Content Of Chemical Components Research Articles

Hydrogeochemical processes of As enrichment and migration in the Surface’s critical zone of the Shiquan River basin in the western Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

The enrichment of As in the western Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and its surrounding basins has been widely reported. However, the spatial distribution of arsenic content in the Surface’s Critical Zone (SCZ) of the Shiquan River Basin in the western Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is poorly understood, as is the mechanisms through which water–rock interactions and surface water-groundwater interactions influence arsenic enrichment and migration. In this study, the contents of arsenic and other chemical components in surface water, groundwater, sediment, soil, and rock in the Shiquan River Basin were analyzed to investigate the hydrogeochemical process of arsenic migration. The results indicate that the concentration ratios of HCO3–/(Na++K+), Ca2+/(Na++K+), Na+/(Na++Ca2+) and δ18O in the surface water of the Shiquan River Basin vary along the runoff path. Carbonate and silicate weathering dominate the middle and upper reaches, while evaporite dissolution gradually increases in the lower reaches. Arsenic is enriched in rocks, soil, surface water, and groundwater in the SCZ, with slightly higher concentrations found in the surface water, sediment, and soil in the middle reaches than in the upper and lower reaches. This spatial distribution suggested that the hydrogeochemical processes along the runoff path controlled the distribution of As in the basin. Water–rock interactions and hot spring discharge of arsenic-bearing minerals contributed to its enrichment in the basin, while adsorption by riverbed sediment led to the gradual decay of dissolved arsenic. The underlying aquifer (alluvial-diluvial layer) recharged by surface water is the main source of high arsenic concentration in groundwater. The findings of this study can serve as a reference for studying arsenic in similar high-arsenic basins worldwide.

Decoupling of Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Based on Machine Learning for Bone Chemical Composition Assessment: Simulation Study

Abstract Photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy technology can be utilized to identification of molecules in biological tissue based on the contrast of optical absorption. However, it is susceptible to the interference of overlapped optical absorption peaks from different chemical components, especially for dense bone tissue which contains both organic and non-organic chemical components. To accurately extract the relative contents of chemical components in bone tissue, this study established a decoupling method based on the PA band ratio and machine learning to quantitatively analyze the proportion of chemical components in bone tissue from the PA spectra. The predicted quantification parameters of different chemical components were consistent with the simulated presets, and could be used to characterize the changes of bone tissue components. Considering that PA technology is non-invasive and radiation-free, this technique shows great potential for the early diagnosis and monitoring of bone disease progression.

Effects of biomass feedstock and applied pressure on the binding mechanism and pellet qualities

To expand the sources of feedstocks for pelleting and enhance the applicability of the pelleting device, 7 types of feedstocks with representative chemical component contents from different resources were densified. The pressure-time (P-T) curves and energy consumption were used to analyze the densification process and binding mechanism. Specific energy density and densification effects were evaluated pellet qualities and classified feedstock types. Results showed that the densification process was first affected by the feedstock types and then applied pressure. Biomass chemical component contents significantly influence the densification process, the required time, and the final pellet length. Energy consumption in the compression stage is much more than in the extrusion stage. The exponential stage consumes more than 90 % of the total energy. Energy conversion efficiency varies from 62.19 % to 95.06 % with the feedstock types and applied pressures. Single pellet density, densification effects, and specific energy densities increased with the rising applied pressure. BB, SD, PN, CS, and SB can be used as primary feedstocks. SR and ROC act as secondary feedstocks or lubricants. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin of plant cell walls are solid bridges. Extractives, fat, and protein in the plant cells are binders and lubricants to make the pellet surface smooth. This paper could provide further insight into various biomass feedstock densification and general design for pelleting devices.

Intelligent identification of picking periods of Lu’an Guapian tea by an indicator displacement colorimetric sensor array combined with machine learning

Lu’an Gua Pian (LAGP) tea is one of the most famous green teas in China. The quality of green tea is related to its picking periods, especially the green tea before Qingming Festival (usually April 6th) is highly praised as precious in the market. In this work, a simple and cheap indicator displacement colorimetric sensor array combined with smartphone was developed to rapidly identify LAGP picked during different picking periods. First, the chemical component contents of LAGP picked before and after Qingming Festival were analyzed. Second, a well-designed colorimetric sensor array was proposed based on the tea component contents differences. Finally, machine learning was used to process the array data taken by a smartphone. By comparison, the accuracy of the best model for the prediction set was 97%. Meanwhile, the multi-channel advantages of the sensing array were demonstrated by an ablation experiment. In addition, the method achieved an AGREE analysis score of 0.88, indicating that it was environmental-friendly.

Effects of Exocellobiohydrolase CBHA on Fermentation of Tobacco Leaves.

The quality of tobacco is directly affected by macromolecular content, fermentation is an effective method to improve biochemical properties. In this study, we utilized CBHA (cellobiohydrolase A) glycosylase, which was expressed by Pichia pastoris, as an additive for fermentation. The contents of main chemical components of tobacco leaves after fermentation were determined, and the changes of microbial community structure and abundance in tobacco leaves during fermentation were analyzed. The relationship between chemical composition and changes in microbial composition was investigated, and the function of bacteria and fungi in fermentation was predicted to identify possible metabolic pathways. After 48 h of CBHA fermentation, the contents of starch, cellulose and total nitrogen in tobacco leaf decreased by 17.60%, 28.91% and 16.05%, respectively. The microbial community structure changed significantly, with Aspergillus abundance decreasing significantly, while Filobasidum, Cladosporium, Bullera, Komagataella, etc., increased in CBHA treated group. Soluble sugar was most affected by microbial community in tobacco leaves, which was negatively correlated with starch, cellulose and total nitrogen. During the fermentation process, the relative abundance of metabolism-related functional genes increased, and the expressions of cellulase and endopeptidase also increased. The results showed that the changes of bacterial community and dominant microbial community on tobacco leaves affected the content of chemical components in tobacco leaves, and adding CBHA for fermentation had a positive effect on improving the quality of tobacco leaves.

Identification of Codonopsis Radix from different sources by integrating high‐performance liquid chromatography fingerprinting with chemometric approaches and Lobetyolin determination

AbstractCodonopsis Radix (CR) is often used as both a medicine and a food ingredient. However, identifying CR can be difficult due to various factors such as variety, sulfur fumigation, and storage time. Consequently, a comprehensive strategy based on fingerprinting and chemometric approaches was developed to distinguish different CRs. First, the fingerprints of CR were acquired by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Secondly, various chemical pattern recognition methods were employed to identify CR. Additionally, 14 and 16 major compounds were identified as marker compounds to differentiate between different varieties and sulfur‐fumigated samples, respectively. Furthermore, the amount of Lobetyolin present in different samples was determined, showing that the content of Lobetyolin varied significantly across the samples. Codonopsis pilosula Nannf. var. modesta (Nannf.) L.T.Shen had the highest content of Lobetyolin, followed by Codonopsis tangshen Oliv., and Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. In addition, the content of Lobetyolin was highest when it was non‐sulfur‐fumigated and stored for 0 years. Conclusively, HPLC fingerprint in conjunction with chemical pattern recognition and component content determination, can be employed to differentiate different varieties and sulfur‐fumigated CR. Additionally, it is a reliable, comprehensive, simple, and rapid method for the identification of CR.

Fatty Acid Profile and Dietary Value of Thigh Meat of Broiler Chickens Receiving Mineral or Organic Forms of Zn.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of mineral (sulphate) or organic (glycine chelate) forms of Zn used in quantities covering 100% or 50% of the Zn requirement on the fatty acid profile of the thigh muscles of Ross 308 broiler chickens. We also analysed the dietary value of this meat based on its fatty acid profile. The experimental factors did not influence the content of basic chemical components and the meat's pH. Although, in terms of statistics, the presented study supports the statement that the form (sulphate vs. glycine chelate) and/or amount of Zn used (100% or 50% of the requirement) affects the fatty acid profile and dietary value of thigh meat, the results imply that the requirement of Ross 308 broiler chickens for Zn was also covered in full when in it was used in amounts covering 50% of the requirement, irrespective of the form in which Zn was used. However, it cannot be explicitly confirmed that the form of Zn affects the analysed parameters of thigh meat.

Variations of the fundamental chemical components in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens)

ABSTRACT The utilization of bamboo as a substitute for wood or plastic signifies an imperative pathway towards achieving global sustainable development. The conduct of comprehensive and systematic research on the variations in the fundamental chemical compositions can offer scientific and theoretical guidance for the efficient and rational high-value utilization of bamboo. In this study, the variations of the content of primary chemical components in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) were systematically investigated by considering height and radial locations. This was achieved through using comprehensive chemical analysis and infrared spectroscopy methods, with an additional investigation into the impact of nodes on these variations. The results indicated that the fundamental chemical components of Moso bamboo consisted of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. The cellulose content ranged from 36% to 40%, the hemicelluloses content ranged from 25% to 28%, and the lignin content ranged from 26% to 34%. The cellulose content decreased with increasing culm height, while it demonstrated a gradual increase during the transition from the inner to the outer layer of the wall. The cellulose content of the internodes was higher than that of the nodes. The variation in cellulose content was more pronounced in the radial direction compared to that in vertical direction. However, the hemicelluloses and lignin content in the bamboo culm showed no statistical differences. The abundant resource advantage of bamboo in China can provide a valuable resource benefit for the classification and utilization of its three fundamental chemical components. The findings derived can provide a reliable basis for establishing a scientific theoretical foundation to optimize the value-added utilization of bamboo.

UPLC-Q-TOF/MS analysis of chemical components of single decoction and combined decoction of Qige decoction reveals the differences between various preparation processes.

The aim of this work was to explore the differences between various pharmaceutical processes in combined solutions of a single decoction (QGHBY) and a combined decoction (QGHJY) of Qi-Ge decoction from the perspective of chemical composition changes, so as to further guide the clinical application of drugs. A combined solution of a single decoction and a combined decoction of Astragali Radix, Puerariae Lobatae Radix and Citri Reticulatae Chachiensis Pericarpium was prepared with the same technological parameters. The chemical components of the two were detected and identified based on UPLC-Q-TOF/MS, and the different components were determined by principal component analysis. Eighty-eight compounds were identified in the pharmaceutical solution of Qi-Ge decoction. Principal component analysis revealed 11 different components of QGHBY and QGHJY with the conditions of Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) ≥ 1, fold change ≥ 2 and p < 0.05, among which hesperidin, hesperitin, isosinensetin, sinensetin and 5-demethylnobiletin were the components of Citri Reticulatae Chachiensis Pericarpium. The levels of these 11 different components in QGHJY were higher than those of QGHBY. The combined decoction is beneficial for the dissolution of flavonoids and other chemical components, and there is a significant difference in the content of chemical components between modern herbal concentrate granules and traditional decoctions.

Сравнительный анализ составов масла Nigella sativa (черный тмин) из Сирии и Пакистана методом хромато-масс-спектрометрии

В статье представлен анализ химических составов эфирного масла из Nigella sativa L. из Пакистана и Сирии. С использованием метода хромато-масс-спектрометрии (GC/MS) были выявлены и подробно проанализированы компоненты масла из обеих стран. Результаты показали незначительные различия в содержании химических компонентов между маслом тмина из Пакистана и Сирии. В эфирном масле из Пакистана выявлено повышенное содержание пальмитиновой кислоты, (Z)-9-октадеценовой кислоты и метилового эфира (Z,Z)-9,12-октадекадиеновой кислоты (линолевая кислота, метиловый эфир), в то время как эфирное масло из Сирии содержит больше гептадекановой и олеиновой кислот. Эти результаты свидетельствуют о том, что местоположение влияет на химический состав масла тмина, что имеет важное значение для его медицинского и кулинарного использования. Известно наличие ряда других компонентов, включая α-Туйен, α-Пинен, β-Пинен, о-Пимен, м-Ментан-6,8-диен, лимонен, γ-Терпинен, цис-4-метокситуйан, лонгифолен, метилтетрадеканоат и многие другие, которые могут оказывать разнообразные биологические эффекты. Эти результаты предоставляют важные данные для научного сообщества и промышленных предприятий, занимающихся производством и применением масла черного тмина. Знание различий в составе масла в зависимости от его происхождения способствует оптимизации производства и расширению возможностей для его медицинского и кулинарного использования. Результаты настоящего исследования предоставляют ценную основу для будущих исследований в области биохимии и медицинского применения масла черного тмина.

Comprehensive quality evaluation of different types of Gardeniae Fructus (Zhizi) and Shuizhizi based on LC-MS/MS.

Gardeniae Fructus (Zhizi) serves as both a medicinal and edible substance and finds widespread use in various industries. There are often two kinds of medicinal materials in the market: Zhizi and Shuizhizi. Typically, Zhizi with small, round fruit is used for medicinal purposes, while Shuizhizi, characterized by large, elongated fruit, is employed for dyeing. Market surveys have revealed a diverse range of Zhizi types, and modern research indicates that Shuizhizi contains rich chemical components and pharmacological activities. In this study, we collected 25 batches of Zhizi and Shuizhizi samples, categorizing them based on appearance into obovate and round fruits, with seven length grades (A-G). Using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS) method, we simultaneously quantified 13 main chemical components in fruits of Gardenia species. In addition, we compared the weight percentage of the pericarp, flesh, and seeds parts of samples with different traits, and quantified 13 chemical components in different parts. Results indicated that, aside from a few instances of overlapping fruit size ranges, Shuizhizi generally exhibits larger and longer dimensions than Zhizi. The weight proportion of the Shuizhizi pericarp is often higher than that of the Zhizi pericarp. Quantitative results highlighted significant differences in the chemical component content between Zhizi and Shuizhizi, with Shuizhizi generally containing higher levels of iridoids. The PCA and OPLS-DA analysis distinctly divided Shuizhizi and Zhizi, among which three iridoids, two organic acids, and one flavonoid made significant contributions to their classification. Cluster heatmap analysis also demonstrated complete separation between Zhizi and Shuizhizi, with clear distinctions among Zhizi samples from different origins. The distribution of the 13 chemical components in different Zhizi and Shuizhizi parts remained consistent, with iridoids and pigments concentrated in the seeds and flesh, and two organic acids and one flavonoid enriched in the pericarp. In summary, this study contributes valuable insights for classifying Zhizi and offers guidance on the rational use of Shuizhizi and the different parts of Zhizi.

Гидрохимический анализ и экотоксикологическая оценка качества вод реки Качи

Purpose: to conduct a hydrochemical analysis and give a comprehensive eco-toxicological assessment of the Kacha river water. Materials and methods. The content of chemical components in surface water was determined using titrimetric and photocolorimetric analyses. The degree of surface water pollution was calculated using a comprehensive assessment method on individual hydrochemical indicators, calculating the combinatorial water pollution index. Algotesting was carried out by measuring the optical density of the chlorella microalgae culture (Chlorella vulgaris Beijer). For phytotesting the seeds of dicotyledonous plants – cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), soya bean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and monocotyledonous plants – common oats (Avena sativa L.) were used. Test parameters: seed germination and germination readiness, root and sprout length were analyzed. Results. According to the hydrochemical parameters of the Kacha river, the waters were classified as oligohaline, and according to the specific combinatorial index (S′ = 1.15) they were classified as slightly polluted ones of the second class. The values of the coefficient of complexity of water contamination rate during 2012–2018 were within 12 %. In 2023, the Kacha river water was defined as moderately hard water (7.4 mg-eq/cubic dm), while a decrease in the average water salinity (566.1 mg/cubic dm) and an improvement in its quality in terms of total iron (0.12 mg/cubic dm) were noted, which corresponded to the maximum permissible concentration for water bodies of municipal and amenity water use significance. The water algoeffect reached 57 %, and the phytoeffect – 87 %. Conclusions. The use of biological methods – algotesting and phytotesting – showed the presence of toxicants in the Kacha river water from the effluent to the mouth. The need for additional control of the river water quality during its use, including irrigation, was noted.

Morphological, chemical and genetic analyses reveal high diversity and blurred genetic boundaries in Cornus officinalis Siebold & Zucc. in China

Cornus officinalis Siebold & Zucc. is an important Chinese herbal medicine with traditional clinical applications, a long history of cultivation and high economic value in China. C. officinalis is distributed mainly in the Shaanxi, Henan, and Zhejiang provinces of China, which are also historically the main production areas, and which still provide 90% of the medicinal material of this species for the contemporary market. In this study, we investigated the main germplasm resources of C. officinalis across its distribution, based on fruit morphology, the concentrations of selected medicinally active ingredients, and molecular population genetic analysis. The results indicated that the C. officinalis populations sampled had abundant variation in fruit morphology and chemical component content, and showed high genetic diversity, as revealed by microsatellite markers. Clustering results based on morphology, active ingredient concentration and microsatellite markers supported the idea that populations from Zhejiang province were distinct from those in Shaanxi and Henan. The fruit and molecular data suggested that the Shaanxi and Henan populations were mixed, which could be attributed to their close geographical distance and frequent germplasm exchange. Most of the C. officinalis populations had relatively weak genetic differentiation from others sampled, and most of the individuals sampled showed extensive admixture. We suggest that artificial gene flow caused by intensive cultivation and widespread trading is responsible for the observed admixture of genetic components and blurred genetic boundaries between C. officinalis populations, especially in the Shaanxi and Henan populations. We also propose some suggestions for the efficient utilization and conservation of C. officinalis germplasm. These findings provide valuable information on the genetic resources of C. officinalis and offer guidelines for breeding programs and scientific management of C. officinalis.

Impact of Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens beneficial bacterial agents on soil-borne diseases, growth, and economics of continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco

Employing beneficial bacteria as fungicides is an effective strategy for improving crop and soil health. Despite its effectiveness, the investigation of appropriate beneficial bacterial candidates for tackling the challenges posed by the continuous cropping of field tobacco remains a neglected area. This study addressed this gap by conducting field experiments at two distinct sites to ascertain the effects of introducing beneficial bacterial agents (CK, devoid of bacterial agent; B, Bacillus subtilis agent; P, Pseudomonas fluorescens agent; and a mixture of both bacterial agents [B + P]) on soil-borne pathogen abundance, disease occurrence, and economic effects in the context of the continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco. The results revealed that the application of bacterial agents (B, P, and B + P) contributed to varying degrees of reduction in the relative abundance of Fusarium spp. within the continuous cropping flue-cured tobacco soil, while enhancing the abundance of Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. Notably, the B + P treatment demonstrated a superior performance. In terms of disease management, B + P treatment significantly inhibited the incidence of black shank disease and root black rot disease by over 50.0%, with a significant reduction in severity exceeding 34.3%. The relative control effects reached 48.7%–66.7% and 39.1%–63.2%, respectively. In addition, the mixed application of bacterial agent (B + P) exerted a substantial positive influence on various agronomic attributes of flue-cured tobacco, such as leaf dimensions, leaf count, and dry matter accumulation. Chemical component contents and economic parameters, such as yield, high-quality tobacco leaf proportion, and medium-to high-quality tobacco leaf proportion, also demonstrated excellent enhancement. This comprehensive improvement ultimately achieved disease mitigation and increased yield. Overall, the integration of B. subtilis and P. fluorescens can improve soil health and promote crop growth. The mixed application strategy (B + P) is an effective approach for mitigating soil-borne diseases, augmenting yields, and elevating economic returns.

Nutrients and bioactive compounds of red cabbage

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the biochemical components in the heads of some red cabbage accessions (Russian cultivar Mikhnevskaya, Russian hybrid from Co Sedek Promethey F1, Turkish variety Mohrenkopf, hybrids from the Netherlands Zomiro F1, Pecky F1, Remala F1, Japanese hybrid Pretino F1), during cultivation in the conditions of the Leningrad region. The content of dry matter, nutritional compounds of protein and sugars, biologically active pigments anthocyanins, chlorophylls, carotenoids, phenolic acids expressed in gallic acid equivalents, as well as the level of antioxidant activity using DPPH were determined. It was found that the content of most chemical components varied greatly between accessions, especially sugars, pigments, and phenolic compounds. As a result of metabolomic profiling, nine monosaccharides (84% of the total) and two disaccharides were identified, including five sugars common to all studied accessions, the predominant of which was fructose. The content of total chlorophylls in heads of cabbage was in the range of 0.48-50.43 mg/100 g (chlorophyll a was 70%), carotenoids in the range of 0.95-15.58 mg/100 g. Carotenoids included carotenes, represented mainly by βcarotene, luteins, violaxanthins, xanthophylls. The main anthocyanin in red cabbage accessions is cyanidin. A total of 19 components of the anthocyanin profile were identified; of which there are six main components, that account for 80% of the total. 11 phenolic compounds of various nature were identified, and all studied accessions contained quinic, ferulic, and sinapic acids. Sources of valuable biochemical traits have been found for breeding on quality for healthy nutrition: the cultivar Mohrenkopf stood out for its high content of dry substances; sugars – hybrid Zomiro F1; anthocyanins – hybrid Pecky F1; phenolic compounds – Pecky F1 and Mohrenkopf; high antioxidant activity - Mikhnevskaya, Mohrenkopf and Pecky F1.

Evaluation of the chemical composition and nutritional value of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) biofortified in hydroponics with iodine in the form of iodoquinolines

Iodine deficiency in the diet creates the need to search for innovative, more sustainable and more effective strategies for enriching food with this microelement. The adopted research hypothesis assumed that the use of organic forms of iodine for supplementation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), compared to mineral iodine, has a more favorable effect not only on the concentration of iodine, but also on the yield and the content of other chemical components determining its nutritional and health-promoting value. Lettuce was planted in a nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic study in a greenhouse. The following application of iodine compounds (all in 5 µM molar mass equivalents) were tested in the studies: control (without of iodine application); potassium iodate (positive iodine control), 8-hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinolinesulfonic acid, 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol, 5,7-diiodo-8-quinolinol and 4-hydroxy-8-iodo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid. In this work, it was shown for the first time that iodoquinolines can be 1) a source of iodine for plants; 2) they have a biostimulating effect on their yielding and 3) they increase the resistance of crops to stress (due to a significant increase in the level of polyphenolic compounds). Lettuce with the addition of 8-hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinolinesulfonic acid was characterized by the highest content of iodine, which was 221.7 times higher than in control plants. The weight gain of the whole plant was particularly visible in the case of lettuce enriched with 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol and amounted to 26.48% compared to the control. Lettuce biofortified with iodine in the form of iodoquinolines can successfully become part of a sustainable diet based on plant products, which has a low impact on the environment and contributes to the long-term good health of an individual or community. Reducing iodine deficiency through the use of organoiodine compounds can help achieve the sustainability goal of eliminating hidden hunger, improving nutritional status and promoting sustainable agriculture.

A research on subclassification of ancient glass based on FLDA and systematic cluster analysis

For the purpose of subclassification of ancient glass, this study first used FLDA (Fisher Linear Discriminant Analysis) to classify the glass, in this study, unknown glasses of known composition were reasonably classified by model analysis with a high accuracy of 92.5%, and the classification pattern of the two types of glass was analysed statistically in conjunction with the data, and the results showed that the high potassium type contained high levels of K and Na chemical components; the lead-barium type, on the other hand, contains a high content of Pb and Ba chemical components. Next, a systematic clustering model was used for cluster analysis, avoiding the disadvantages of the K-means clustering model which is sensitive to outliers, and further analysed by a combination of clustering dendrograms and the law of the elbow in the line graph of aggregation coefficient. The analysis was further Integrated analysed by the law of the Elbow in the clustering dendrograms and the line graphs of aggregation factors. The final subclasses were concluded as follows: high potassium glasses can be divided into two subclasses, K2O-CaO (~10wt%)-SiO2 and K2O-SiO2; lead-barium glasses can be divided into three subclasses, PbO-BaO-SiO2, PbO (~25wt%)-BaO-SiO2 and CaO-PbO (~40wt%)-BaO-SiO2. The study of the subclassification of ancient glass is very helpful and influential for industrial applications. Through the construction of the classification and clustering model in this study, the subclassification division of ancient glass is well carried out, which has an important theoretical basis to support the work of identification and detection, and is of great significance for the study of the origin of ancient glass.

Spectrum-Effect Relationships as an Effective Approach for Quality Control of Natural Products: A Review.

As natural products with biological activity, the quality of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) is the key to their clinical application. Fingerprints based on the types and contents of chemical components in TCM are an internationally recognized quality evaluation method but ignore the correlation between chemical components and efficacy. Through chemometric methods, the fingerprints represented by the chemical components of TCM were correlated with its pharmacodynamic activity results to obtain the spectrum-effect relationships of TCM, which can reveal the pharmacodynamic components information related to the pharmacodynamic activity and solve the limitations of segmentation of chemical components and pharmacodynamic research in TCM. In the 20th anniversary of the proposed spectrum-effect relationships, this paper reviews its research progress in the field of TCM, including the establishment of fingerprints, pharmacodynamic evaluation methods, chemometric methods and their practical applications in the field of TCM. Furthermore, the new strategy of spectrum-effect relationships research in recent years was also discussed, and the application prospects of this technology were discussed.

Comparison of the Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Propolis from Urban Apiaries.

Bee products from urban apiaries are increasingly used. They are mainly used to promote local apiaries and cities in which they are located. The aim of the study was to compare the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of propolis from 6 Polish apiaries located in cities (Legionowo, Torun, Cracow, Warsaw, Katowice, Lodz). The chemical composition was analyzed using liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) and the analysis of antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals (ABTS and DPPH) and FRAP. The obtained results showed the presence of 24 phenolic compounds in propolis extracts. The tested samples showed differentiation in terms of the content of individual chemical components, however, cinnamic acid and its derivatives were dominant. High antioxidant activity of the tested extracts was demonstrated (ABTS was in the range of 16.80-51.53 mg Te/mL, DPPH was in the range of 7.54-22.13 mg Te/mL, while FRAP reduction was in the range of 10.93-29.55 mg Te/mL). The obtained results compared with literature data on propolis from agricultural areas allow to conclude that propolis samples from both Poland types of areas are similar and can be classified as poplar propolis.

Determination of the content of major chemical components and bioactive compounds and antioxidant ability of Hong Quan (Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch) fruit cultivated in An Giang, Vietnam

Hong Quan (Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch) is a new fruit that has appeared recently and it is cultivated with other orchards or under forest canopy of Tri Ton and Tinh Bien district at An Giang province. Since this fruit has not been popularized in Vietnam, there is a shortage in research about chemical compositions of Hong Quan. Therefore, quantitative analysis of main chemical components, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of this kind of fruit need to be carried out to enhance its applications in food. Results showed that Hong Quan fruits contain 76.50% ± 2.56 of moisture, carbohydrate is 24.86% ± 1.54, protein is 9.19% ± 0.49, lipid is 0.68% ± 0.21, total sugar is 10,91% ± 0.88, ash is 1.05% ± 0.08, fiber is 8.39% ± 0.95 and vitamin C is 81.62 ± 3.99 mg/100g. The content of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, phenolics, tannins, alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids were 9.87 ± 0.40 mg/100g, 456.32 ± 23.81 mgGAE/100g, 944.08 ± 26.31 mgTAE/100g, 586.68 ± 44.56 mgCE/100g, 20.87 ± 2.00 mgSE/100g and 65.95 ± 2.92 mgQE/100g fresh weight respectively. Moreover, antioxidant capacity of extract ethanol from fruit was high level as the free radical scavenging ability (DPPH) at 88.65% ± 1.23, the ability to reduce iron (FRAP) at 15.24 ± 0.26 mM FeSO4/100g and the antioxidant ability index (AAI) at 8.13 ± 0.82. Hong Quan fruit promisingly could be a good source of commercial processing products or cosmetic due to high level of nutrients and functional compounds.