganisms, but the main threat is water re-contaminated with microbes in case of leaks in the water supply network.
 Conclusions: Analysis of the results of studies of the impact of self-cleaning processes in the river Stryi on the quality of water intake in Stryi showed that there are currently no negative effects of river waters of the river Stryi on groundwater deposits. The quality of river water is satisfactory for its use in domestic and drinking water supply and for recreational purposes.

Chemical composition of natural waters of the Lovozero massif, Russia

Chemical composition of natural waters of the Lovozero massif, Russia

ВИЙШОВ З ДРУКУ ПЕРШИЙ В УКРАЇНІ «ГІДРОХІМІЧНИЙ СЛОВНИК» (2022 р.)

The article presents and analyzes the scientific reference publication – “Hydrochemical Dictionary”, published by the professor of the Kiev National Taras Shevchenko University V.K. Khilchevskyi in 2022. Hydrochemistry is a scientific discipline that studies the chemical composition of natural waters (surface, underground and marine) and the patterns of its change depending on chemical, physical and biological processes occurring in the environment and under the influence of anthropogenic factors. Hydrochemistry has its own object of study, a theoretical, methodological and methodological basis, which allows it to develop important scientific and practical issues. It is closely connected with hydrology, geology, oceanology, and hydrobiology. Being formed in the process of formation and further development, hydrochemistry is constantly enriched with new terms and concepts. Yes, since the early 2000s. hydrochemical and hydroecological terminology has been influenced by the Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union due to the deepening of international scientific contacts and the implementation in Ukraine of the provisions of the WFD in regulatory documents. Since an ever wider range of specialists is involved in this area, the issues of unification of hydrochemical terminology are becoming important. This goal is dedicated to the “Hydrochemical Dictionary”, which is the first in Ukraine scientific reference publication of this direction. The Dictionary includes terms widely used in the scientific literature on hydrochemistry, as well as a number of terms in related scientific disciplines related to hydrochemistry (hydrology, geography, hydrogeology, hydrobiology, analytical, organic and physical chemistry, geochemistry, etc.), the EU WFD. The “Hydrochemical Dictionary” contains terms covering the following issues: properties and chemical composition of natural waters; processes of formation of the chemical composition of natural waters; methodology and methods of hydrochemical research and water analysis; processes of pollution and self-purification of water bodies; hydrobiological and microbiological processes in water bodies; water quality and integrated water resources management. The Dictionary contains about 830 terms and concepts listed in the subject index, which makes it easy to find the right terms on the corresponding pages. “Hydrochemical Dictionary” is designed for students of universities specializing in “Earth Sciences” of educational programs of the hydrological profile, studying hydrochemical and hydroecological disciplines; will be useful to specialists in the field of hydrochemistry, hydrology, hydroecology, hydrogeology, geography.

Comparative Analysis of the Chemical Composition of Natural Waters in the Khanty-Mansiysky and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts

Background: Water is a key source of life on Earth; it is involved in the transfer of nutrients, macro- and microelements between soil, plants, animals and humans, as well as in the concentration and dispersion of chemical elements and the formation of minerals. The elemental status of the population is largely determined by the chemical composition of the natural waters on the territory of residence. Objective: To perform a comparative analysis of the concentrations of iron, manganese, calcium and magnesium in natural waters of the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts (Okrugs). Materials and methods: We established concentrations of iron, manganese, calcium and magnesium in 100 samples of natural waters taken from rivers, lakes, backwaters, channels, etc. of the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts, 50 samples each, using spectrophotometry, capillary electrophoresis and atomic absorption spectrometry. The results obtained were compared with the reference values provided in Russian sanitary rules and regulations SanPiN 1.2.3685–21. Results: We established elevated levels of iron in most surface water samples from both districts and of manganese in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug accompanied by extremely low concentrations of Ca and Mg in the vast majority of all samples. At the same time, we registered significantly lower concentrations of Ca (p = 0.012) and Mg (p = 0.021) in the water samples from the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug compared to those from the other district. Conclusion: In the population of the Tyumen North, the constant use of such water for drinking purposes can lead to the early development and rapid progression of cardiovascular and osteoarticular diseases, type 2 diabetes, neoplasms, etc.; at the same time, people are at risk of generalization of immunosuppressive conditions, diseases of the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, oxidative metabolism disorders, etc.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПОВЕДЕНИЯ ХИМИЧЕСКИХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ В СИСТЕМЕ ВОДА–ПОРОДА РАЙОНА РАЗРАБАТЫВАЕМОГО КАРЬЕРА БУТОВОГО КАМНЯ В ПИТКЯРАНТСКОМ РУДНОМ РАЙОНЕ (КАРЕЛИЯ)

Актуальность. Изучение особенностей перераспределения химических элементов в системе вода–порода в районах, где ведется активная разработка месторождений полезных ископаемых, актуально ввиду потенциального влияния этих процессов на экологическую обстановку и изменение геохимических условий природной среды. В частности, это важно для выбранного района, который входит в площадь водосбора крупнейшего природного резервуара пресной воды в Европе – Ладожского озера. Целью представленного исследования является изучение выноса химических элементов водой из гранитоидных пород, вскрытых карьером, и их дальнейшего поведения в природных водах и донных отложениях района. Объектом исследования являются природные воды и донные отложения района разрабатываемого карьера бутового камня (Питкярантский рудный район, республика Карелия). Авторы проследили изменения химического состава природных вод и связанных с ними донных отложений по мере движения воды от ее сброса из карьера до впадения в речную сеть. Методы. Анализ химического состава природных вод и донных отложений проведен стандартными методами: потенциометрия, титриметрия, ICP-AES, ICP-MS. Исследования минералов в составе пород карьера бутового камня проведено при помощи LA-ICP-MS, химический состав горных пород изучен методами XRF, ICP-MS и ICP-AES. Физико-химическое моделирование форм нахождения в природных водах и осаждения минералов проведено в программном комплексе HydroGeo. Верификация модели проведена на основе анализа химического состава донных отложений. Результаты. В изученных водных объектах в отдельных точках отмечены превышения ПДК Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo, V. При удалении от карьера бутового камня снижается величина общей минерализации природных вод и содержание макрокомпонетов, а также Sr, U, V, Mo, Zn, Cd. Концентрация железа, наоборот, увеличивается ввиду роста содержания органического вещества в воде. В донных отложениях пик концентрации многих элементов (Fe, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Cs, Ce, La, Y) наблюдается в точке сброса воды из карьера. Максимальное содержание U отмечается чуть ниже по потоку изучаемых вод, что согласуется с данными по составу донных отложений и моделирования, которые указывают на возможность выпадения уранинита из водного раствора в водоеме, сформировавшемся при сбросе воды из карьера бутового камня и истоке ручья, берущего начало в этом водоеме. Роль органического вещества в изученных водах высока для процесса накопления железа в воде за счет образования устойчивого гидроксо-фульватного комплекса железа, а также для редкоземельных элементов за счет образования комплекса с гуминовой кислотой. Анализ распространенности, форм нахождения и осаждения химических элементов позволили заключить, что эксплуатация карьера бутового камня вносит существенный вклад в перераспределение химических элементов в изучаемом районе.

Spatial-factorial analysis of background status of the Danube River basin state on the northeastern slops of the Ukrainian Carpathians

The study solved the problem of analyzing the background spatial-factorial patterns of distribution of quantitative and qualitative indicators of groundwater sources and surface waters within the upper part of the Prut River that belongs to the Danube River basin. The studies have been conducted within the Carpathian National Nature Park, located on the northeastern slopes of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The basic regularities and peculiarities of the distribution of springs in the researched territory have been studied by means of factor analysis of the set of estimation parameters and the relationships between them. Patterns of changes in the concentrations of the natural components of the qualitative composition of the hydro-ecosystem have been found, depending on the altitude of the terrain. Similar data has been obtained in the analysis of the relationship between the average geometric components of the chemical composition of natural waters and the length of the river. Trend lines and equations have been obtained, which can be used to determine the background normative values of natural water components along the length of the stream and the altitude of the basin for individual seasons and phases of water. In this paper, for the first time, the functional natural pattern of hydro-ecosystems of the upper part of the Danube basin within the northeastern slopes of the Ukrainian Carpathians is shown to increase its qualitative potential with increasing absolute altitude above sea level for nature conservation territory.

ПІДРУЧНИК «АГРОГІДРОХІМІЯ» (2021 р.) - ВНЕСОК У РЕАЛІЗАЦІЮ ПОЛОЖЕНЬ «НІТРАТНОЇ ДИРЕКТИВИ» 91/676/ЄEC В УКРАЇНІ

The article presents and analyzes the textbook “Agrohydrochemistry” (author V.K. Khilchevsky – professor of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv), published in 2021. The textbook examines the main problems associated with the growth of the chemicalization of agriculture and the protection of water resources. Due to agriculture, there is a noticeable impact on the quality of natural waters in the world, especially in regions of intensive agriculture, to which Ukraine belongs. Increased concentrations of nutrients and various types of pesticides are found in the waters of small and large rivers, groundwater. Therefore, the issues of studying the main sources of agricultural pollution of natural waters and the processes that contribute to this are relevant. Among the main sources of pollution of natural waters with wastewater, namely industrial, household and agricultural – the latter have a specific character of formation and flow into water bodies. If industrial and domestic wastewater is localized behind the formation and place of discharge into the sewer network, then the formation and supply of chemicals from agricultural land is dispersed throughout the catchment area and natural ways of entering (hydrographic network) into water bodies. The attention of the world community to the impact of agrochemicals on the quality of natural waters is evidenced by the Directive 91/676/EU adopted in the European Union of December 12, 1991 “On the protection of waters from pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources” (abbreviated as “Nitrogen Directive”), which in turn is a local manifestation of the integrating directive 2000/60/EC of October 23, 2000 “On the establishment of a framework for Community activities in the field of water policy” (abbreviated WFD – “EU Water Framework Directive”), aimed at achieving a good ecological state of natural waters in the regions river basins. Agrohydrochemistry is a direction in hydrochemistry that studies the effect of agrochemical agents on the chemical composition of natural waters using theoretical methods and the results of experimental studies in watersheds. The textbook, which consists of 9 chapters, gives an idea of the formation of the balance of chemicals in the soil, the use of various types of fertilizers and pesticides, and the possible ways of their entry into water bodies. Methods for calculating the flow of chemicals into water bodies are presented. The theoretical provisions are illustrated by the materials of our own research on the effect of agrochemicals on the chemical composition of river waters in the Dnieper basin. The textbook is designed for students of the specialty “Earth Sciences” of educational programs of the hydrological profile of higher educational institutions..

Features of the Formation of Geochemical Types of Natural Waters in Certain Regions of Central Eurasia

The report presents extensive factual data on the chemical composition of natural waters in different regions of Central Eurasia. The features of the chemical composition of natural waters are revealed for several regions with a humid and arid climate, as well as for tectonomagmatic activation conditions. The abundance of over 50 chemical elements in natural waters is characterized. The geochemical types of waters corresponding to rigorously defined evolution stages of the water–rock system are established for natural waters of all considered regions based on saturation of waters in secondary minerals. The influence of the geochemical conditions on the dissolution of primary minerals and the formation of secondary mineral phases is revealed. The composition of groundwaters is systematized by the features of the origin of their chemical compositions. The role of climatic, geological, and structural factors in the formation of geochemical types of waters in several Central Eurasian regions is shown.

Dissolved Organic Matter of Formation Waters of Oil Deposits in Tomsk Region

Organic matter is an integral part of the chemical composition of natural waters and plays an important role in collection and migration of chemical elements, including pollutants in water bodies. The article presents the chemical and organic composition of layer waters in the Sovetskoe and Vakhskoe oil deposits in the Tomsk region. Underground waters have chloride and sodium, and a high concentration of organic matter (sorg up to 90 mg/l). The goal of the publication is to identify the main patterns in the distribution of diluted organic matter by groups in layer waters in the south of Western Siberia and determine their potential contribution to the migration and collection of micro-elements. On the basis of the collected data on the group composition of diluted organic matter, it has been established that alkanes, naphthalens, alkyl benzenes, cyclohexanes, phenanthrenes are the most common. The results of the analysis of the micro-element composition of the extracted organic matter from the underground waters show that there is no correlation between the micro-elements composition of the water organic matter and various groups of compounds in it. We have a made suggestion that the key role in the migration and accumulation of micro-elements in water belongs to high-molecular components of organic matter that is characterised by its diverse composition and complex insufficiently studied structure.

INFLUENCE OF WATER MINERALIZATION ON ZOOPLANKTON PRODUCTIVITY IN RESERVOIRS OF AKMOLA REGION

The effect of water mineralization on zooplankton productivity in the reservoirs of the Akmola region is a very relevant study. The chemical composition of natural waters is inextricably linked to the composition and structure of the soil, which, in turn, was formed during the long evolution of the earth's crust under the influence of climate. Natural waters have a wide variety of qualitative and quantitative chemical composition. The basis for systematization in existing classifications are the amount of mineralization, the predominant component or group, the relationship between different values of concentrations of various ions, the presence of increased amounts of any specific elements of the gas and salt regimes. The relevance of the work is due to insufficient study of the fishing potential of medium-sized reservoirs in Northern Kazakhstan. The work aimed to study the mineralization of water as a factor determining the life of aquatic organisms. As a result of this research, data confirmed the position that the factors that determine the viability of marine organisms are the mineralization of water. To characterize zooplankton across the entire lake area, samples were taken, taking into account different stations. The number of individual organisms in the sample was determined. The degree of mineralization of lakes in the Akmola region was indicated. The correlation coefficient for features in the "mineralization – zooplankton abundance" pair was calculated as r = -0.96, and in the "mineralization – zooplankton biomass" pair r = -0.85. When analyzing the data obtained, it was observed an inverse relationship between water mineralization and zooplankton abundance. When water mineralization increases by 4.03% in July, the number of zooplankton organisms decreases from 170.03 to 152.6 thousand copies/m3. When the salinity of the Uyali - Shalkar lake water increases from 362 (May) to 508 mg/L (July), the zooplankton biomass decreases from 6.02 to 5.73 mg/m3.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ ХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА ПОВЕРХНОСТНЫХ ВОД С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ МОДЕРНИЗИРОВАННОЙ КЛАССИФИКАЦИИ АЛЕКИНА

Climatic changes and value of anthropogenic load of watershed of the rivers can be main reasons. The article researched long-term changes in the chemical composition of rivers in Ukraine. Long-term changes in the chemical composition of the river waters of Ukraine were analyzed using the modernized Alekin classification (modernization was proposed by V.K. Khilchevskyi and S.M. Kurylo). The additions introduced by the authors to the basic classification of O.A.Alekin allow fixing the dynamics of changes in the chemical composition of natural waters by cations at the group level, as well as at a more detailed level, revealing quantitative changes in the relative content of class-forming anions (at the level of subtypes). Taking it into account for the most relevant tasks which arise for hydrologists and hydrochemicals are considered to be determination of modern regularities of streamflow and hydrochemical regime in conditions of warming which happens and assessments of such changes for the perspective. The mineralization of water and concentration of the main ions in river waters change for many reasons. Studying has been executed on the Udaj river, Tur`ya river, Sula river. The trend of increasing salinity of river water is detection. Main changes are taking place in the spring. During period of supervisions there was growth of mineralization of water: Sula – from 440 to 1125 mg/dm3.The main factor there is an increased part of groundwater flow. In favor of this conclusion the following results of researches serve. The special executed calculations showed dependence between part of ground flow and chemical composition of water of the rivers. Different classifications are used to systematize natural waters by chemical composition. Attempts to classify water in accordance with the general conditions by which their chemical composition is formed are known. For analysis of long-term changes of the hydrochemical regime in different phases of the water was found and application of the classification of Alekin (modernizated). Modernization does not touch the highest trait – class, but concerns groups and types, with the introduction of a new taxon – subtype. Modernization to the basic classification of Alekhin allow to fixed in detail the dynamics of changes in the chemical composition of natural waters by cations at the group level. At a detailed level, quantitative changes in the relative content of anions (at the level of proposed subtypes) can be fixed. Verification of the modernized classification of O.A. Alekhin, made on 25 rivers of the Dnipro river basin. Rivers are located in different environmental zones, have different anthropogenic pressure and term of observations (40 – 60 years). An attempt was made to apply the modernized classification to other types of natural waters – groundwater and atmospheric.

НОВЫЕ ДАННЫЕ ОБ ЭЛЕМЕНТНОМ СОСТАВЕ ПРИРОДНЫХ ВОД В РАЙОНЕ РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ УРОВСКОЙ (КАШИНА–БЕКА) БОЛЕЗНИ (ЗАБАЙКАЛЬСКИЙ КРАЙ)

Актуальность. Болезнь Кашина–Бека, или уровская болезнь, известна уже более 160 лет, однако до сих пор не выявлена истинная причина, вызывающая развитие данного заболевания. На данный момент известно более 20 теорий и гипотез, объясняющих причины ее появления, ведущей из которых является биогеохимическая, впервые предложенная А.П. Виноградовым. Согласно данной теории, болезнь Кашина–Бека обусловлена влиянием фактора окружающей среды в виде недостатка или избытка химического элемента/соединений. В связи с этим актуальным является изучение химического состава компонентов природной среды в зоне проявления данной болезни. Цель исследования: оценка химического состава природных вод, используемых для питьевого водоснабжения, на территории проявления болезни Кашина–Бека в Забайкальском крае. Объекты: подземные и поверхностные воды. Методы. Гидрогеохимический, элементный состав проб воды определен методом масс-спектрометрии с индуктивно связанной плазмой. Результаты. Изучено содержание 71 химического элемента, в том числе ранее не рассматриваемых для данной территории, в природных водах. Установлено, что воды, используемые для питьевого водоснабжения, характеризуются низким содержанием кальция, что может являться индикатором неблагополучия территории по этому заболеванию без отягчающего влияния как стронция, так фосфора и марганца. Содержания селена, как и йода, в изученных водах находятся ниже оптимального для питьевого использования уровня, что хорошо согласуется с литературными данными по Китаю, где в районах распространения болезни Кашина–Бека компоненты природной среды (воды, почвы, растительность) обеднены йодом. В данном случае недостаток йода может вызвать развитие эндемического зоба, на фоне которого уровская болезнь проявляется ярче.