Chemical Composition Of Culture Medium Research Articles

Analysis of the state of floristic diversity by the comparison of germination between two native species Atriplex halimus and Lygeum spartum; sustainability of the steppe landscape of western Tlemcen Algeria

This article proposes a comparison of the germination of two halophytes. Atriplex halimus and Lygeum spartum subjected to different concentrations of Na + Cl- (2g / l, 4g / l, 5g / l, 6g / l, 7g / l , 9g / l) and in different culture media (Nutrient agar, Mac Conkey, Mannitol Mobility, Chapman, PDA). To remove the dormancy of the seeds, four pretreatments were carried out: scarification with razor blade, distilled water, boiling water and sulfuric acid. The seeds exhibit various behaviors with respect to the concentration of Na+ Cl- and the chemical composition of culture medium. It suggests that Lygeum spartum supports high salinity compared to the Atriplex halimus. Thus, the PDA culture medium accelerates the germination of the seeds because of its richness in phosphorus.

Fighting Like Cats and Dogs: Challenges in Domestic Carnivore Oocyte Development and Promises of Innovative Culture Systems.

Simple SummaryIn assisted reproduction, in vitro embryo production is the generation of embryos from isolated gametes in an equipped laboratory. This procedure is commonly employed in humans as well as in animals to preserve or improve their fertility, but while it works well in some species, such as cattle, it still faces some challenges in others, such as cats and dogs, which are important animal models to develop assisted reproduction techniques for related wild, endangered species. Traditionally, gametes and embryos are cultured in vitro on glass or plastic dishes, but these supports are very different from the ovarian follicles, the oviducts, or the uterus, which are the physiological environments where oocytes and embryos grow and develop. This review article describes these culture systems, the cellular alterations that could arise from their use, and it illustrates innovative possibilities (e.g., three-dimensional or microfluidic cultures) that could improve the outcomes of in vitro cultured feline and canine reproductive cells.In vitro embryo production in cats and dogs still presents some challenges, and it needs to be optimized to transfer efficient protocols to related wild, endangered species. While the chemical composition of culture media has been the focus of several studies, the importance of culture substrates for oocyte and embryo culture has often been neglected. Traditional in vitro systems, i.e., two-dimensional cultures, do not resemble the physiological environments where cells develop, and they may cause morphological and functional alterations to oocytes and embryos. More modern three-dimensional and microfluidic culture system better mimic the structure and the stimuli found in in vivo conditions, and they could better support the development of oocytes and embryos in vitro, as well as the maintenance of more physiological behaviors. This review describes the different culture systems tested for domestic carnivore reproductive cells along the years, and it summarizes their effects on cultured cells with the purpose of analyzing innovative options to improve in vitro embryo production outcomes.

Prediction of chemical composition for callus production in Gyrinops walla Gaetner through machine learning

Developing new tissue culture protocols and optimization of plant media composition for particular plant species are precluded by the higher labor, time and cost. The usage of machine learning becomes rewarding tools for efficient, cost-effective method of optimization of growth media composition for desires growth performance. Difficulties are often encountered in determination of media composition for raising calli from explants of woody Gyrinops walla. This paper provides the finding of the study performed on modeling and optimization of chemical composition of culture media for raising callus from explants of G. walla. Number of experiments were conducted to raise calli from sterilized leaf and node explants with varying concentrations of 1- Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and coconut water in Murashige and Skoog medium (MSM) and Woody plant medium (WPM) were conducted. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) were developed to predict the best media composition on callus weight (CW), callus induction percentage (CIP) and days taken to initiate callus (DC). Callus formation was observed in all the experiments except for controls. Three ANN models were developed to predict the best media composition for CW, CIP and DC. The results of ANN models predict optimum media composition during the training, validation and testing with satisfactory levels of performance. The R2 values of the best ANN models; CWnet, CIPnet and DCnet were 0.95, 0.95 and 0.88 respectively. The mean sums of square errors (RMSRs) of CWnet, CIPnet and DCnet were 0.1410, 0.1391 and 0.1961 and mean residual (MRs) were 0.0199, 0.0194 and 0.0385. The corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc) of the models was −331.431, −254.926 and −210.777, and Schwarz Bayesian information criterion (SBC) were −490.495, −454.229 and −382.123. The predicted best media consisting MSM + 3.0 mg/l NAA + 0.5 mg/l BAP and MSM + 1.5 mg/l NAA + 0.5 mg/l BAP were the optimum combination for leaves and nodal explants respectively. The AICc and SBC of CWnet indicated better performance over the rest of the models in predicting media composition. The developed ANN models indicated a novel approach using ANN models in predicting media composition for raising callus from woody G. walla by hypothetical chemical composition saving cost, time and labor. Findings suggest that application of artificial intelligence in predicting media composition for micro-propagation of woody plants in future studies.

Biochemical and genetic engineering of diatoms for polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis.

The role of diatoms as a source of bioactive compounds has been recently explored. Diatom cells store a high amount of fatty acids, especially certain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). However, many aspects of diatom metabolism and the production of PUFAs remain unclear. This review describes a number of technical strategies, such as modulation of environmental factors (temperature, light, chemical composition of culture medium) and culture methods, to influence the content of PUFAs in diatoms. Genetic engineering, a newly emerging field, also plays an important role in controlling the synthesis of fatty acids in marine microalgae. Several key points in the biosynthetic pathway of PUFAs in diatoms as well as recent progresses are also a critical part and are summarized here.

114 SPECIFIC AMINO ACIDS INFLUENCE LINEAGE DIFFERENTIATION IN MOUSE BLASTOCYSTS AND OUTGROWTHS

Blastocyst biogenesis and cell lineage differentiation into inner cell mass and trophectoderm (TE) are highly regulated processes initiated during cleavage. Cell positioning and contact patterns are well-accepted broad extrinsic factors involved in regulating blastocyst formation; however, subtle changes in the chemical composition of culture media, similarly extrinsic, may exert significant consequences for differentiation. In this study, we have examined whether, when, and how the lack of branched chain amino acids impacts on blastocyst differentiation and TE development. Using superovulated MF1 mice, embryos were flushed at 50 (2 cell) or 75 (8 cell) h after hCG and cultured in mKSOM with 0.6% BSA and amino acids at uterine fluid concentrations (Porter et al. 2003 Pediatr. Res. 53, 46A) with (all) or without (–br) the branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Blastocysts (60 or 36 h after culture onset) were differentially labeled using the TNBS-anti-DNP-complement method with propidium iodide and Hoechst, and cells were counted on z-series with overlays using Metamorph software. For outgrowths, blastocysts developed with all aa or –br from 8 cells for 36 h were placed into KSOM supplemented with 10% FCS and either all aa or –br and cultured for an additional 120 h, scored daily, and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole nuclei counts were made at 120 h. Lack of branched amino acids from the 2-cell stage onwards caused a significant increase in total blastocyst cells with predominantly higher TE numbers, whereas, when exposed to –br from the 8 cell stage onwards, the outcome was reversed (ANOVA; Table 1). Upon outgrowth, prior amino acid composition was relatively less influential in determining spreading pattern and rate over time compared to outgrowth amino acid conditions (ANOVA; Table 1). Our data indicate that lineage development in the blastocyst is sensitive to small changes in free amino acids available and responds differently according to exposure time and duration. Subsequent development predominantly depends upon outgrowth conditions, irrespective of earlier experiences, suggesting that a similar capability for adaptive changes in response to different outgrowth media is maintained. These findings may help understand developmental plasticity and consider dynamic and potential longer-term responses to minor culture changes. Table 1. Blastocyst differentiation and outgrowth Funding by DOHaD, Gerald Kerkut Trust, and NIH are gratefully acknowledged.