Cheboygan County Research Articles

Impairment of retinal function in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) by Diplostomum baeri metacercariae.

Histologic studies of fish from Douglas Lake, Cheboygan County, Michigan, USA show that Diplostomum spp. infect the lens of spottail shiners (Notropis hudsonius) and common shiners (Luxilus cornutus). In contrast, infection was confined to the choroidal vasculature of yellow perch (Perca flavescens), and the morphology of the pigment epithelium and retina in regions adjacent to the metacercariae was abnormal. The difference in location of metacercariae within the host suggested that different Diplostomum species may infect shiners and perch in Douglas Lake. Species diversity was investigated by sequencing the barcode region of the cytochrome oxidase I gene of metacercariae. Four species of Diplostomum were identified, all four of which were present in shiner lenses; however, only Diplostomum baeri was present in the perch choroid. To determine whether infection of perch eyes affects the response of the retina to a light stimulus, electroretinograms (ERG) were recorded. The amplitude of the b-wave of the ERG was reduced and the b-wave latency was increased in infected perch, as compared to uninfected eyes, and the flicker-fusion frequency was also reduced. Infection of the yellow perch choroid by Diplostomum baeri, which shows strong host and tissue specificity, has an adverse effect on retinal function, lending support to the hypothesis that parasite-induced impairment of host vision may afford Diplostomum baeri the evolutionary benefit of increasing the likelihood of transmission, via host fish predation, to its definitive avian host.

Moths of the Douglas Lake Region (Emmet and Cheboygan Counties), Michigan: VI. Miscellaneous Small Families (Lepidoptera)

Moths of the Douglas Lake Region (Emmet and Cheboygan Counties), Michigan: VI. Miscellaneous Small Families (Lepidoptera)

Moths of the Douglas Lake Region (Emmet and Cheboygan Counties), Michigan: V. Crambidae and Pyralidae (Lepidoptera)

Moths of the Douglas Lake Region (Emmet and Cheboygan Counties), Michigan: V. Crambidae and Pyralidae (Lepidoptera)

Moths of the Douglas Lake Region (Emmet and Cheboygan Counties), Michigan: IV. Geometridae (Lepidoptera)

Moths of the Douglas Lake Region (Emmet and Cheboygan Counties), Michigan: IV. Geometridae (Lepidoptera)

Moths of the Douglas Lake Region (Emmet and Cheboygan Counties), Michigan: II. Noctuidae (Lepidoptera)

Moths of the Douglas Lake Region (Emmet and Cheboygan Counties), Michigan: II. Noctuidae (Lepidoptera)

Moths of the Douglas Lake Region (Emmet and Cheboygan Counties), MIchigan: I. Sphingidae - Ctenuchidae (Lepidoptera)

Moths of the Douglas Lake Region (Emmet and Cheboygan Counties), MIchigan: I. Sphingidae - Ctenuchidae (Lepidoptera)

Barcoding PCR primers detect larval lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) in diets of piscine predators

Population levels of recruitment are often affected by high rates of mortality during early life stages. Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), a regionally threatened species, experiences high rates of mortality during the larval stage, partially due to predation. The objective of this study was to quantify and compare relative rates of larval sturgeon predation by piscine predators in the upper Black River (Cheboygan County, MI, USA). A molecular barcoding assay was developed using lake sturgeon-specific primers that amplify a region of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I as an alternative to morphological analysis of gastrointestinal (GI) contents to quantify the presence or absence of larval fish collected from potential fish predators (353 specimens, 17 potential predator species). The assay was verified to be sturgeon-specific and sufficiently sensitive to amplify the low quantities of degraded DNA in GI samples. Lake sturgeon DNA was identified in 26 of 353 predator diet samples (7.34%) in 9 of 17 potential predator fish species present. There was a significant positive correlation between the numbers of predators that had consumed larval lake sturgeon and the number of samples from a predator species analyzed. No relationship between predation level and habitat type (sand or gravel substrate) was observed, though predator community composition varied between habitats. Genetic assays as described here can be used to investigate predator–prey dynamics affecting species of conservation interest during important life stages that may otherwise be under-represented in diet studies that rely solely on morphological analysis.

Revision of Geneiorhynchus Schneider, 1875 (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Actinocephalidae: Acanthosporinae) with Recognition of Four New Species of Geneiorhynchus and Description of Geneiorhynchus manifestus n. sp. Parasitizing Naiads of the Green Darner, Anax junius (Odonata: Aeshnidae) in the Texas Big Thicket

Abstract Geneiorhynchus manifestus n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) is described from the naiads of Anax junius (Odonata: Aeshnidae) collected from the Big Sandy Creek Unit of the Big Thicket National Preserve, Polk County, Texas, U.S.A. The genus Geneiorhynchus is revised and its constituent species reviewed. Descriptions are provided for 2 previously named species, Geneiorhynchus monnieri from naiads of Libellula depressa (Odonata: Libellulidae) collected from Bayreuth, Germany and Roscoff, France and Geneiorhynchus aeshnae from naiads of Aeshna constricta and Aeshna sp. (Odonata: Aeshnidae) collected from Pennsylvania, U.S.A., and Cheboygan County, Michigan, U.S.A.; and 3 previously reported taxa recognized as new species: Geneiorhynchus desportesi n. sp. from naiads of Aeshna cyanea (Odonata: Aeshnidae) collected from Montpellier, France, Geneiorhynchus baudoini n. sp. from naiads of Aeschna grandis (Odonata: Aeshnidae) collected from Vincennes and Besse-et-Saint Anastaise, France, and Geneiorhynch...

Morality vs. Legality: Michigan's Burt Lake Indians and the Burning of Indianville

Morality vs. Legality: Michigan's Burt Lake Indians and the Burning of Indianville by Matthew J. Friday By 1900, Native Americans had lived for nearly three centuries on and around a small point of land jutting into northern Michigan's Burt Lake. A small village on the peninsula known as "Chaboigan" or "Indianville" was home to many of them. These Indians believed that their land held in trust was tax exempt, creating a de facto reservation. But a timber speculator named John McGinn thought otherwise. He had purchased a sizeable section of land for back taxes on Cheboygan County's Burt Lake, land that had once belonged to the area's Native American population. And on a rainy day in October 1900, he decided to take what was his. Together with the county sheriff Fred R. Ming and some deputies, McGinn proceeded to seize the property, on which stood the small Indian village known as Indianville. As soon as the men arrived at the village, they immediately began to empty the Indians' log cabins, depositing the residents' few possessions on the community's single dirt road. Most of the men who lived in the village worked in the area's lumber industry, and as it was payday, they were in Cheboygan collecting their wages. Only women, children, and the elderly were left in Indianville that day. McGinn and his men proceeded to douse the houses with kerosene and set them on fire. Within a few minutes the entire village, about fifteen buildings in all, was in flames.1 Decades later, tribal chief John Parkey noted that the conflagration could be seen for many miles.2 Those who called Indianville home could do nothing. Defenseless and without recourse, they could only watch as the flames consumed their homes. A small Catholic church was the only structure that was spared.3 Michigan Historical Review 33:1 (Spring 2007): 87-97 ?2007 by Central Michigan University. ISSN 0890-1686 All Rights Reserved. 1 Cheboygan Democrat, October 7,1900. 2 John Parkey to Ellis Olson, June 23, 1969, in Historical Society of Cheboygan County, Collection 2004-2005, Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant. 3 Cheboygan Democrat, October 7,1900. 88 Michigan Historical Review The Indians had no place to go. The land on which they had been living had been theirs for many generations. Now, with no homes, no land, and no real understanding of the reasons behind what had happened, they were left to fend for themselves. As the fire raged, the bewildered villagers sat in the rain. Finally, young and old alike, they trudged to Cross Village, which was about twenty-five miles away. One extraordinary woman named Negonee reportedly made this arduous journey at the age of 106.4 This brutal eviction is perhaps one of the least-known and least understood incidents in the long history of Native-American struggles in Michigan. It still evokes an emotional response and is rife with controversy and ambiguity. Although white people's dealings with Michigan's Native Peoples were often morally dubious and sometimes illegal, an examination of the facts surrounding this case indicates something more complicated. Although it was unquestionably immoral, the eviction of the Indians and the burning of Indianville were within the law. This does not make McGinn's actions acceptable, but it does shed light on how and why Native Americans were treated the way they were, and how the adroit use of tax laws allowed white people to seize their land legally. Historians have asserted that the destruction of Indianville and the seizure of the occupants' land were criminal acts, but the facts underlying the case reveal that these acts were not illegal, but rather the result of confusion regarding treaties, trusts, and tax laws. The Indian settlement at Burt Lake was a long-established Native American community. By the seventeenth century, a number of different tribes lived in the upper Great Lakes region. At the tip of the Lower Peninsula, the Ottawa and Chippewa (Ojibwe) tribes were the most populous groups. As white influence increased in the Northwest Territory, zealous missionaries sought to convert the Native Peoples to Christianity. In the region that would become...

Evaluation of Silurian-Niagaran Reef Belt in Northeastern Michigan

Summary Silurian pinnacle reefs have remained the main exploration targets in the Michigan basin over the last decade. Recent discoveries have extended the reef belt into new areas in the western and northeastern parts of Michigan's lower peninsula. Meanwhile, the exploration for these reefs has continued in more developed areas of the belt in northern Michigan, southwestern Ontario, and southern Michigan. The results of exploration activities in northeastern Michigan in Cheboygan, Montmorency, and Presque Isle counties is different from the rest of the northern portion of the belt. A detailed study used the data available from the exploration activities in this area to determine the reef belt characteristics and reserves potential in northeastern Michigan and its extension into Lake Huron. The results indicated some interesting features, including the narrowing of the belt as it approaches Lake Huron. It was concluded that the different depositional environment during the Silurian Age had affected the development of the belt and the hydrocarbon accumulation in the pinnacle reefs in this part of the basin.

Asana As a Control for Redheaded Pine Sawfly on Jack Pine & Red Pine, 1986

Abstract A 4 year old, hand-planted, mixed jack pine/ red pine plantation in central Cheboygan County, MI was used in this test. Trees were approximately 4 ft in height and were planted at a 6 ft by 6 ft spacing. Sawfly larvae appeared to be uniformly distributed across the test block and were fully grown at time of treatment. A total of 5 treatments were randomly assigned to rows of 60 trees each within the test block. A backpack mistblower, calibrated to 29 gal/acre, was used to apply the chemical. A single appUcation of each rate was made during late morning of 15 Jul. Temp at time of treatment was 80 F and wind speed was less than 3 mph. No precipitation was recorded on the day of treatment; 0.07 inches of rain fell on 16 Jul.

Insecticide Efficacy on the Pine Needle Midge, 1984

Abstract Eleven Vi acre test plots were installed in a Christmas tree stand in section 8 of Inverness township in Cheboygan County, MI. Each plot contained approximately 100 Scots pine trees ranging from 4 to 8 feet tall. Midge damage from the previous growing season was prevalent in all test plots and distributed evenly across the field. Experimental treatments were applied with a Solo 423 back pack mistblower calibrated in 15 gal/a. Sprays were applied once at the time of initial adult emergence as indicated by emergence trap catch (21 Jun). Winds were slight at the time of spray (<5mph) and the ambient air temperature was approximately 22°C. Meta-Systox R, the current industry standard, was applied by the cooperating grower twice with the first treatment applied 2 days after all other experimental treatments. The second treatment of Meta-Systox R was applied 1 wk after the first at recommended label rates. At that time all stages of larvae were present and damage was just beginning to show up in the area. Approximately 2 wk later the spray block was surveyed for infested fasicles. On 75 randomly selected Scots pine trees the number of infested fasicles were estimated on the top whorl and leader (Test 1). Total midge impact was measured at the end of the growing season using a rating system devised to rank trees ordinally according to the severity of damage. The system is as follows: 0, no discernable midge damage; 1, slight damage contributing to degrade slightly; 2, damage moderate causing noticible degrade and 3, damage severe, tree may be unmarketable for 1-3 years. During late October, just prior to harvest, fifty systematically selected trees were rated from each treatment plot (Test 2). Damage ratings were analysed using a Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance. Individual treatment comparisons were made with a Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. This non parametric approach is analogous to a standard ANOVA and t tests although more appropriate for ordinal ratings that do not usually meet the assumptions of an ANOVA. Individual comparisons were made between the standard, Meta-systox R and each treatment. Comparisons marked with a “s –” performed significantly worse than the standard. Treatments marked with a “s + ” performed significantly better. Those treatments marked with a “ns” do not show a significantly different damage rating than the industry standard, Meta-systox R.

Developments in Michigan in 1976

Niagaran reef exploration continued to dominate drilling activity for the eighth straight year. Exploration was heaviest in northern counties along the reef trend. Pockets of activity were apparent in the Ingham-Calhoun-Eaton County region and in southeastern Michigan in a resurgence of reef exploration. Exploration resulted in 62 new discoveries. Nearly all are Salina-Niagaran reef reservoirs, about 81% of them credited to the Western and Northern districts. Oil and gas production was established for the first time in Benzie and Cheboygan Counties by the discovery of Niagaran reef reservoirs. New discoveries in Presque Isle County now extend the reef trend virtually to the shores of Lake Huron. Exploratory and development footage, figured from Department of Natural Resources, Geology Division, records amounted to 2,349,191 compared with 2,519,672 drilled in 1975. An additional 94,714 ft, mainly gas storage facility wells, is credited to 1976. Oil and gas production continues to set new records as additional reef reservoirs are found. Preliminary figures show that 30,421,533 bbl of oil (including condensate) and 120,252,528 Mcf of gas were produced in 1976. Both figures are new records and are direct results of Silurian Salina-Niagaran reef developments.

Environmental variables affecting small‐scale distributions of five rotifer species in Lancaster Lake, Michigan

AbstractThe small‐scale distributions of the rotifers Polyarthra vulgaris, Synchaeta stylata, Conochilus unicornis, Hexarthra mira, and Asplanchna priodonta were investigated in Lancaster Lake, Cheboygan County, Michigan, July 21, 1974. Measurements were taken for 13 depths (at 1‐m intervals) and at 4 times of the day (1:00 AM, 7:00 AM, 1:00 PM, and 7:00 PM). In addition, the abundances of 6 crustacean, 2 planktonic dipteran, and 10 algal species, as well as temperature, light, oxygen, chlorophyll a, alkalinity, pH and free carbon dioxide were measured. Whereas abiotic factors appeared to control large scale occupation of the lake, and excluded most species from the deeper portions of the hypolimnion, small‐scale distributional variation of the rotifers depended upon biotic interactions, particularly with the crustacean zooplankton.

High Nest Density and Non-Random Nest Placement in the Cedar Waxwing

The nesting of the Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) has been described as loosely colonial (Lack 1968) although isolated nests are regularly found. In July 1969, I found a group of nests that measurably extends our knowledge of the intensity of nest clumping or coloniality known for this species. Twenty nests were found in a 2.3-acre white pine (Pinus strobus) plantation in Cheboygan County, Michigan. Besides its high nest density, the situation was also noteworthy in that the nests showed a nonrandom distribution.

Micro-habitat pH differences from those of the surrounding water

Polyurethane sponges were suspended in the surface waters of a Mecklenburg County, North Carolina pond that was posted and unused, a Cheboygan County, Michigan “acid” bog pond and an “alkaline” gravel-pit pond, and a Montgomery County, Virginia farm pond. The pH of the sponge water was often substantially different from that of the surrounding water (e.g. sponge water pH 6.8, pond water pH 10.5). These differences are attributed to the microbial communities inhabiting the sponges. If this is generally true for microbial growths associated with substrates, the relationship of these species to the quality of the surrounding water should be re-examined.

Summer Movements of Adult Leopard Frogs, Rana Pipiens Schreber, in Northern Michigan

The purpose of this study was to determine the nature of the movements of adult Rana pipiens in summer and the factors controlling them. Movements in a population in Cheboygan County, Michigan, were studied by means of a trailing device for following individual frogs, by weekly censuses of the study areas, and by direct observation. Trailing was accomplished by means of a spool of thread, mounted in a holding device on the backs of adult frogs; this unwound as the animals moved, marking their routes. One hundred thirty—six frogs were trailed for a total of 681 frog—days (one frog/one day); individuals were trailed continuously for periods up to 35 days. In fair weather in summer, leopard frogs on their home ranges in the fields typically spent more than 95% of a day's time sitting quietly in "forms," made by clearing the wet soil of dead vegetation. Several remained in the same form for more than 24 hr, one for more than five days. Travel on the home range occurred only infrequently during each day, and usually consisted of a shift from one resting spot (form) to another, seldom more than 5 to 10 m apart and usually much less. Such movement took place at all times of the diel period, but almost two—thirds of the total distance moved by frogs on their home range was covered between 8 pm and 8 am, presumably during the night. Movement within the home range formed complicated patterns of turns, doublings, and criss—crossed paths. Many frogs returned repeatedly to particular parts of their range, often to certain forms which seemed to have some significance as homes. Occasional brief trips into adjoining regions uninhabitable by frogs may have been exploratory, or attempts to reoccupy former parts of the home range which were no longer suitable for occupancy. Leopard frogs which had home ranges in wet woods seldom construct forms but instead, frequently used crevices and cavities as retreats. It is suggested that Rana pipiens may be a more common resident in wet forests than is generally realized, but is seldom seen in such places owing to its secretive habits. In nocturnal rains leopard frogs occasionally made extended excursions off their ranges. Such movement differed from home range movement in being direct, more or less continuous through the night, and often covering distances of 100 m or more; one trailed frog moved 159 m in a single night. These migratory movements stopped at daybreak, the frogs commonly remaining in the region they had reached for several days, unless forced by unfavorable moisture conditions to move to more moist regions. Occasionally the migration was continued on the night following the initial movement; one trailed frog traveled 240 m in two consecutive nights. Heavy rains of long duration in which almost the total population emigrated produced a marked, though temporary, effect on dispersion. Although leopard frogs were almost entirely confined to regions of moist soil in fair weather, during and immediately after heavy rains they scattered widely. Migratory frogs, even those which reached areas suitable for permanent occupancy, showed a strong tendency to return to their ranges following nocturnal excursions. Of 30 subadult and adult frogs captured off their range during or after rains, 25 were later taken on their home range or had mowed toward it. The function of the nocturnal migratory excursions is now known; they probably enable the animals to become acquainted with a large area around their home ranges. The most rapid rate of movement determined for a trailed frog during a migration was 46.6 m/hr. The distance traveled, hence rate of movement, showed a significant positive correlation with temperature. Rain appeared to be the environmental factor initiating migratory movement.

Observations on two species of Rhizophydium from Northern Michigan

Two species of Rhizophydium infesting Pediastrum sp. from Carp Lake, Cheboygan County, Michigan, were isolated and grown on an agar medium and on a variety of killed organisms for the purpose of conducting a developmental and morphological investigation. The results of the study showed that such characters as the shape and size of the zoospores, the shape of the sporangia, and the number of discharge pores were constant for each species on all substrata. However, two morphological features, namely sporangial size of both chytrids and the endobiotic part of one species, were not constant on all the nutrient materials. Furthermore, the two fungi did not occur on healthy actively growing organisms, indeed they infested substrata that were non-living or killed by boiling.

Phytosociological analysis of aspen communities on three site classes for populus grandidentata in western Cheboygan County, Michigan

Ten 20×20 m plots were surveyed in each of three site classes (poor, medium, and good) for Populus grandidentata growth on three different podzolized soils in western Cheboygan County, Michigan, 14 miles south of the Straits of Mackinac. A phytosociological table shows that exclusive differential species distinguish communities of the poor sites from those of the good sites. In both groups some species are persistent from earlier stages of succession and others are invading species responsible for more recent succes sional change. The medium site class lacks differential species. Poor-site stands are developing toward Pinus resinosa-P. strobus forest and Quercus rubra-Pinus forest. Good-site stands are developing toward Acer-Fagus forest, a mesophytic community characteristic of the “northern hardwoods” regional climax. Medium-site stands have potentialities for development toward either the Pinus communities or the Acer-Fagus community, but predominantly in the direction of the latter.

Geology of Bottom Sediments from Burt Lake, Cheboygan County, Michigan

ABSTRACT Representative samples from 180 bottom sediment stations from Burt Lake, Cheboygan County, Michigan, were analyzed for particle size distribution, carbonate and organic carbon contents, and color. With a few exceptions the results show a gradation from a medium coarse sand to a gelatinous silt at a water depth of approximately 35 feet, which is an average of 1500 feet from shore. Both the carbonate and the organic carbon percentages increase with water depth and distance from shore, with the gelatinous silts of the central trough containing an average of 45.5 percent equivalent calcium carbonate and 27.8 percent organic carbon. There are a few striking exceptions, however. The greatest deviation occurs in the deepest part of the lake in what is believed to be the site of an active sin hole. The 12 percent sand content, the 67.2 percent carbonate content, together with only 20.8 percent organic matter lend support to the theory that springs are presently emanating from that pit in the lake floor. Analysis of these data suggests that the lake originated as a series of sinkholes which later became filled with Valders ice. Stagnation of the ice in these depressions, subsequent deposition of outwash sands and gravels around the blocks, and final melting of the ice eventually resulted in the formation of a sinkhole-kettle lake, Burt Lake.