Chemical Composition Of Atmospheric Precipitation Research Articles

Biogenic Elements of Atmospheric Fallout and Impact of Sub-Mediterranean Forest Communities of Downy Oaks on Changes in the Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Precipitation

In this work, a study of the biogenic composition of atmospheric precipitation and its change during the passage through the crowns of trees of a downy oak forest was carried out. First of all, the content of rainwater-soluble compounds of all the considered elements in rainwater under the forest canopy was higher than in rainwater in an open area. It was revealed that the main forms of nitrogen in the atmospheric fallout were nitrates and ammonium. The average concentrations of nitrogen anions in rainwater collected under the canopy were higher than in rainwater collected in the open area. The proportion of nitrite nitrogen in rainwater under the canopy was 6% higher than in rainwater collected in the open area. Simultaneously with the increase in the proportion of nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen decreased. For all considered biogenic substances, an increase in their content was observed in the warm period of the year. We found an inverse relationship between the concentration of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in precipitation and the relative air humidity and wind speed. It was established that the pH of precipitation falling under the crowns of trees was lower than the pH of precipitation in the open area. It was revealed that the increase in the concentration of biogenic elements was in accordance with the phase of plant development during the growing season.

Observed changes in mineralization of atmospheric precipitation in the territory of Kazakhstan

The article presents the main results of the study of mineralization of atmospheric precipitation in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It has been established that there is a tendency in the territory of some lakes as a sharp decrease, as well as an increase in the mineralization of atmospheric precipitation. Statistically significant increasing in mineralization of precipitation was observed near the lakes Shalkar (Aktobe region), Markakol, and the tendency to decrease is observed in the lakes of Balkhash (western part), Bilikol, Ulken, Kishi Shabakty. Precipitation is the main factor in the formation of surface and groundwater. Due to climatic and orographic features of Kazakhstan, there is an uneven distribution of precipitation in the territory. A significant part of the country, with the exception of mountainous areas, suffers from a deficit of atmospheric precipitation. In geochemistry, the study of the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation describes the exchange of salts between the atmosphere, the earth's surface, and the sea. Knowledge of the chemical composition of precipitation is necessary for sanitary and hygienic purposes in order to know the nature of air pollution in industrial zones. According to the program of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), precipitation samples are collected for the following substances, such as: anions — sulfates, chlorides, nitrates; cations — ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium; heavy metals — lead, copper, cadmium, arsenic, acidity and specific gravity. The knowledge of different mixtures of atmospheric precipitation has an important value for agrochemists, hydrochemists, hydrogeologists and geochemists for the study of natural and surface waters, the surface of the soil, as well as for the preventive measures.

The chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation, throughfall and surface waters in the middle taiga deciduous stands of post-cutting origin

The chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation, throughfall and surface waters in the middle taiga deciduous stands of post-cutting origin

Trends in the content of acidifying and eutrophying compounds in atmospheric precipitation in an urbanized area

The trends in changing the content of sulfur and nitrogen in atmospheric precipitation in the territory of Minsk over an 18-year period are characterized on the basis of the analysis of the monitoring results of the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation at the experimental site. A downtrend in the sulfur and nitrogen content combined with an uptrend in the precipitation acidity was identified. An average decrease (trend) in the content of sulfur in atmospheric precipitation for 2002–2019 was 0.019 mg S/dm3/year, of oxidized nitrogen – 0.008 mg/dm3, of reduced nitrogen – 0.019 mg/dm3. Over an 18-year period, the changes in the content of sulfur and nitrogen in atmospheric precipitation decreased the deposition of sulfur on average by 31.3 kg/km2/year, of oxidized nitrogen – by 15.4 kg/km2/year, of reduced nitrogen – by 25.6 kg/km2/year. It is shown that for the period from 2005 to 2012, the acidification potential of the natural environment decreased parallel to the reduction of the sulfur and nitrogen deposition; in the subsequent period, the trend of the acidification potential basically follows the trend of the precipitation of the main cations. It is revealed that the rates of average reduction in the content of oxidized sulfur and oxidized nitrogen in atmospheric precipitation in Minsk for the period from 2002 to 2017 are comparable to the rates of reduction of these compounds at the stations of the EMEP Program in Europe, and exceed those for reduced nitrogen.

Possible use of precipitation for water recirculation system of a machine building site: analysis

An urgent task for industrial enterprises of metallurgical complexes is to create a rational and most environmentally friendly cycle of recycling water supply. One of the options for optimizing the efficiency of the water supply system is the collection and use of precipitation. This article presents the conducted studies of the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation collected from the roof of the mechanical assembly shop of a machine-building enterprise in the Moscow region, as well as the possibilities of their further use in the circulating water supply cycle of this enterprise. At the first stage of the experiments, a primary assessment of the chemical and microbiological indicators of the quality of atmospheric precipitation was carried out depending on the season, and the data obtained were compared with the requirements of regulatory documents. In order to inhibit biological processes occurring during the collection and accumulation of atmospheric precipitation, a technology for the disinfection of effluents was proposed, based on the use of hydrodynamic cavitation devices. A method for calculating the applied hydrodynamic devices is presented. The technology of ultrafiltration purification through ceramic membrane filters was proposed as the final stage of additional purification of atmospheric precipitation but with standard values. This stage allows with a high degree of efficiency to remove from the water micro-impurities of suspended solids, as well as formed in the process of hydrodynamic treatment of insoluble compounds. The proposed technology of hydrodynamic treatment of atmospheric water with subsequent ultrafiltration was subsequently successfully tested in real conditions. The calculation of the expected volumes of formation and collection of atmospheric precipitation was carried out with an assessment of the possibility of reducing the volume of water consumption from an artesian well. The high prospects of using atmospheric precipitation for feeding individual operations (galvanic processes, boiler water) have been confirmed. This research was carried out under a programme aimed at giving support to young research and teaching staff of D.Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia; Application No. К-2020-015.

Regional-scale impacts of the major tin plant on the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation in the south of Western Siberia (Russia)

Regional-scale impacts of the major tin plant on the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation in the south of Western Siberia (Russia)

Geochemical Trends in the Formation of Atmospheric Precipitation in the Conditionally Background Area of the Valdai National Park

The paper reports chemical data on the atmospheric precipitation within the studied area of the Valdai National Park during monitoring in 2015–2018. The main parameters of atmospheric precipitation as well as major and trace-element compositions of waters are analyzed. Seasonal dynamics and possible pathways of element uptake in atmospheric precipitation are considered. Multidimensional statistical analysis (PCCA, RDA analyses) was applied to determine geochemical and anthropogenic factors responsible for the formation of the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation. Precipitations penetration through tree crown are enriched in organic matter and some elements. The high contents of N, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu found in subcrown waters indicate a predominant biogenic migration of the elements with atmospheric fallouts. The elevated contents of Cu and Zn, as well as Cd and Pb in the atmospheric fallouts of the Valdai National Park suggest that the studied area experiences a regional-scale anthropogenic load.

Specifics of the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation in the Southern Baikal region

Specifics of the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation in the Southern Baikal region

The chemical composition of precipitation in Ukraine and its potential impact on the environment and water bodies

This article provides characteristic of the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation on the territory of Ukraine and its potential impact on the environment and water bodies. In Ukraine, the rainfall is 650 mm/year in the northwest of the country (mixed forests), up to 300 mm/year in the south (steppe zone), in the Ukrainian Carpathians - up to 1,600 mm/year. Acidity of atmospheric precipitation (pH) on the territory of Ukraine according to monitoring meteorological stations is 5.9-6.3. Minimum values of mineralization of atmospheric precipitation are observed in a zone of mixed forests in the north of the country. In particular, according to the weather station of Teteriv, the mineralization of atmospheric precipitation is 27.0 mg/l. In forest-steppe and steppe zones, this rate gradually increases to 35-45 mg/l, reaching a maximum in the steppe zone at the Askania-Nova meteorological station (82.4 mg/l). In the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation, anion predominates sulfates, and among cations - magnesium. Anthropogenic component of the total mineralization of atmospheric precipitation, calculated for the first time on the territory of Ukraine (meteorological station Kobelyaki) by comparison with the regional natural background, is 69%. Concentration of sulfate ions (8-24 mg/l) in atmospheric precipitation on the territory of Ukraine shows a high level of pollution with sulfur, which corresponds to IV-V levels o environmental pollution. It is noted that with increasing concentrations of sulfates in atmospheric precipitation a tendency towards a decrease in the pH in the water of Svityaz Lake is projected. Current research shows that at high concentrations of sulfates in atmospheric precipitation, the risk of falling individual rains with low pH (so-called acid rains) increases. Waters of high concentration of organic matter and low mineralization of water are widely distributed on the territory of Ukraine (catchments of Polissya and the Carpathian region): up to 100 mg/l in the meadows and up to 30 mg/l in the flood period. Often, the pH of water in them is 6-6.5 and precipitation of acidic precipitation can significantly affect their hydroecological state. The obtained results on the influence of chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation on water objects have a diagnostic character. For more specific results, special synchronized studies of the chemical composition of the water of experimental water reservoirs with sampling ofatmospheric precipitation are required.

The Issue of transporting pollutants with atmospheric precipitation

A research of the pollution of atmospheric precipitation was conducted. The database of the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation made by National Monitoring Network of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period from 2000s to 2011 was generalized and analyzed. The research area covers the big territory of Ile-Balkhash river basin in the South-East Kazakhstan. The research shows that pollutants can be transported over long distances with atmospheric precipitation. Based on the results of the air masses tracking we identified that the main sources of emissions is located in the city of Balkhash.

Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Precipitation at Monitoring Sites in Pribaikalye (East Siberia, Russia)

This work presents the results of five-year investigations (2010-2014) on the content of water-soluble fraction of heavy metals in atmospheric precipitation in Pribaikalye (Russia). The studies have been performed at the urban (Irkutsk) and rural (Listvyanka) sites within the EANET program (Monitoring of Acid Deposition in East Asia) since 2000. Precipitation was sampled during continuous monitoring. In warm period (May-October), atmospheric precipitation was collected by automatic “wet-only” samplers. In cold season, plastic containers were used for snow sampling. Maximal concentrations of the majority of elements were recorded at site Irkutsk, which is subject to higher anthropogenic impact. The exception was for Pb, Ni and Zn characterized by higher acidity, whose content was higher at the rural site. Maximal concentrations of the majority of elements were recorded in spring during the driest period of the year and minimal in summer with the annual maximal amount of precipitation. Correlation analysis revealed high coefficient of interconnection V and Mn with major acid-forming anions and . Maximal correlation coefficient (0.98) was recorded for Co and at site Listvyanka. There was no correlation between pH of atmospheric precipitation and concentrations of all heavy metals, except Pb. The results obtained show higher level of pollution of atmospheric precipitation by heavy metals at monitoring sites in Pribaikalye compared to some European countries.

Long-term trend of chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation at a regional background station in Northern China.

Understanding the trend of chemical composition of precipitation is of great importance for air pollution control strategies in Northern China. A comprehensive study on the long-term chemical compositions of precipitation was carried out from 2003 to 2014 at the Shangdianzi (SDZ) regional background station in northern China. All samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity and major ions (F-, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, NH4+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+ and Na+). The average pH during this period was 4.53±0.35, which is considerably lower than those reported in other background stations in China (Linan, Waliguan and Longfengshan). NH4+, SO42-, Ca2+ and NO3- were the dominant ions in precipitation, with concentrations (volume-weighted mean) of 212.99μeqL-1, 200.20μeqL-1, 116.88μeqL-1 and 98.56μeqL-1, respectively. The ion concentrations at SDZ were much higher than those of other background stations and megacities in China. A significantly increasing trend was observed for NO3- (7.26%year-1), and a decreasing trend was observed for SO42-/NO3-, suggesting that the precipitation of SDZ evolved from a sulfuric acid type to a mixed type dominated by both sulfuric and nitric acid. The source identification indicated that SO42-, NO3-, NH4+ and F- were dominated by secondary sources, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Na+ mostly originated from natural sources, and K+ and Cl- probably associated with anthropogenic sources. Long-range transport of air masses could influence the acidity, electrical conductivity and ion concentrations of precipitation at SDZ. The higher acidity and ion concentrations mainly occurred in the southerly and westerly trajectory pathways and partially in northwest pathways. Anthropogenic pollutants and crustal sources along these pathways were significant contributors to the chemical composition of precipitation in SDZ.

The Effect of Particulate Matter Components on the Acidity of Rain in Upper Silesia (Poland)

AbstractAnalysis of data characterizing the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation was presented, with an emphasis on components responsible for neutralization of rain acidity. For this purpose, chemometric methods were applied. Based on a principal component analysis (PCA) a strong correlation between precipitation pH and potassium and ammonium ions in the heating period (October–March) and potassium and sodium ions in the non‐heating period (April–September) was observed. Additionally, a classification of eight variables, i.e., Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, ${\rm SO}_{4}^{2- } $, ${\rm NO}_{3}^{- } $, Cl−, and ${\rm NH}_{4}^{ + } $ according to their similarities was made using a cluster analysis. Based on this study, two ions, potassium and ammonium, together with the pH value were classified into one group (cluster) in the heating period while in the non‐heating period ions of potassium and sodium were clustered together with the pH. The results of the cluster analysis indicated that the selected ions contributed the most to the neutralization of the atmospheric precipitation acidity. This relationship was confirmed by a discriminant analysis in which potassium and ammonium ions were selected as components of the highest potential for precipitation classification according to its acidity degree. The relationship between the precipitation pH and the number of non‐precipitation days preceding the precipitation was also analyzed. It was found that although the observed an increase of the pH value was not very high, nevertheless, the effect of the duration of the period preceding the precipitation on the pH value recorded on the day of the precipitation occurrence was quite evident.

Transboundary transport of acid precipitation by cyclones of East Asia to the South of the Russian Far East

Results from analyzing the cyclone paths over East Asia for the period 1997–2009 and the variability in chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation in Primorskii Krai are discussed. It is shown that southwesterly cyclones over Primorskii Krai became more frequent during the time period under consideration. The increase in the number of cyclones forming in the polluted atmosphere of urbanized areas in North-Eastern Asia led to an increase in acid deposition, which is confirmed by data from the international acid deposition monitoring stations of the international EANET network.

Spatial prediction model and its application to chemistry of atmospheric precipitation in Jordan

This study is concerned with the spatial variability of some wet atmospheric precipitation parameters such as; pH, conductivity (EC). The study also depicts the spatial variability of some ions (cations and anions) of atmospheric precipitation in Jordan such as, Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Na + and K +, HCO 3 −, Cl −, NO 3 − and SO 4 2−. The basis of the work is to establish a relationship through the cumulative semivariogram technique between the distance ratios and the spatial dependence structure of the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation. All semivariogram models are constructed in this study in order to understand the behavior of the spatial distribution. The spatial distributions of rainwater parameters show differences from station to station which is expressed in terms of angle, where the larger the angle the weaker the correlation. The semivariogram (SV) models are constructed to show the variation of the rainfall chemistry in Jordan. The SV models show weak correlation between mountain and leeside mountain stations, i.e. mountain and desert stations. On the other hand, good correlations are observed when transferring from south to north of the country. The larger is the found angle, the weaker is the correlation. For most of the SV model the correlation is found to be very weak between desert and mountainous locality. The Standard Regional Dependence Factor (SRDF) is used for prediction of the distribution of rain fall parameters. It shows the relative error between observed and predicted values of rainwater parameters. The overall regional relative error between the observed and estimated concentrations remains less than 15%.

Input of chemical substances with atmospheric precipitation onto the territory of Karelia

The chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation over the entire territory of Karelia is characterized on the basis of snow samples taken during the periods of maximum snow storage in 1996–2000. The concentration of chemical elements and their fallouts are considered within the northern, central, southern, and eastern regions of Karelia. The aero-technogenic effect of industrial centers of Karelia and the Archangelsk Province on the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation is analyzed. The above material is generalized in the form of average statistical characteristics of the chemical fallouts of mineral, organic, and biogenic substances, heavy metals, and strong acids.

A study on chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation at Savar, Joydevpur, Tongi and Narayanganj, Bangladesh

Precipitation was collected on an event basis from July 1994 to August 1995 at towns around the capital Dhaka of Bangladesh. The major chemical components were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, UV-Visible spectrophotometry and ion selective electrode method. The concentrations of nitrate and sulphate were found to be below the minimum detection limit of 1.0 mg L- 1; the concentrations of Cl-, Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2 and NH4+ ranged from <1.0–3.03, 0.14–1.70, 0.04–0.37, 0.04–1.30, <0.02–0.20 and <0.10–2.33 mg L-1, respectively. The values of pH and conductivity ranged from 4.80–6.74 and 3.3–37.5 μS cm-1, respectively.

Chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation in Czechoslovakia, 1978–1984—II. Event samples

Precipitation events were sampled for 5 yr during period 1978–1982 at station Hrádek u Pacova, Central Bohemia. In 483 samples (95% of the events larger than 1 mm) pH and electrical conductivity were measured; 206 samples were analyzed for 12 major components. The influence on chemical composition of six kinds of meteorological parameters was evaluated: origin of air masses, type of atmospheric fronts, largescale weather situations, velocity of the advance of precipitation areas, precipitation amount, velocity and direction of air flow.

Chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation in Czechoslovakia, 1976–1984—I. Monthly samples

The results of chemical analyses of monthly atmospheric precipitation samples from 12 stations within Czechoslovakia are presented. The sampling at the station with the longest record (Hrádek u Pacova, 80 km SE from Prague) covers 9 years. There is no clear regional pattern within the sampled territory, but a spring maximum was observed for most components. For SO 4 −2 and acidity a downward trend was indicated. Statistical analyses show that the important sources of mineralization of precipitation water are (in order of importance): coal combustion; sea spray; terrigenous dust; car exhaust; cement production; “European background” sulphur.

Chemistry of precipitation at high altitudes: Inter-relation of acid-base components

Data on the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation for three high altitude WMO stations have been analyzed and critically interpreted using statistics of deposition and various ratio values. The stations are: Monte Cimone, Italy; Mauna Loa, HI, U.S.A.; and Alamosa, CO, U.S.A. The composition is quite variable, both within-station and station-to-station. There is a good correlation between reported alkalinity and Ca content for Monte Cimone. The data analysis suggests that H 2SO 4 is the main cause of “acid rain” at Mauna Loa. Two of the three stations show good association of NH 4 + ion with NO 3 − ion while the former is not well correlated with SO 4 2− ion at any of the stations. On the other hand, simple and multiple correlations indicate that sulfate is strongly related with alkali/alkaline earth elements. Thus, suspended particulate matter may be an important sink for the mass-removal of atmospheric sulfur in the lower troposphere.