Cheapest Techniques Research Articles

Repairing ribbon bus bar interruptions in photovoltaic modules using non-intrusive interruption location

Ribbon bus bar interruptions in photovoltaic modules represent approximately a 10 % of photovoltaic module failures. The purpose of the present work is to repair this failures using the simplest, fastest and cheapest techniques. Twin and single intercell interruptions are defined. The first one, twin intercell interruptions, cut off electrical current flow between two cells while the second one permits current flow between cells through just one ribbon bus bar at the cost of module efficiency reduction. We propose non-intrusive methods to find precise location of single and twin intercell interruptions. A simple technique for intercell interruption repairing is described. Three modules were repaired, multiplying its power production in two cases by 4, when comparing with its non-repaired power production. The third module did not produce any electricity before repairing, and after being repaired produced a power similar to its nominal value. The proposal of repairing can be put into practice in modestly equipped factories and laboratories, without using expensive and time consuming techniques.

REVIEW OF SOLAR ABSORBER PLATE TYPES AND CONFIGURATIONS WALLS USED IN SOLAR CHIMNEY

One of the best and cheapest techniques used by renewable solar energy sources to lower energy consumption in buildings is the use of natural ventilation in solar chimneys. Multi experimental and numerical studied have been conducted by using permitted fresh energy, such as wind energy, solar energy, in the distribution of clean energy. The solar chimney operating modes utilized in building envelopes are loosely categorized into three types: Trombe (vertical) wall solar chimney, roof solar chimney and Combining both (Trombe and Roof) solar chimney. This study gives a simple review of the literature on various types and configurations of absorber plat that used in the solar chimney in the building envelopes with inner air layers. The existing applications and technologies of solar chimney in walls, windows, and roofs are summarized and outlined. The results of all of these experimental and numerical researches are relevant to the regulation of energy in the case of absenteeism of available source of energy in order to reward energy loss by releasing or storing it. Finally, the current review study contains three various types of solar chimney reviews, including computational research, experimental testing, and numerical investigations.

Capsular Polysaccharides of Lactobacillus spp.: Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Simple Visualization Methods.

Lactobacillus strains can synthesize capsular polysaccharides (CPS), which are important substances in the dairy industry-they exhibit many important technological as well as health-promoting properties. Technological advancements have made it possible to detect bacterial capsules using costly and labor-intensive methods, such as serological reactions, molecular genetic techniques, and electron microscopy. Light microscopy, which is the method of interest in this paper, is one of the most widely accessible and cheapest techniques. CPS may be observed under a light microscope after staining bacterial cells and the background with a basic die and an acidic die, respectively (negative-positive staining), with the capsules remaining transparent. The literature offers many polysaccharide staining methods, but due to the considerable structural diversity of CPS and possible dye-capsule interactions, a suitable staining technique should be carefully selected for each strain. The current study showed that not all methods adequately reveal Lactobacillus CPS, with the most effective ones being those proposed by Hiss and Maneval.

Optimization of Treatment Parameters on the Recycling of Used Lubricating Oil

Acid treatment is one of the cheapest techniques and least applicable processes in the recycling of used lubricating oils. In this work, the performance of sulphuric acid in the treatment used oil was studied. The effects of the critical treatment parameters (acid volume, concentration of the acid, treatment temperature, stirring time and treatment time) were investigated by varying one treatment parameter at a time and analysing metal content in the sample of the treated oil using atomic absorption spectrometry (ASS). Thereafter, an optimal solution was determined by the combination of the optimum values of each treatment parameters. The original conventional treatment parameter values, resulted in 13.2 ppm and thereafter was optimised to 11 ppm this showed a definite improvement in efficiency. This result is also comparable to other data obtained in previously studied work which employed the same conventional treatment parameters. The optimal solution is within 10% variation as compared the standard individual metal content which ranges 0-10 ppm.

Advances in the Management of Ethylene in Post-Harvest Handling of Horticultural Crops

Ethylene is a simple organic molecule existing as a gas in nature and as a waste product of domestic and industrial processes. It can either be beneficial or harmful, depending on where and in what quantity it is produced. Because ethylene accelerates plant senescence, large losses of horticultural produce are incurred yearly. To overcome the detrimental effects of ethylene, various techniques have been developed. Usually, the simplest and cheapest techniques are the most effective. It may not be long before the beneficial effects of ethylene are extended to horticultural produce by molecular manipulation of its biosynthesis and action.