Chemical Composition Of Fish Research Articles

Assessing the effects of N-acetyl cysteine on growth, antioxidant and immune response in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under different regimes of stocking densities.

The study investigated the impact of N-acetyl cysteine on growth, immune response, and antioxidant activity in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish were reared at three densities (1.50, 3.00, and 4.50 kg/m3) with four levels of N-acetyl cysteine supplementation (0, 2, 4, and 6 mg/kg) over 60 days. Better growth was observed at low density, but at all densities, fish fed the highest N-acetyl cysteine level (6 mg/kg) showed improved growth. Chemical composition of fish and activity of amylase, lipase and protease in all treatments were noted to be insignificant. The levels of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and cortisol in HD treatments were high as compared to LD and MD treatment. However, fish fed with N3 diet in each density treatment showed the lowest level of antioxidant enzymes as well as cortisol. Similarly, the levels of malondialdehyde were noted to be high at HD treatments as compared to that in LD and MD. Its levels were lower in fish fed with N3 diets in all density treatments. Expression of somatostatins-1 did not increase in MD and HD treatments in response to high stocking density when compared with LD treatment. However, pro-opiomelanocortin-α level was reduced after N3 diet in HD treatment and interleukin 1-β expression increased after N3 supplement in HD treatment. In conclusion, N-acetyl cysteine supplementation improved growth and antioxidant response in tilapia. The most optimum dose of N-acetyl cysteine was noted to be 6 mg/kg at high stocking, suggesting the potential role of this nutraceutical in tilapia intensive culture.

Comparison of the Proximate Composition of Liver and Muscle Tissue Contents in Freshwater and Brackishwater Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus

The purpose of the study was to examine the closely related composition of freshwater and brackish fish Oreochromis mossambicus. The fish was brought to the lab and sacrificed for further research. The muscle and liver tissues were processed for moisture, ash, protein, carbohydrate and lipids estimations. The outcomes of the current study showed that the moisture (77.09%), ash (0.78%), protein (195.72mg/gm), lipids (23.07mg/gm) and carbohydrate (15.84mg/gm) content were higher in freshwater fish when compared to brackish water fish. Protein (205.19mg/gm), lipids (3.25mg/gm) and carbohydrate (0.42mg/gm) content were higher in freshwater fish when compared to the liver of brackish water fish. Brackish water fish’s proximate composition in muscle and liver was protein, lipids and carbohydrates are significantly (P<0.05) decreased as compared with freshwater fish. As a result, the chemical composition of fish from brackish water sources has been affected by brackish water ecosystems and, at the same time, the dry matter content, in protein and protein as well as the declared carbohydrate and fat content have been reduced.

Enhancing growth, antioxidant capacity, and immune response in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) through curcumin supplementation across varied stocking density paradigms.

The present study evaluated the effects of curcumin on growth, immune and antioxidant response in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). An optimum dose of curcumin was investigated by feeding four different levels of this compound in combination with three different regimes of stocking density (12 treatments). Fish were reared at three densities; low density (LD = 1.50 kg/m3), medium density (MD = 3.00 kg/m3), and high density (HD = 4.50 kg/m3). Each treatment was fed with four different levels of dietary supplementation of curcumin (C0 = 0 mg/kg, C1 = 50 mg/kg, C2 = 100 mg/kg, and C3 = 150 mg/kg) for 60 days. Each treatment has three replicates (n = 50/replicate in LD, 100/replicate in MD, 150/ replicate in HD). Although better growth was observed in MD, however treatments at all densities fed with C1 diet showed improved growth as compared to other diets. Chemical composition of fish and activity of amylase, lipase and protease in all treatments were noted to be similar. Levels of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and cortisol in MD and HD treatments were similar to those in LD treatment. However, fish fed with C1 diet in each density treatment showed the lowest values of antioxidant enzymes. Similarly, the levels of malondialdehyde were noted to be similar in MD and HD treatments as compared to that in LD. Its levels were lower in fish fed with C1 and C3 diets in all density treatments. Expression of pro-opiomelanocortin-α (POMC-α), Somatostatins-1 (SST-1) and Interleukin 1-β (IL-1β) did not increase in MD and HD treatments in response to high stocking density when compared with LD treatment. The lowest levels of these genes were noted in fish fed with C2 and C3 diets in all treatments. In conclusion, supplementation of curcumin in diet of tilapia improved growth and antioxidant response in tilapia. optimum dose of curcumin for tilapia culture is 50 mg/kg at the density of 3.00 kg/m3which might be further investigated for intensive culture.

Effect of adding different levels of gel and coating dried Aloe vera leaves to the diets on Cyprinus carpio performance

This experiment was conducted in the Fish Laborator/ Department of Animal Production/College of Agricultural Engineering/University of Baghdad for 3 months from 10/21/2020, with the aim of evaluating the use of dried Aloe vera leaf and gel powder in the diets of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. In the experiment, 18 glass aquariums with dimensions 40 x 30 x 30 cm (capacity 36 liters) were used, in which 90 fish with an initial weight of 2 ± 45 g/fish were distributed randomly over nine treatments with two replicates, for each treatment, nine similar rations were made of protein and energy content and different In percentages added to the plant gel powder and aloe vera leaves, which were 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2% for the gel, as well as for the leaves of the treatments T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8 and T9 respectively, in addition to the T1 control treatment that was devoid of the powder of the plant gel and aloe vera leaves, the fish were fed on rations. Experimental by 4% of its weight. The biochemical characteristics (AST, ALP, and ALT), lysozyme and ACH50 were studied, and the chemical composition of fish and forage was analyzed.

EVALUATION OF OKRA AND SEBESTAN FRUITS AS A BINDERS IN THE DIETS OF BUNNI (BARBUS SHARPEYI)

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and Sebestan (Cordia myxa) fruits were used as plant binders in the diets of Bunni (Barbus sharpeyi) . These binders were beside a control diet without binder., compared with the starch as a traditional binders.All binders included in the diets by 2% were with two replicates for each treatments. Feeding rate was 4% of fish weight for 70 days. The physical properties of diets showed that the control diet has the highest density while the diet containing starch has the lowest followed by Okra and Sebestan. Bouncy was 25 Sec. while 34 min. needed for dissolving for Okra diet compared to one sec. and two min. for control respectively The later diet showed 60 % for splitting .The chemical composition of diets was not affected by adding the binders as well as palatability of diets as high values were recorded in weight increments , relative and specific growth rates in experimented diets .Moreover the chemical composition of fish was not affected after feeding compared to those before it. The present study revalid the possibility of using some plant materials especially Okra as fish diets binder.

Prospects for using extractive oils of spicy-aromatic raw materials in the technology of formed semi-finished products

To improve public health, it is necessary to produce products that include natural ingredients with antioxidant properties. In foreign and domestic practice, there is a significant number of multifunctional additives of plant origin, which combine the ability to improve the antioxidant and flavoring properties of finished products. The development of the technology of meat and fish formed semi-finished products of the Ayurvedic direction is relevant today. The main raw materials for the production of batches of meat and fish formed were poultry meat, sea fish – hake, pollock, ocean saithe, haddock, which have the greatest amount of protein. As a result of a comparison of the chemical composition of fish and meat raw materials, organoleptic studies, it was found that the most optimal ratio was the samples in which chicken fillets and ocean fish fillets – haddock were used in a ratio of 50 : 50 %; pollock – In a ratio of 60 : 40 %. To extend the shelf life of the developed meat and fish formed, we have chosen extractive cardamom oils and a mixture of rosemary and thyme. Four variants of formulations were developed with the addition of extractive oils of cardamom and a mixture of rosemary and thyme in the amount of 2, 3, 5 and 8 % to the mass of raw minced meat. As a result of organoleptic studies, a comparative analysis of the average ratings of each sample using different amounts of fish raw materials, it was found that among the additives presented, the best is a mixture of extractive oils of rosemary and thyme with, namely, a sample of meat and fish formed semi-finished products using haddock fish fillets and a sample in the composition which includes pollock fillet with a blend of rosemary and thyme extractive oils. Also, microbiological studies of samples of meat and fish formed were carried out with the addition of a mixture of extractive oils of rosemary and thyme. Based on the results of microbiological studies, the safety and quality of the developed products have been confirmed.

Floc meal as potential substitute for soybean meal in tilapia diets under biofloc system conditions

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) by low protein floc meal (LPFM; 24% CP) in tilapia diets on growth performance, feed utilization and fish chemical composition. Three isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated; control diet (C; without LPFM), FM 25 (25% of SBM protein was substituted by LPFM) and FM 50 (50% of SBM protein was substituted by LPFM). Nine 55l circular plastic tanks were stocked by 12 fish to form three experimental groups. No differences in tilapia performance were observed between the control and the FM 25 diet. Chemical composition of fish did not differ significantly among treatments except for protein and selenium contents where the highest values were recorded in the control treatment. The highest mineral content was recorded in floc collected from the control tanks, while calcium content showed its highest value in floc collected from FM 50 effluent. These data indicate that replacing soybean meal with LPFM up to 25%, had no negative effect on growth performance and potentially may improve the system sustainability. Meanwhile, the adverse effect of more inclusion of LPFM in tilapia diet may be attributed to the higher content of ash. In other word, minerals seem to cause more energy utilization in fish fed floc meal since it is needed to maintain osmotic homeostasis.

Effects of Probiotic Bacteria Bacillus on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, and Hematological Parameters of Asian Sea Bass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch).

This study was conducted to evaluate different doses of two species of Bacillus (Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis), on growth parameters, chemical composition of fish, activity of liver, and digestive enzymes of Asian sea bass. During 8weeks, juvenile Asian sea bass received diets supplemented with 1 × 103, 1 × 106, and 1 × 109CFUg-1 probiotic in addition to a control diet without added microorganisms. At the end of the trial, growth indices (total weight, total length, specific growth rate, total weight gain, food conversion ratio, and condition factor), body composition (crude protein, crude lipid, ash, and dry matter), digestive enzymes (protease, lipase, and amylase), liver enzymes [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)], immunologic indicators (lysozyme), and hematological parameters [hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs)] were assessed. Asian sea bass receiving diets supplemented with probiotic Bacillus (Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis) showed significantly better growth than those fed the basal diet (control). Regarding body composition, total protein levels and dry matter were higher and lipid levels were lower in fish fed the diet containing 1 × 106CFUg-1 probiotic compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Digestive enzymes (protease, lipase, and amylase) and hematological parameters (RBC, WBC, and Hb) were all highest in fish fed diet supplemented with 1 × 106CFUg-1 probiotic Bacillus. Also, liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) were lower in fish fed diet supplemented with 1 × 106CFUg-1 probiotic Bacillus. Being that supplementation of 1 × 106CFUg-1 of Bacillus in the diet is the dose which delivers the best results.

Obtaining a fish minced feed by the method of cryoextrusion from frozen fish raw materials

Developed the technology of obtaining a fish minced feed (cryo minced fish feed) by the method of cryoextrusion using by the utility model extrusion of a piston-type cold working bodies for grinding the fish raw material in a frozen state. Justified the possibility of replacement in the standard technology of production the feed from the minced fish such technological operations as the defrosting and subsequent grinding of raw materials to the operation like a cold extrusion or cryoextrusion. Used the shape of the holes of the die for forcing the raw material in the form of “hourglass” with a diameter of 7 mm, the length of the process of pushing – 40 seconds. Determine the actual losses of raw material in the milling process meth of cryoextrusion ranging from 1% to 2.5%, including the losses when cutting block for the preparation of raw materials to piercing. It is established that the finished product – cryo minced fish feed, has a homogeneous grinding, juicy, crumbly texture, the temperature in the thickness of the product is not changed and equal to the temperature of raw materials before processing, that is minus 18 °C. Developed the principal technological scheme of obtaining the cryo minced fish feed by the method of cryoextrusion. The calculation of material balance in the production of beef has shown that the use of the new method will allow to increase the product yield up to 99%. Based on the studies of the chemical composition of fish and feed of mince obtained by traditional and developed methods established that the protein content in the cryo minced fish feed remains unchanged. Developed draft technical specifications for the production of cryo minced fish feed and technological instructions for the production of cryo minced fish feed for fodder purposes, and also prepared the application for the patent named “Obtaining cryo minced fish feed from the frozen fish by the method of cryoextrusion”.

Effect of Intermittent Feeding on Growth, Feed Utilization and Body Composition of Subadult Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in Suboptimal Temperature

The effect of intermittent feeding on growth, feed utilization and body composition of subadult olive flounder fed extruded pellet (EP) in suboptimal temperature () was determined. Two hundred twenty five subadult fish averaging 272 g were randomly distributed into fifteen of 300 L circular flow-through tanks (fifteen fish per tank). Five treatments with different days of feeding a week were prepared in triplicate: fish were hand-fed with EP to apparent satiation once a day, seven days a week (7DF), which was used as the control group or consecutive six, five, four and three days a week, for 12 weeks, referred to as 6DF, 5DF, 4DF and 3DF treatments, respectively. Weight gains and specific growth rates of fish in 6DF treatment were higher than those of fish in 7DF, 4DF and 3DF treatments, but not different from those of fish in 5DF treatment. Daily feed intake of fish in 6DF and 7DF treatments was higher than that of fish in 5DF, 4DF and 3DF treatments. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish were not different among treatments. There was no difference in the chemical composition of fish between treatments. Results of this study demonstrated that feeding five days per week could be recommended for subadult olive flounder fed extruded pellet in suboptimal temperature.

Effects of Putative Growth or Health‐Enhancing Dietary Additives on Juvenile Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, Performance

The effect on growth and body composition of various dietary additives with putative growth or health‐enhancing properties were determined in juvenile olive flounder (25 g initial weight). Nine experimental diets were prepared to contain one of the following additives: control (Con) with no additive, Opuntia ficus‐indica ver. saboten (OF), propolis (PP), lactic acid bacteria (LA), γ‐poly‐glutamic acid (PG), onion extract (OE), organic sulfur (OS), Biostone® (BS), and fig extract (FE). Fishmeal, dehulled soybean meal, and corn gluten were used as the protein source of the experimental diets. Wheat flour and soybean oil were used as the carbohydrate and lipid sources, respectively. Dietary additives were included in each experimental diet at 1% at the expense of wheat flour except for the FE (aqueous), which was substituted at 1% of the amount of water added to the diet. Fish were hand‐fed to satiation twice a day for 6 d/wk for 6 wk. Weight gain of fish fed the OE diet was higher than that of fish fed with the PP diet. Chemical composition of fish was not different among the experimental diets. OE was the most effective dietary additive to improve performance of olive flounder among additives used in this study.

Compensatory Growth of Juvenile Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus L., and Changes in Proximate Composition and Body Condition Indexes during Fasting and after Refeeding in Summer Season

Abstract Compensatory growth of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus L., and changes in proximate composition and body condition indexes of fish during fasting and after refeeding were investigated during the summer season. Groups of 25 fish each (initial body weight of 16 g) were randomly distributed into fifteen 180‐L flow‐through tanks. Fish were fed the experimental diet containing crude protein 46.9% and crude lipid 8.0% with estimated energy level of 14.6 kJ/g diet for 6 d/wk. Five treatments in triplicate were prepared for this study: C, S1, S2, S3, and S4. Fish in the control group (C) were hand‐fed to apparent satiation twice daily. Fish in treatments S1, S2, S3, and S4 experienced 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk of starvation and were then hand‐fed to apparent satiation twice daily during the remaining 7, 6, 5, and 4 wk of the experiment, respectively. A group of starved fish in the similar size was stocked and fasted throughout the 8‐wk feeding trial for chemical and blood analysis. The feeding trial lasted for 8 wk. Weight of fish linearly decreased with week of starvation (P &lt; 0.0001). Linear relationship between condition factor (CF) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) against week of starvation was observed in the starved group of fish. Survival was not significantly (P &gt; 0.05) affected by feeding strategy. However, weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of olive flounder in C, S1, and S2 were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher than those of fish in S3 and S4. The poorest weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) were obtained in fish of S4. Feed consumption of olive flounder in C, S1, and S2 was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher than that of fish in S3 and S4. Feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, and protein retention of olive flounder in C and S1 were not significantly (P &gt; 0.05) different from those of fish in S2 but significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher than those of fish in S3 and S4. Hematocrit, CF, and HSI of olive flounder were not significantly (P &gt; 0.05) affected by feeding strategy. Chemical composition of fish was not significantly (P &gt; 0.05) affected by feeding strategy. In considering these results, it can be concluded that juvenile olive flounder have the ability to fully compensate for 2‐wk feed deprivation during the summer season. Besides, feed efficiency in fish fed for 7 and 6 wk after 1‐ and 2‐wk feed deprivation was comparable to that in fish fed for 8 wk.

Effects of Dietary Protein Levels on Gonad Maturation, Size and Age at First Maturity, Fecundity and Growth of Nile Tilapia

Six-week-old Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry with an average weight (SD) of 0.51(0.2) g were reared for 140 days on five formulated, isocaloric diets of different protein levels (25, 30, 40 and 45% by dry weight). Fish fed diets of higher protein levels (40 and 45%) showed better growth and feed conversion ratio than those on lower protein levels. Fast-growing fish matured earlier. Maturation rate was affected by the dietary protein levels. Males matured earlier than females: the first mature males were recorded when they were 14 weeks old, whereas the females matured after 18 weeks. In both sexes, mean percentage of mature fish rose with increasing dietary protein level, the percentage of mature males being higher than that of the females. Similarly, the percentage of mature fish rose with the increasing age of fish, with more than 50% males and females mature at the age of 22 and 24 weeks, respectively, the exception being the 25% protein diet fed fish, where the percentage of mature fish was below 50%. In all treatments, spawning was initiated when the fish were 22 weeks old. Smallest size at spawning of males and females was 9.2 cm (13.1 g) and 8.1 cm (8.9 g), respectively, and dietary protein levels influenced the size of fish at first maturity. For both sexes, no difference was found in the gonado-somatic index (GSI) among different treatments. Fecundity increased with increasing dietary protein levels, but significant differences were found only between 40–45% and 25–35% dietary protein levels. The relative fecundity (eggs g−1 female) was higher at the lower dietary protein levels (25–35%) than at the higher dietary protein levels (40–45%). The dietary protein levels did not have any significant influence on the size and weight of mature eggs. The chemical composition of fish and mature ovaries was significantly influenced by the dietary protein level.

Carbohydrate in rainbow trout diets. III. Growth and chemical composition of fish from different families fed four levels of carbohydrate in the diet

Groups of rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri) from five different families and five inbred groups were fed four diets similar in protein and energy content but differing in the percentage of metabolizable energy present as carbohydrate. The percentage of metabolizable energy from carbohydrate was 15, 26, 37 and 49%, respectively. Significant differences between fish families were found for growth, condition factor, chemical composition of the fish, relative liver wight, liver colour, digestibility of energy and N-free extracts, dressing percentage amount of intestinal fat and flesh colour. Interaction between diet and family was significant for relative liver weight and liver colour. There was no interaction between diet and family for growth, indicating that the prospects for selectively breeding a strain of rainbow trout specifically better able to utilize carbohydrate are not promising. Growth rate and condition factor increased with decreasing carbohydrate level in diet. The fish fed high levels of carbohydrate had less dry matter, fat and ash in the body, and higher percentage carbohydrate in the liver. They also had higher relative liver weights and more discoloured livers. The fish fed high levels of carbohydrate had significantly better apparent digestibility of energy and protein. There were no significant differences in mortality rate between the groups, and veterinary examination did not reveal any pathological differences in the fish fed different feeding regimes.

The Body Composition of Adult Perch, Perca fluviatilis in Windermere, with Reference to Seasonal Changes and Reproduction

The present paper describes the seasonal cycle of sexually mature fish in terms of their main body constituents (water, fat, protein and ash). The energy values of both the somatic and gonadic tissues have been determined for a 'standard' fish of each sex and predictive equations have been formulated. The importance of understanding body composition changes in growth and production studies has long been accepted. Much of the work in this field has been done under laboratory conditions (e.g. Gerking 1955; Brett, Shelbourn & Shoop 1969; Niimi 1972a; Jezierska 1974; Elliott 1976). Others have measured the chemical composition of various body components from wild populations and some of these have been related to seasonal and reproductive cycles. Many references to work on chemical composition of fish can be found in Love (1970). Studies on the perch (Percafluviatilis L.) in Windermere have been extensive and well documented (Bagenal 1970). Le Cren (1951) describes in detail the length-weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition of this perch population. Iles (1974) referring to this work infers from it that 'maturation involved to some degree at least, the translocation of material previously stored in the body'. This study tests that inference and extends the work further.

The nation' food. VI. Fish as food. II. The chemical composition of fish

Journal of the Society of Chemical IndustryVolume 62, Issue 6 p. 77-85 Article The nation' food. VI. Fish as food. II. The chemical composition of fish G. A. Reay, G. A. Reay Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Torry Research Station, AberdeenSearch for more papers by this authorC. L. Cutting, C. L. Cutting Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Torry Research Station, AberdeenSearch for more papers by this authorJ. M. Shewan, J. M. Shewan Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Torry Research Station, AberdeenSearch for more papers by this author G. A. Reay, G. A. Reay Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Torry Research Station, AberdeenSearch for more papers by this authorC. L. Cutting, C. L. Cutting Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Torry Research Station, AberdeenSearch for more papers by this authorJ. M. Shewan, J. M. Shewan Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Torry Research Station, AberdeenSearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1943 https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5000620601Citations: 30AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume62, Issue6June 1943Pages 77-85 RelatedInformation