Metal Chemical Composition Research Articles

Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of Groundwater in Rural Areas of Duhok City, Iraq

This study investigates the quality of groundwater sources in the rural areas of Duhok City, Iraq, with a particular focus on heavy metal contamination, chemical composition, and properties of water. Water samples from 14 wells, serving as the main water source for the surrounding areas, were collected and analyzed. Water quality parameters including calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), chloride (Cl⁻), potassium (K⁺), and sulfate (SO₄²⁻) values ranged from 24 to 105.6 mg/L, 6.832 to 50.752 mg/L, 18 to 34 mg/L, 1 to 7 mg/L, and 3.4 to 38 mg/L respectively. Common heavy metals like manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and cobalt (Co) exhibited varying concentrations. Most parameters meet the WHO standards, except for the elevated potassium in one sample, requiring attention. Additionally, 50% of the sampled wells showed elevated cadmium (Cd) levels. Possible sources of contamination include industrial activities, agricultural runoff, and geological factors, highlighting the importance of ongoing monitoring and targeted interventions to ensure access to clean and safe water.

Hydrogen diffusion dynamics on [formula omitted] surface: A mechanism of hydrogen-induced failure

Hydrogen-induced failure (embrittlement as the primary source) is a significant concern for retrofitting existing pipelines to transport hydrogen. One of the major factors associated with hydrogen embrittlement of metals is hydrogen diffusion. Therefore, understanding the modes and dynamics of hydrogen diffusion into metals is critical for understanding better and acting to limit hydrogen-induced damage to metals. It is well established that transition metals catalyze the dissociation of molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen even at room temperature. The atomic hydrogen diffuses through the metal surface, and this causes degradation. Understanding atomic hydrogen diffusion dynamics is critical to reducing hydrogen embrittlement. This work presents atomic hydrogen diffusion dynamics along and into Fe(100) surfaces. The results indicated that diffusion of atomic hydrogen along the surface is favored over surface-to-subsurface diffusion. Once hydrogen diffuses to the subsurface layer, the barrier for further hydrogen diffusion into the subsequent layers is relatively lower. The methodology presented here of atomic hydrogen diffusion under dynamic relaxation into metal surface can be used to study the effect of the metal's chemical composition and structure on the hydrogen diffusion rate. This allows for screening various strategies to reduce hydrogen diffusion into metals and guide the design of degradation prevention strategies.

Metal ornaments from the burial mound necropolis Chornyanka of the Bilozerka culture (11th–10th centuries BC)

The flat cemetery near the village of Chornyanka, Kakhovka district, Kherson region, is one of the largest row grave fields of the Late Bronze Age archaeological culture of Bilozerka in the northern Black Sea region. The cultural and chronological location of the Chornyanka burial ground was determined on the basis of an analysis of the main features of the funerary constructions, ceremonies and equipment. The established date of its functioning is the 11th‒10th century BC. 24 graves were identified and investigated. Most contained grave goods: pottery, bone and bronze tools, jewellery of bronze, bone, agate, mother-of-pearl, chitin and glass. This paper presents the results of metallographic and X-ray spectral analysis of bronze jewellery from Chornyanka cemetery: pins, temple rings and earrings. It presents and describes the characteristic microstructures of the metal finds. In addition, the process of production of various metal objects was investigated. Several chemical and metallurgical groups stand out in the spectral analyses of metals from Chornianka: Сu-Sn; Сu-Sn-As; Сu-As(Sn) and possibly remelting. Correlation diagrams of the characteristic pairs of elements are also given. In all the analyses, arsenic is present in tenths of a per cent. There is also a stable presence of an impurity such as antimony, mostly in tenths of a per cent, with concentrations in two cases reaching whole per cent. This means that they were probably included in the original ores. Some scientists believe that this feature is characteristic of the metallurgy of the Greater Caucasus. The results are compared with similar analyses from another cemetery of the Bilozerka Culture – Shyroke. Despite the general similarity and tradition, it is possible to highlight some differences in metalworking in both Bilozerka cemeteries (Chornyanka and Shyroke). Jewellery was made not only by casting. It was also forged with the help of mandrels. In addition, some products were made by welding several metal strips. Most researchers pay attention to the influence of the cultures of the Northwest region on the Bilozerka culture. Metalworking is traditionally thought of as having a Volga-Urals orientation. In this article, we propose to take into account new data on the chemical composition of metal and technology, which testify to the contacts of the Bilozerka culture with the Caucasus.

Heavy metal accumulation and chemical composition of the essential oils of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) cultivated on heavy metal-contaminated soils

Comparative research has been conducted to determine the content of heavy metals and the chemical composition of yarrow oils, as well as to identify the possibility of yarrow growth on soils contaminated by heavy metals. The experimental plots were situated at different distances of 0.5 km and 15 km, respectively, from the source of pollution, the Non-Ferrous-Metal Works (MFMW) near Plovdiv, Bulgaria. On reaching the flowering stage, the yarrow plants were gathered. The content of heavy metals in flowers was determined by microwave mineralization and analyzed by ICP. The oils were obtained from the flowers of the plant by hydro distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Heavy metals do not affect the development of yarrow and the quality and quantity of oil obtained from it. The heavy metal content of yarrow essential oil is very low and is not affected by the degree of heavy metal contamination of the soil. Twenty components were identified in oils. In yarrow oil, the highest content was oxygenated sesquiterpenes (36-38%), followed by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (24-25%), oxygenated monoterpenes (20-21%) and monoterpene hydrocarbons (17-19%). For the first time, it is reported yarrow oil with mixed α-bisabolol oxide B, α-bisabolol, and β-caryophyllene chemotype. The essential oil of yarrow can be a valuable product for the farmers from polluted regions.

IMPROVING THE PROPERTIES OF NICKEL-BASED SUPERALLOYS OF DIRECTED CRYSTALLIZATION BY OPTIMIZING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

Purpose. It consists in establishing the influence of the chemical composition on the type, chemical composition and morphology of the primary carbides of the nickel-based superalloy, which allows to increase the operational properties of the parts through the structure of the carbide component.
 Research methods. Process modeling was carried out using the CALPHAD method. The initial data were the chemical compositions of model alloys with different concentrations of carbide-forming elements. The result of the calculation was the chemical composition of the carbides released in the corresponding systems. The experimental values were processed by statistical methods to obtain correlation dependencies of the “parameter-property” type and establish mathematical equations of regression models that optimally describe these dependencies.
 Results. The regularities of the effect of metal chemical composition on the morphology of carbides of MC type have been established. It is shown that depending on chemical elements introduced in the system, the basis of carbides can change, which causes a change in their shape and an increase in the crack resistance of the material. It is shown that the obtained dependences are closely correlated with metallographic studies of alloys of this class.
 Scientific novelty. The dependences of the influence of the chemical composition variation of the multicomponent system Ni-Cr-Co-Al-W-Re-Ta-Mo-Nb-C on the chemical composition and morphology of carbides have been established. This makes it possible to change the basis of the carbides, their composition and morphology, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the material, especially fatigue and heat-resistant characteristics.
 Practical value. An effective solution for establishing the structural-phase state of nickel-based superalloys by optimizing their chemical composition is proposed, which made it possible to improve the operational properties of the material. The established dependencies can be used in the optimization of the composition of industrial cast nickel-based superalloys and in the development of new compositions.

Heavy metal accumulation and chemical composition of essential oils of tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) cultivated on heavy metal-contaminated soils

Heavy metal accumulation and chemical composition of essential oils of tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) cultivated on heavy metal-contaminated soils

Comparative Investigation on the Quality of Sensitivity of Six Different Types of Thermocouples

Sensitivity quality of thermocouples is an important parameter in temperature measuring, it affects on the accuracy of measuring results. Metals type which used in thermocouples play a prominent role in determining level and quality of sensitivity. Nine minerals were investigated and compared with each other, as these metals contribute to composition of six thermocouples of types E, J, K, T, R and S. Three factors such as metal type, magnetic field, and chemical composition were studied to find out their effects in determining sensitivity quality of thermocouples due to their effects on the increasing and decreasing of sensitivity and accuracy of thermocouples. Research methodology has used data collection and analyzing on related 6 thermocouples. The results showed that E- type has higher sensitivity, then J, K, and T, but R and S types have lower sensitivity in most temperature measuring ranges, also, copper, nickel, and chromium can give higher quality of sensitivity more than platinum and rhodium. Also, the results of this research can assist manufacturers to further connection between quality of sensitivity, temperature ranges, and accuracy, in addition, for selecting appropriate metal for the medium being measured.

The Degradation of the most Common Stainless Steels: Real Case Issues

Stainless steel may be susceptible to localized corrosion. Despite this fact, still too many infrastructures are planned with an inadeguate metal chemical composition or placed in wrong environments. In most cases, a clear underestimation of these factors affects the stainless steel durability. These unexpected issues cause a significant technical and economical impact. In this work, several case studies of Inox exposed to unfavorable environmental conditions are presented. A wide range of structures, such as house handles, a swimming pool, a parapet, an industry plant and a waste water collection tank are investigated with respect to the corrosion behavior. Temperature and humidity cyclic variation, promote the enrichments of aggressive agents and lead to degradation. A too low Molybdenum content of the steels is inadequate for some type of structures and service conditions. The weldability changes depending on the steel type and along the thermally affected zones, intergranular corrosion may appear. In addition, a galvanic contact of the stainless steel with existing low alloyed steels components promotes the deterioration of the latter.

Reactivity Differences of Rieke Zinc Arise Primarily from Salts in the Supernatant, Not in the Solids.

Contrary to prevailing thought, the salt content of supernatants is found to dictate reactivity differences of different preparation methods of Rieke zinc toward oxidative addition of organohalides. This conclusion is established through combined single-particle microscopy and ensemble spectroscopy experiments, coupled with careful removal or keeping of the supernatants during Rieke zinc preparations. Fluorescence microscopy experiments with single-Rieke-zinc-particle resolution determined the microscale surface reactivity of the Rieke zinc in the absence of supernatants, thus pinpointing its inherent reactivity independent of the convoluting supernatant composition. In parallel experiments, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry characterized the zinc metal chemical composition at the bulk and single-particle levels. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy kinetics characterized bench-scale Rieke zinc reactivity in the presence and absence of different supernatants and exogenous salt additives. Together, these experiments show that the differences in reactivity from sodium-reduced vs lithium-reduced Rieke zinc arise from the residual salts in the supernatant rather than the differing salt compositions of the solids. This supernatant salt also determines the structure of the ultimate organozinc product, generating either the diorganozinc or monoorganozinc halide complex. That different organozinc complexes formed upon direct insertion to different preparations of Rieke zinc was not previously reported, despite Rieke zinc's widespread use. These findings impact organozinc-reagent and nanomaterial synthesis by showing that, unexpectedly, desired Rieke zinc reactivity can be achieved through simple addition of soluble salts to solutions that were used to prepare the metals─a substantially easier synthetic manipulation than solid composition and morphology control.

REGULARITIES OF INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ON MORPHOLOGYAND TYPE OF CARBIDES IN NICKEL-BASED SUPERALLOY

Purpose. It consists in optimizing the chemical composition and morphology of carbides of the welded nickel-based superalloy by changing the chemical composition, which allows to increase the performance properties of body parts by improving the shape and size of the carbide component.
 Methods of research Process modeling was performed by CALPHAD method. The initial data were the chemical compositions of model alloys with different concentrations of carbide-forming elements. The result of the calculation was the chemical compositions of carbides released in the respective systems. The experimental values were processed by the method of least squares to obtain correlation dependences of the "parameter-property" type and to establish mathematical equations of regression models that optimally describe these dependences.
 Results. Regularities of influence of chemical composition of metal on morphology and type of carbides are established. It is shown that depending on the introduced chemical elements in the system, the types of carbides and their chemical composition can change, which leads to a reduction of crack formation processes in the material. It is shown that the change in the composition of the material affects the shape, size and composition of the primary carbides.
 Scientific novelty. The established dependences of the multicomponent system Ni-22,5Cr-19Co-1,9Al-3,7Ti-2W-1,4Ta-1Nb-0,15C allow to determine the chemical composition of carbides by the chemical composition of the alloy. This makes it possible to change the types of carbides, their composition and morphology, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the material, first of all the fatigue and heat-resistant characteristics.
 Practical value. An effective solution for establishing the structural-phase state of nickel-based superalloys by optimizing their chemical composition, which allowed to improve the performance properties of the material. The established dependences can be used in optimizing the composition of industrial nickel-based superalloys and in the development of new compositions.

Estimation of glass lubricant viscosity for hot extrusion of Cr-Ni steel and Ni alloy tubes

Purpose. Estimation of optimal viscosity of a glass lubricant for chromium-nickel steel tube extrusion depending on the deformation resistance, chemical composition of metal and the temperature, degree and rate of deformation. Methodology. To determine the force conditions for tube extrusion, a complex factor of deformation resistance was used, which consists in estimating the value of deformation resistance under the basic process parameters of extrusion plants and its refinement depending on the deviations of heating temperature and wall thickness of billets as well as the degree and rate of deformation from the base conditions. Findings. The dependence of basic values of deformation resistance on the percentage of alloying elements (Ni + Cr) in steels has been found. With the addition of hardening alloying elements (Mo, W, V, Nb) into the alloy steel, its deformation resistance increases in proportion to their percentage. Analytical expressions for calculating the base values of deformation resistance for different extrusion plants have been obtained. Originality. For the first time, the principles governing estimation of the optimal viscosity of glass lubricants based on the chemical composition of steel to be formed, its temperature and the degree and rate of deformation of the blank, thickness of the lubricating layer and geometric dimensions of the tool (die) in hot extrusion of tubes have been established. Practical value. The use of the results of calculation according to the developed method will make it possible to increase the surface quality of tubes manufactured by extrusion and reduce the volume of their subsequent machining.

Structure, Magnetic Characteristics and Stress-Strain State of Structural Steel Welded Pipelines

The analysis of factors affecting the state of the metal of pipelines of heating networks on the territory of hazardous production facilities is carried out, of which the effect of mechanical loads should be especially distinguished. The necessity of carrying out additional types of control along with visual and measuring control during routine inspections and after repairs of pipelines of heating networks has been substantiated. The method for measuring the coercive force and its measurement methods are considered, and a decision is made to develop a technique for studying pipelines of a heating network using this method. Samples for laboratory research have been prepared, namely, a fragment of a heating network pipeline, which has worked for over 10 years, and a fragment of a new pipeline with a similar steel grade. A plan for conducting experimental studies of the prepared samples has been prepared, including the developed methods of experimental studies of samples in accordance with the regulatory documentation, including: a method for studying samples of pipelines of heating networks by measuring the coercive force; method for determining the chemical composition of metals and alloys; methodology for carrying out metallographic studies. Measurements of the coercive force were carried out during the loading of the samples. A change in the coercive force with loading was recorded, mainly towards large values. In this case, the values of the coercive force on the sample, which worked in the territory of hazardous production facilities, are higher than those of the sample of the new pipeline. The complex of the studies carried out indicates that it is advisable at enterprises to measure the coercive force of the metal of pipelines of heating networks on the territory of a hazardous production facility during a routine inspection along with visual and measuring, as well as after repair and restoration work.

Influence of silicon and aluminum content on defectiveness of high-chromium cast iron hardfacing layer of bimetallic sheet

The process of arc surfacing of the wear-resistant layer of metal, which corresponds in composition to high-chromium cast iron, on low-carbon steel substrate was studied. Spectral analysis of the metal chemical composition and metallographic studies of the obtained structures were used. Based on the statistical processing of experimental data, the dependences of the hardness of the applied white cast iron layer, the presence of cracks and pores in it on the chemical composition of the applied metal were obtained. The novelty of the conclusions is in the specific recommendations for limiting the content of silicon and aluminum in the surfacing materials. The results of research can be used for the reduction of the level of defectiveness of bimetallic layers that are subjected to various types of abrasive wear and are made with the use of electric arc technology.

Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Behavior of the Duplex Stainless Steel UNS S32205 Welded by Using the GTAW Process

This study investigated the pitting and crevice corrosion behavior of the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process in the UNS S32205 according to industrial parameters. Results revealed that the welding process presented a weld metal chemical composition similar to the base metal and an adequate balance of the austenite and ferrite phases. No relevant variation in the hardness was observed and XRD spectra did not identify the presence of deleterious phases in the weld bead. Cyclic polarization tests revealed similarities between welded and base metal samples (20±2°C, NaCl 3.5% wt.). When comparing the behavior obtained in the crevice, and pitting tests, a decrease in the corrosion resistance was observed in the presence of a crevice former. The SEM-EDS proved that the attack occurred mainly in secondary austenites. Profilometry measurements revealed that the crevice corrosion in the weld region was deeper than in the base metal. However, considering the welded samples as a unit, making no difference between regions: weld metal, HAZ, and base metal, the average crevice corrosion depth was comparable to that of the base metal samples. Finally, it was concluded that the welding process used for the UNS S32205 steel did not harm its corrosion resistance.

Reliquary Cross with Niello from the Upper Dzulat Hillfort in North Ossetia

The present paper deals with the results of the study of manufacturing technique and metal chemical composition carried out for encolpia nielloed cross dated to the end of the 12th – early 13th from the North Caucasus. Analytical results were obtained with a scanning electron microscope equipped with micro ED-XRF in low-vacuum conditions. An eightpointed cross filled with niello was depicted on the survive valve of encolpia. The Christ letter monograms encrusted with niello were made on the cross rounded terminals. Reliquary cross could have been cast in piece-mould made by the impression of previously made encolpia valve. High-tin gunmetal (Sn –17,5%) was used for encolpia production. Recessions for niello were made by casting and left without further treatment. Niello composition comprises copper, tin, and lead sulfides. Sulfur content obtained for several samples exceed 30%. The copper-based niello was more available and cheaper than silver-based composition. It has been widely used for production of the Old Russian pectoral crosses cast of bronze or brass. Manufacturing technique, metal composition, and peculiar niello recipe put encolpia cross from the Upper Dzulat hillfort on a par with widespread Old Russian reliquary crosses dated to the 12th – 13th centuries. There were prestigious but serial items made of cheap copper alloys decorated with cheap niello made without silver. The Old Russian origin of encolpia from the North Caucasus proves by the long list of analogies from the territories of Ukraine, Crimea, Bryansk, Suzdal and Ryazan Lands.

Effects of W and Ce micro addition in filler metal on microstructure and creep strength of Cr35Ni45NbM alloy weld joint

The effect of the filler metal chemical composition on the performance of Cr35Ni45NbM alloy weld joint is studied in this paper. The Cr35Ni45NbM alloy weld joints with two type filler metals are produced through manual gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process. The number of carbide in weld metal is more than that of base metal, and the size of carbide is smaller. The carbide size in the fusion zone of the weld joint with addition Ce and W elements in filler metal is smaller than that without Ce and W elements. The micro addition of W and Ce in filler metal could improve the high temperature creep strength of weld joint, and has no evident effect on the tensile properties at room temperature. After high temperature creep test, the creep test specimens break at fusion zone, which indicates that the weak part of the weld joint is the fusion zone during service. In the creep process, the cracks first nucleate at the interface between carbide and γ matrix, and then propagate along the carbide, finally the weld joint fractures along the dendrite boundary.

All-positional flux cored wire with lower trace element contents and improved ambient temperature toughness for welding P91 steels

The productivity benefits of utilizing flux cored wire for welding P91 steels have been recognized for many years. However, due to the moderate ambient temperature impact toughness and relatively high level of the Bruscato factor (X-factor) of the weld metal from the flux cored wire consumables, the application range of the FCAW in welding P91 steels has been limited when compared with other processes, e.g., GTAW, SMAW, and SAW. Consequently, the development for continuous improvement of the P91 flux cored wire has been an active area. Efforts have been focused on optimizing weld chemical composition to control the levels of trace elements and improve the impact toughness. The present paper introduces the latest advances achieved in the improvement of a rutile-based all-position flux cored wire for P91 steels. The progress has resulted in an optimized weld metal chemical composition with a substantially lower X-factor, better mechanical properties with significantly improved impact toughness at ambient temperature, and further enhanced out of position welding performance.

Interrelation of CCM (Steel Billet Continuous Casting Machine) Tube Steel Casting Parameters and Hot-Rolled Plate Quality

The quality of the hot-rolled plate up to 36 mm thick was estimated by the percentage of rolled products, sorted due to the presence of a surface defect "Non-metallic inclusions", and internal defects, detected by ultrasonic plate control. The analysis of the data on the total sorting of hot-rolled plates demonstrated that the amount of sorting differs significantly on the melting from which each series of tubular metal casting commenced, compared to all the other melting in the series. The sorting of the sheets rolled from the metal of the first in a series of melting proved to be 1.9 times higher than that of the metal of all other melts. The main reason (in 68% of cases) of sorting is the presence of non-metallic inclusions on the surface of the plates. The effect of sorting of hot-rolled plates on non-metallic inclusions of various parameters has been studied: the duration of the intermediate ladle-heating; the length of time from the end of the heating of the intermediate ladle, prior to the beginning of the casting; lining temperatures of the intermediate ladle before the beginning of casting; duration of filling the intermediate ladle; the filling rate of the intermediate ladle with metal; mass of metal in the intermediate ladle before the beginning of casting into the crystallizer; chemical composition of metal; overheating of the metal over the liquidus point at the beginning, middle and end of the casting. On the sorting of flat products for non-metallic inclusions, of all the parameters considered, a statistically significant effect is due only to the overheating of the metal above the liquidus point, which varies in the range from 19 to 35 ° C. In order to obtain an acceptable quality of both the surface of slabs and the surface of hot-rolled plates for non-metallic inclusions, the first in a series of melts recommends overheating of the metal in the intermediate ladle above the liquidus temperature of 30-35 ° C.

Dissimilar Welding of Low Alloy Steels Welded Joints: Effect of Run-Off and Run-On Plates

The steel run-off plates attached at the start and end of a weld usually have the same material, shape, and groove as the base metal according to the rules for designing and constructing ship steel structures. However, rather than using the same grade of base steel, readily available steel is often used for these plates to increase material utilization. When using dissimilar grade steel as a run-off plate, the physical properties of the base metal may be diluted if the weld joint of the base plate is penetrated, thereby lowering the physical property value of the joint. If the physical properties of the welded part of the real structure are lowered because of the dilution of the properties of the dissimilar grade steel material, the safety of the entire structure can be affected. Therefore, in this study, analyses of the metal microstructure, hardness, impact, and chemical composition were performed on surfaces where the run-off plate was removed after welding to examine the effect of dissimilar run-off plate. The results of this study reveal that the properties of the run-off plate were not diluted toward the base metal and the Charpy impact value at the weld end was up to 48% greater than the impact value at the start of the weld at a temperature of −40 °C.

Theoretical matters of self-organization and their practical implementation in jet-emulsion metallurgical process. Part 1. Basic principles and design features of jet-emulsion facility

At present in the world steel industry a certain number of processes of iron direct reduction created, including liquidphase ones, which make it possible to obtain metal iron directly from ore bypassing blast furnace. However, no one of them enables principally to obtain an iron-carbon alloy with carbon content lower 2%. A jet-emulsion metallurgical process elaborated, differing by low energy consumption, small specific volume of the facility and possibility of metal direct producing with a wide range of carbon content. Application of principles of self-organization theory and of several physical effects enabled to create a process, which has significant advantages comparing with existing metallurgical processes. High rates of physical and chemical processes are reached by creating a large reaction surface and two-phase working mixture (gas suspension or emulsion). Organization of forced motion of the working (reaction) mixture in a closed system under pressure made it possible to create considerable deviation from thermodynamic equilibrium and at the same time to solve the task of internal transportation of reaction products through all the units connected in series/ Creation of dissipative structures, considerably deviated from thermodynamic equilibrium, ensures wide possibilities to control the chemical composition of metal and slag. A technological diagram and a brief description of the jet-emulsion facility (JER). The base of the JER technological scheme make the following units: charge supply system, reactor-oscillator, connecting channel with gas-dynamic self-shutting, refining sediment box, at the same time operating as the first stage of wet gas-cleaning, as well as automated system of scull cooling. The latter enables to ensure viability of the facility, in which high-temperature gas suspension is moving with high speed. Because of high intensity of gas-dynamic processes of aggressive two-phase media taking place in the facility, the protection of all the elements of the facility is made based on circulating scull cooling.