Chemical Assaults Research Articles

Applications of Recycled and Crushed Glass (RCG) as a Substitute for Natural Materials in Various Fields-A Review.

Glass is a substance that is present in most houses since glass-based items are made and consumed in relatively high quantities. This has led to the buildup of glass in concerning quantities all over the world, which is a problem for the environment. It is well known that glass has several advantageous physiochemical features that qualify it as an appropriate material for use in the construction industry as an aggregate. The features include being non-biodegradable, resistant to chemical assault, having low water absorption, having high hydraulic conductivity, having temperature-dependent ductility, having alterable particle gradation, and having a wide availability in a variety of forms and chemical compositions. Because of these qualities, glass has been used in various investigations and field tests conducted in civil engineering to evaluate its effectiveness as an engineering aggregate and to develop environmentally friendly management strategies for waste glass. These studies and research have utilized glass in various forms, such as fine recycled glass, medium recycled glass, coarse recycled glass, powdered glass, and glass-based geopolymers. This study focuses on research studies that present results on physicochemical, mechanical, and durability characteristics. These studies and research contain samples of pure glass or glass as replacement percentages in materials (0-100%), including but not limited to unbound granular materials (such as recycled concrete aggregates and crushed rock). In light of the information assembled in this review article, it is legitimate to claim that glass has strong promise as a material in various civil applications.

Implementation of artificial intelligence to the prediction of the mechanical properties of concrete: A review

Artificial Intelligence is the simulation of human intellect by machines such as computer systems. Due to the lack of technology, the construction sector suffered from low productivity, time waste, poor product performance, and a lack of safety and security. The construction industry's use of artificial intelligence has risen and current challenges have been resolved. The article reveals that artificial Intelligence is utilized to monitor personnel, equipment, and construction-related mistakes. Major concrete problems include carbonation, reinforcing corrosion, chemical assault, and overloading which leads to strength reduction in concrete. The subfields of artificial intelligence, which include machine learning, knowledge-based systems, computer vision, robotics, and optimization, have been utilized to improve safety, security, quality, productivity, dependability, and precision. This study also describes the application of Artificial Intelligence to the assessment of mechanical properties of concrete. The main purpose of this article is to use artificial intelligence to monitor the structural health and mechanical characteristics of concrete. Concrete's health and safety are dependent on the subfields of artificial intelligence such as machine learning, computer vision, and knowledge-based systems. In line with this, the sensors were used to measure the health monitoring of concrete structures. These modern methods prevent workplace accidents leading to safety for the occupants in the workplace. This study also discusses mixture composition estimates to attain desired strength characteristics of the composite. The capacity to capture the physical and chemical processes of failure is also described in this study. This paper suggests that artificial intelligence in concrete is capable of monitoring the health of concrete. The technique has also been shown to accurately forecast the strength of concrete. This article also concludes that artificial intelligence can determine concrete's flexural strength and other attributes.

Durability Performance of Geopolymer Concrete of Various Strength

Geopolymers, primarily composed of fly ash, have proved an excellent substitute for ordinary portland cement (OPC) in terms of sustainability and productivity. In order to determine the geopolymer concrete's (GPC) resistance to chemical assaults and water permeability, it is necessary to obtain geopolymer concrete (GPC) of varying strengths after normal curing. The objectives of the research was to test the durability performances of the GPC of various strength under normal curing and investigating the optimum strength based on durability testing of the GPC. For this research, different type of cement-to-fly ash ratio was used for various strength data. The appropriate mixture was conducted by using the trial mix method in order to obtain better accuracy of the results data during the mixing design process. To satisfy the varied strength designs, a small proportion of OPC is added to the GPC mixture as part of the mix design. After 28 days of curing, this durability testing is undertaken after the concrete has reached its maximum strength. The compressive strength test and weights were performed and compared to the GPC mix design at 60 °C after heat curing. The 8% OPC replacement has greater resistance to sulfate attack, saltwater exposure, and water permeability compared to the 6% and 7% OPC alternatives. Consequently, the experiment reveals that the GPC's durability and strength increase as the percentage of OPC increases.

The Human Dermis as a Target of Nanoparticles for Treating Skin Conditions.

Skin has a preventive role against any damage raised by harmful microorganisms and physical and chemical assaults from the external environment that could affect the body's internal organs. Dermis represents the main section of the skin, and its contribution to skin physiology is critical due to its diverse cellularity, vasculature, and release of molecular mediators involved in the extracellular matrix maintenance and modulation of the immune response. Skin structure and complexity limit the transport of substances, promoting the study of different types of nanoparticles that penetrate the skin layers under different mechanisms intended for skin illness treatments and dermo-cosmetic applications. In this work, we present a detailed morphological description of the dermis in terms of its structures and resident cells. Furthermore, we analyze the role of the dermis in regulating skin homeostasis and its alterations in pathophysiological conditions, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target. Additionally, we describe the use of nanoparticles for skin illness treatments focused on dermis release and promote the use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as an integrative strategy for skin treatments.

Multifunctional SiC/C hybrid fabric applicable for extreme environment ranging from liquid nitrogen temperature to 1000° C

Creating multifunctional materials that can serve in extreme environments is of critical importance but also a formidable challenge. Herein, we present a simple technique that combines carbothermic reduction and organic template carbonization to produce multifunctional SiC/C hybrid fabrics from inexpensive cotton mats. The obtained fabrics display high resilience to high/low temperature, anti-oxidation, and chemical assault is exhibited. Additionally, the fabric's ultralow thermal conductivity results in superior thermal insulation performance. Notably, these in situ-generated SiC nanowires considerably improve the ductility of the ceramic fabric. The compression strength and the breaking elongation increased by 39% and 2.6%, respectively, as compared to the SiC fabric without grown nanowires. When employed as an electromagnetic interference shielding material, it exhibits an excellent EMI shielding capability with a SE value of 40 dB. This research advances not just the usability of flexible ceramic fabrics in severe environments, but also the creation of fine structures in ceramic materials.

Update on Dental Luting Materials.

A dental luting material aids in the retention and stability of indirect restorations on the prepared tooth structure. In dentistry, clinicians are using a wide range of luting materials for the cementation of indirect restorations. Zinc oxide eugenol and non-eugenol cements, zinc phosphate cement, zinc polycarboxylate cement, glass ionomer cement and resin cements are common dental cements used in dentistry. Each luting material or cement possesses unique properties and clinical implications. An ideal luting cement should be biocompatible, insoluble, resistant to thermal and chemical assaults, antibacterial, aesthetic, simple and easy to use. It should have high strength properties under tension, shear and compression to resist stress at the restoration-tooth interface, as well as adequate working and setting times. So far, no luting material possesses all of these properties of an ideal cement. Scientists have been modifying the conventional luting cements to improve the material's clinical performance and developing novel materials for clinical use. To achieve the best clinical outcome, clinicians should update their knowledge and gain a good understanding of the luting materials so that they can make a wise clinical decision on the material selection and obtain an insight into the development of luting cements. Therefore, the objective of this study is to provide a discussion on the physical, chemical, adhesive and aesthetic properties of common luting materials. The clinical indications of these luting materials are suggested based on their properties. In addition, overviews of the modification of the conventional luting materials and the newly developed luting materials are provided.

The International Community’s Response to the Ghouta Chemical Attack of 2013

This paper brings to the fore several sociopolitical and legal dimensions related to the international response to the Ghouta chemical attack of August 2013 that completely redefined the way we approach the Syrian conflict in general. This deadly chemical assault should be seen as one of the most important events that defined the way the international community has dealt with the Syrian Arab Spring, for, according to several influential accounts, the magnitude of this attack clearly transcended the inviolability of the nationstate. Yet, despite gathering compelling prima facie evidence that this attack was linked to Bashar al-Assad’s loyalists, the expected full-blown military retaliation against his regime did not occur. The Syrian regime did not face any severe consequences for its actions except for being exposed to the discomfort of temporary international sanctions that obliged the regime to relinquish its chemical weapons arsenal under international supervision. We know today that despite the promised full cooperation from Syrian officials, the mandate to relinquish all illegal weapons of mass destruction was fulfilled only to a limited extent

Acid Attacks: The Gnawing Problem of Gender-Based Violence

Violence against women is rooted in unequal power relations between men and women. An acid attack (Vitriolage) is a gender based crime against women and is one of the most brutal forms of violence, in which acid is thrown onto the face and body of women with the intention of disfiguring her. This paper is an attempt to reflect the most gnawing issue of chemical assault with acid prevailing in India. It is much more intentional act and graver than even rape and murder. This gruesome crime footprints the victim miserable living condition or even it results in death. Acid is perhaps the most easily available lethal weapon, capable of causing death or at least permanent disfigurement and in some cases, blinding, quite instantly. Although acid attack can be resorted to against anybody, in India and other south-Asian countries, it has mostly been gender specific. This extreme form of violence has been used against women for taking revenge in cases of rejection of marriage proposals, sexual advances and as a means of domestic violence. As per the reports of the National Crime Records Bureau, there have been 1402 (source: Crime Statistics reports of NCRB2014 to 2018, released in January 2020) reported cases of acid attacks and attempts there to in these five years. The number of victims in these attacks as stated to be 1483. In such situations, it is very pertinent to discuss the present laws that governing this crime and the horrendous effects that acid attacks have on the victims-physically, psychologically, socially and economically. Additionally this paper, aims to bring acid attacks and the concept of skin banking in our mainstream conversations so that more and more people are aware of them. Donation of eyes has become a widespread practice, but people are still not aware of skin donation. Highlighting and talking about such causes openly and even on public platforms will help spread the word.

Nanoencapsulation for Probiotic Delivery.

Gut microbiota dynamically participate in diverse physiological activities with direct impact on the host's health. A range of factors associated with the highly complex intestinal flora ecosystem poses challenges in regulating the homeostasis of microbiota. The consumption of live probiotic bacteria, in principle, can address these challenges and confer health benefits. In this context, one of the major problems is ensuring the survival of probiotic cells when faced with physical and chemical assaults during their intake and subsequent gastrointestinal passage to the gut. Advances in the field have focused on improving conventional encapsulation techniques in the microscale to achieve high cell viability, gastric and temperature resistance, and longer shelf lives. However, these microencapsulation approaches are known to have limitations with possible difficulties in clinical translation. In this Perspective, we present a brief overview of the current progress of different probiotic encapsulation methods and highlight the contemporary and emerging single-cell encapsulation strategies using nanocoatings for individual probiotic cells. Finally, we discuss the relative advantages of various nanoencapsulation approaches and the future trend toward developing coated probiotics with advanced features and health benefits.

Prenatal exposure to low doses of fungicides corrupts neurogenesis in neonates

Neurogenesis plays a crucial role during neurodevelopment and its dysfunction can lead to neurodevelopmental disorders. A recent hypothesis stipulates that exogenous factors could corrupt this process and predispose to neurodegenerative disorders later in life. The presence of pesticide residues in the diet represents a threat of which we have recently become aware of. Indeed, they could corrupt neurogenesis, especially during gestation, potentially leading to impaired neuronal and synaptic functions. Since the effects of this low-noise contamination have not yet been evaluated on the neurodevelopment, we investigated the impact of fungicide residues on WT mice exposed throughout gestation. Thus, mice were exposed to fungicides, cyprodinil, mepanipyrim and pyrimethanil, alone at 0.1 μg/L during gestation until P3. Besides, another group was exposed to a cocktail of these three fungicides (0.1 μg/L each) for the same time. Exposure was performed through drinking water at the regulatory limit dose of the European countries (0.1 μg/L). No general toxicity was observed in neonates on body and brain weight upon fungicide exposure. However, results showed that gestational exposure to fungicide residues substantially promoted an increase of neural precursor cells at P3. This corrupted neurogenesis was linked to increased levels of β-catenin, likely through the crosstalk of the PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, both involved in cell proliferation. Fungicide exposure also altered protein expression of PSD95 and NMDA receptors in P3 neonates, two targets of the β-catenin signaling pathway. Adult neural stem cell extractions from mice treated with the fungicide cocktail, showed an increase proliferation and differentiation combined with a reduction of their migration properties. In addition, in vitro studies on hippocampal primary cell cultures treated with various concentrations of fungicides showed neurotoxic effects. To conclude, corruption of neurogenesis by this chemical assault could be a fertile ground for the development of neurological diseases later in life.

Age-Dependent Activation and Neuronal Differentiation of Lgr5+ Basal Cells in Injured Olfactory Epithelium via Notch Signaling Pathway.

Aging is an important factor affecting function of smell, leading to the degeneration of mature olfactory sensory neurons and inducing the occurrence of smell loss. The mammalian olfactory epithelium (OE) can regenerate when subjected to chemical assaults. However, this capacity is not limitless. Inactivation of globose basal cells and failure to generate sensory neurons are the main obstacles to prevent the OE regeneration. Here, we found the significant attenuation in mature sensory neuronal generation and apparent transcriptional alternation in the OE from aged mice compared with young ones. The recruitment of leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5)-positive cells in injured OE was weakened in aged mice, and more Lgr5+ cells remained quiescence in aged OE postinjury. Lineage-traced progenies from Lgr5+ cells were significantly fewer in the OE with aging. Moreover, Notch activation enhanced the neuronal regeneration in aged OE, making the regenerative capacity of aged OE comparable with that of young animals after injury. The growth and morphology of three-dimensional (3D)-cultured organoids from the OE of young and aged mice varied and was modulated by small molecules regulating the Notch signaling pathway. Thus, we concluded that activation of Lgr5+ cells in injured OE was age dependent and Notch activation could enhance the capacity of neuronal generation from Lgr5+ cells in aged OE after injury.

A systematic review and comprehensive legislative framework to address chemical assault globally.

The incidence of chemical assault is increasing globally. In response, a number of countries are proposing legislation. However, current legislative initiatives are uncoordinated and do not address the spectrum of activities to prevent and care for victims of chemical assaults. To fill this gap, we aimed to review legislation, policies and regulations relevant to chemical assault to classify and catalogue current strategies into a legislative framework. Terms related to chemical assault were used to systematically search the academic, lay and legal literatures. Chemical assault was defined as the use of acid or another caustic or corrosive substance or vitriol by one person against another with the intent to injure or disfigure. Reports that described the use of chemical weapons in warfare were excluded. A second search of national legislations of countries with reports of chemical assaults was performed to identify enacted laws and gaps in legislative approaches to chemical assault control. Data regarding relevant laws, policies and regulations were extracted. The findings were used to classify and catalogue current strategies into a legislative framework using content analysis. The search returned 3769 records. Chemical assaults were reported from 104 countries. Using legislation from those countries, a framework consisting of five legislative priorities was developed: (a) apply a public health approach; (b) adopt legal definitions specific to chemical assault; (c) control chemical supply, sales and procurement; (d) facilitate justice; and (e) support survivors. Although many countries have implemented one or more of these legislative priorities, no country has a comprehensive address to chemical assault control. Comparative policy analysis and assessments of the impacts of legislative efforts may further inform strategies to prevent, prosecute and mitigate the impact of chemical assaults. In the meantime, advocacy groups and governments might consider implementation and enforcement of one or more components of this legislative framework to control the growing epidemic of chemical assault.

A Study on Characteristics of Burn Patients Who were Admitted to a Tertiary Care Hospital in the Southern Province of Sri Lanka

Introduction: A burn is a type of injury to the skin, or other tissues, caused by heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, friction or radiation. It is a significant health hazard worldwide. According to the annual health bulletin 2015 in Sri Lanka, burn injuries responsible for 7.2% of all traumatic admissions per year. Most of them appeared to be preventable. The study was conducted to determine socio-demographic characteristics of patients with burn injuries, different circumstances, types of causative agents, knowledge about the first aids available, morbidity and mortality of patients. Methodology: Data including age, sex, circumstances, burn agent, the incidence, first aid and details about arrival to the hospital were collected from June 2017 to July 2019 by an interviewer based questionnaire. The nature of burns and the total body surface area (TBSA) were determined by clinical examinations. The information regarding the management of the patients, length of hospital stay, complications developed and the outcome of the patient at discharge from the hospital was collected from Bed Head Tickets. Long term complications were observed and noted when patients visit the occupational therapist for rehabilitation. Anonymous data were entered in an Excel sheet and analyzed by SPSS software. Results: Majority (62%) were from lower-middle social class. Majority of burn injuries (65%) are due to accidental burns. Commonly affected age group is the pediatric age group (32%). The commonest causative agents are hot water and other hot liquids (49%). Carelessness of handling thermal agent and non-anticipation of injuries by caregivers of children were identified as main causes for burn injuries. Even though 58% of patients were giving some kind of first aids following a burn, knowledge about correct methods of the first aid was minimal. Self-inflicted burn injuries accounted for 25% of cases and06% accounted for injuries due to chemical assaults. The mean surface area (TBSA) of burnswas14% and the depth of the burn depended on the causative agent and the condition of the given first aid. Of them, 27% of injuries were categorized as non-grievous, 58% as grievous, 13% as Fatal in the ordinary cause of nature and 02% as necessarily fatal. Conclusion: Burn injuries account considerably to the morbidity and mortality in the surgical wards. Majority of burns are due to accidental causes. They are preventable by careful handling of hot agents and electricity and taking precautions to prevent injuries by caregivers of children. The knowledge of correct methods of the first aids among people is very low. By giving proper first aids reduces the depth of wound and thereby, the hospital stay can be reduced.

Data from national media reports of 'Acid attacks' in England: A new piece in the Jigsaw.

There has been considerable concern in the UK with what seems to have been an increase in so-called 'Acid Attacks'. The key data sources (Police data, Hospital admissions and Burns unit data) have limitations in capturing the acid attacks comprehensively. Incidents not reported to the police are missed in the Police data. The more serious injuries are included in the hospital admissions data, with no information on people with less severe injuries, not accessing health care. Burns unit data reveals detailed information on the burns treatment but represents only a small percent of all the acid attacks. Our aim was to explore the role of media reports as an additional data source. Data was obtained from the public domain using generic online search engines along with a formal medical literature review. Search parameters included any news articles on 'Acid Attacks' printed between 01/01/2016 and 31/12/2017 in England and Articles in National Press only. We compared the data from media reports to the only other data sources available on these crimes which were (a) Crime statistics from police (b) the proportion treated in hospital (c) the subgroup treated in the burns service in the highest incidence location in the UK. Two hundred and Thirty media articles in total were found in the preliminary search. Following the application of the exclusion criteria, sixty attacks were analysed. The demographic data, the geographic data were obtained from the articles and the results were analysed using Microsoft Excel. There were a total of 118 survivors with an average age of 29.5 years and a male to female ratio of 5.1:1. There were no reported deaths. In the assailants group, the average age was 21.6 years with a male to female ratio of 15.7:1. All the data sources revealed higher male survivor predominance. The average age of the survivors was similar in the media reports, police data and the Burns centre data and was higher in the hospital data. Information on assailants and motives, available only on media reports and police data, corroborated well with each other. Media reports gave further information on the circumstances of the incident, the location and the number of survivors per assault, which was not available on any other data source. Though there was a rise in chemical assaults reported in media reports and MPS data in 2017 compared to the previous year, there was no rise in chemical assault related hospital admissions. The majority of the survivors were males, which is consistent between all UK data sources. Media reports revealed that the South east of England had the majority of chemical assaults in England. Data from this source provides a further piece in the jigsaw especially in relation to the circumstances, the geographic location of the chemical assault and number of survivors per incident. We acknowledge the limitations of media reporting. In the absence of a formal database for such injuries and incomplete data from various sources, we have to consider all possible data sources to provide new information. We have discussed the utility, pros & cons of media reports as one of the additional sources of information to better understand these injuries.

278 A Comprehensive Legislative Framework to Address Chemical Assault

278 A Comprehensive Legislative Framework to Address Chemical Assault

Thyroid Disrupting Activities in Wastewater and Surface Waters: A Review of Their <i>in Vitro</i> Analyses

The developmental and reproductive effects of endocrine disruption on humans and wildlife rank among the most threatening of all environmental health concerns. Particularly vulnerable to chemical assaults are the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis of the endocrine system. While the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on the HPG axis have been the subject of intense research efforts, with comprehensive elucidation, a lot remains to be clarified on the effects of EDCs on thyroid functions. For instance, there are no clear-cut biomarkers of exposure and effects of thyroid disrupting chemicals (TDCs) in intact organisms. Consequently, a number of in vitro assays have been developed, and are particularly useful for the identification and mechanistic characterization of potential TDCs considering the increasing number of EDCs that are being released into the environment. However, with the in vitro assays, studies suggest that a plausible major mode of action of TDCs, thyroid hormone receptor (THR) agonist activity, is not environmentally relevant. Here, we reviewed in vitro detection of TDCs activities in wastewater and surface waters. Data strongly suggest that cell lines may be responsible for the less frequent detection of THR agonist activity in wastewater and surface water. It was concluded that the development of reporter gene assays with thyroid hormone function related cell lines, is required.

Residents' journal review

Residents' journal review

Inhibition and Dispersion of Biofilms: Targeting Bacterial Response Regulators to Resensitize Multidrug Resistant Bacteria to Antibiotics

Biofilms provide cells with protection against numerous physical and chemical assaults. Bacteria utilize biofilms to avoid antibiotics, leaving the bacteria resistant to antibiotic treatments. The rise of antibiotic resistance and lack of new viable treatments threaten to usher in a post‐antibiotic era if new approaches towards drug development are not made. Many of the currently available antibiotics target a narrow spectrum of metabolic processes required for cellular growth. These traditional approaches no longer offer long‐term protection due to the acquisition rate of resistance; new mechanisms must be pursued. One such mechanism is through the two‐component systems (TCSs) used in bacterial communication. TCSs allow the cell to detect and respond to changes in its environment and are used to trigger quorum sensing and virulence factors. Drugs that target the TCS signaling process could inhibit pathogenic behavior, making them a potent new approach that has not yet been exploited. The TCS response regulator BfmR from Acinetobacter baumannii is the master controller of biofilm formation, making BfmR an attractive drug target. BfmR is targeted by 2‐aminoimidazoles (2AIs), compounds that inhibit and disperse biofilms in Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria. This work focuses on the interactions between 2AI based compounds and the response regulators BfmR and PmrA/QseB, from Fancisella tularensis, which also regulates biofilm development. Understanding the impact of 2AIs on response regulators and their mechanism of interaction will lead to the development of more potent inhibitors.

Use of an Amphoteric Solution in Eye, Skin and Oral Chemical Exposures: Retrospective Multicenter Clinical Case Series

Introduction: A polyvalent amphoteric flushing solution (Diphoterine®) has been in use for a number of years, mainly in industrial settings for decontamination of acid, base, and other corrosive or irritant substances eye and skin splashes. Methods: Retrospective collection of 34 cases from several centers reporting use of Diphoterine® decontamination of eye, skin or oral chemical exposures. The following data were retrieved: exposure circumstances (workplace, domestic, deliberate assault), chemical nature and pH, exposure type, initial clinical signs, clinical signs after flushing, initial and final visual analog scale (VAS) pain ratings, consulting specialist physicians’ conclusions. Results: 58.8% of the 34 cases were occupational exposures, 29.4% were domestic, 5.9% occurred in schools, and 5.9% were deliberate chemical assaults. Of involved chemicals, 11 were basic substances, 11 were acidic, 1 was an oxidizing substance, 2 were solvents, and 9 were miscellaneous substances. There were 21 ocular exposures, 8 cutaneous exposures, 4 mixed (ocular/cutaneous), and 1 oral exposure. Initial clinical findings in ocular exposures were: pain, blepharospasm, hyperemia, palpebral edema, excessive tearing, and blurred vision. Of cutaneous exposures, 1 was a deep necrotic injury and 7 were superficial. Median (IQR) VAS before flushing with Diphoterine® was 7; VAS after ocular or skin flushing was 1. Conclusion: Early application of the amphoteric solution to the eye or skin reduces the intensity of pain associated with chemical injury. While randomized clinical trials are lacking, early use of the amphoteric solution appears to reduce the incidence of sequelae.

Dose Dependent Effect of Iso-Octane on HaCaT: A Model Study.

Improved understanding of cytotoxicity under chemical assaults may be achieved by multimodal analysis of cellular morphology, viability, molecular expressions, and biophysical properties. In this study dose-dependent effects of an organic solvent (OS), iso-octane (IO), known to cause skin irritation, has been explored multimodally for understanding its effect on structural and functional profile of normal epithelial cell population in vitro. Under IO exposures, after 5 h there was a sharp decrease in viability of HaCaT with increasing doses which may be due to disruption in cellular association noted via immunocytochemical study and was further supported by the decreased expression of E-cadherin at transcriptomic level. Dislocation of E-cadherin from membrane to the cytoplasm occurred with increasing doses. The dose-dependent changes in varied aspects of bioelectrical properties, having plausible correlation with cellular viability, association, and adherence were noteworthy at 5 h of IO exposure. Evaluation of biomechanical properties by micropipette aspiration showed a distinct change in cellular stiffness in terms of increase in suction force and post-suction alteration in cellular shape. The cells became stiffer and fragile with increasing IO doses. Present study explicated dose-dependent cytotoxicity of IO on HaCaT and explored the usefulness of this approach to develop in vitro model system to evaluate epithelial toxicity with level-free markers.