Chautauqua County Research Articles

A Brief Examination of the Northernmost Appalachian Counties: Southern Tier New York

Abstract This note briefly overviews the history of the Appalachian region of New York State, composed of the “Southern Tier” counties from Chautauqua County in the west to Schoharie County in the east. Counties in the area are rural and historically farming-based. New York's policies are urban normative and often ignore the Southern Tier region for the benefit of larger cities. The note examines how the region has significant resources but has faced structural issues due to policy implementation by New York City and Albany-based bureaucrats. This note introduces readers outside of the area to the state's rural areas.

New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State

New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State

Native American impact on past forest composition inferred from species distribution models, Chautauqua County, New York

Little consensus surrounds the extent of Native American impacts upon tree species composition in Eastern North America, prior to European‐American settlement (presettlement). Native American land‐use practices (e.g., forest clearance and burning) likely altered forest composition, but the spatial extent of these alterations remains vaguely quantified. Previous research has attempted to quantify the spatial extent of clearance practices, but little research has addressed the more subtle alterations to tree species composition resulting from Native American land use. Research has also inadequately distinguished between environmental and anthropogenic controls upon tree species composition, leaving open the possibility that, instead of modifying forest composition, Native American societies instead settled where favored tree species were already present. This study employed species distribution models (SDMs) trained from tree species data within presettlement land survey records (PLSRs), in order to understand Native American impacts upon presettlement tree species composition in Chautauqua County, New York. Using historical and archaeological data, this study developed “Native American variables” (NAVs), which represented human accessibility to features of Iroquoian settlement. This study then modeled the distribution of tree species in relation to both environmental variables and NAVs. Notable results indicate that NAVs significantly improved the predictive performance of SDMs for mast‐bearing taxa, such as oak (Quercus spp.), chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.), and hickory (Carya spp.). Under a simulated absence of Iroquoian settlement, the amount of “suitable” area in Chautauqua County decreased by 2 to 23 percentage points for five mast‐bearing taxa, depending upon species and modeling procedure. Results imply that Iroquoian alterations to tree species composition covered a larger spatial extent, in comparison to previous estimates of the spatial extent of clearance practices in Iroquoian regions. Yet, the majority of forest compositional modifications occurred within 10 to 15 km of village sites. This study offers a novel methodology for quantifying Native American impacts upon past tree species composition, and suggests that Iroquoian land‐use practices of the early Historic era shaped forest compositional patterns at local extents in one region of presettlement Eastern North America.

Using vegetation data within presettlement land survey records for species distribution modeling: A tale of two datasets

Researchers have long utilized the vegetation data within presettlement land survey records (PLSRs) to understand past forest composition in North America. PLSRs typically contain two datasets: bearing-tree (BT) data and line-description (LD) data. BT data are records of the trees that surveyors blazed adjacent to survey monuments, whereas LD data provide descriptions of tree species that surveyors observed along survey lines. Recently, studies have applied BT data to develop species distribution models (SDMs). SDMs create predictions of species distributions, based upon the modeled relationship between species presence and absence records, and environmental variables. Despite the applications of BT data in SDMs, the value of LD data for developing SDMs has not been explored. This study compares SDMs trained from LD data versus BT data, using PLSRs that were created ca. 1799–1814 CE in Chautauqua County, New York State. Using consensus modeling techniques, this study finds that despite positional uncertainty issues, LD data produce SDMs with better predictive performance than BT data, and more adequately generalize to independent datasets. Moreover, a comparable amount of data can be collected from LD data as from BT data, in order to develop models with greater predictive ability. This study challenges the use of BT data in SDMs, and suggests that modeling past species distributions can be accomplished more effectively using LD data.

Drought and Grazing Effects on Oklahoma Phlox (Polemoniaceae, <i>Phlox oklahomensis</i>)

Oklahoma phlox (Phlox oklahomensis Wherry) is endemic to Butler, Chautauqua, Comanche, Cowley, and Elk Counties of Kansas and Woods and Woodward Counties of Oklahoma. The species comprises populations of a few scattered individuals to several hundred in mixed-grass prairie sites in Oklahoma where cow-calf production is the common agricultural enterprise. It has successfully withstood periods of short-term drought (1 to 4 years) under light to moderate continuous stocking rates (41 to 52 animal unit days per hectare). Under heavy continuous stocking rates and/or prolonged drought, populations of P. oklahomensis tend to decrease in size and number and may disappear in some localities. Prolonged heavy stocking rates and drought will disrupt the reproductive cycle, severely limiting seed production and recruitment of new individuals to populations. During drought periods, livestock managers should use lighter stocking rates or deferred grazing to ensure rapid recovery of all prairie plants, including P. oklahomensis, once the drought ends. This recommendation would likely sustain prairie sites during long-term (longer than 10 years) droughts as well.

Assessing stream integrity based on interpretations of map-based riparian and subbasin properties

Ecosystems have become a primary focus for conservation efforts seeking to maintain native freshwater biodiversity. Inherent in lotic ecosystem studies is consideration of the influences that multiscale environmental properties have on the state of biological communities and ecological processes, herein referred to more generally as stream integrity. The Watershed Habitat Evaluation and Biotic Integrity Protocol (WHEBIP) was developed to provide rapid assessment of stream integrity for stream segments throughout watersheds based on riparian and subbasin features interpreted principally from aerial imagery and topographic maps. Protocol calibration was based on relationships between WHEBIP scores and aquatic community and aquatic habitat field data collected in the French Creek watershed, Chautauqua County, NY, USA. A test of the protocol in the Cussewago Creek watershed, Crawford and Erie Counties, PA, USA, indicated that the WHEBIP can be used as a generalized-stream integrity rapid-assessment tool, especially related to fish communities. However, the protocol’s ability to predict stream macroinvertebrate biological integrity measures was limited, emphasizing that it should be used primarily as a stratification tool to guide the classification of stream integrity within watersheds.

The Traitor of Zion

Ben Stroud the traitor of zion fiction 85 They had become something of a fascinationof mine: communes cut out of the interior, new societies where all were equal and either Jesus or Liberty reigned. Some days, after reading an account of a blind prophetess leading her followers to Illinois, or of a mill town where all shared labor and wealth equally, I yearned to give up my life and join them. I felt as if I lived in a hurtling age. It seemed all humanity stood on a precipice, that in the distance, beyond the coal smoke and the tangle of telegraph wires, could be spied a shining metro­ polis where men would be re-formed. But I spent my days stuck in my father’s shop—at twenty-three I was his peer in making the fiddles and other cheap instruments we sold to travelers embarking from the docks— and my nights in drink with friends. I need only walk the streets of my Baltimore, pass a slave carrying bricks on his crooked back or a rheumy-eyed sailor, ruined by the sea, begging alms and ale, to feel the rottenness in my soul. Men could not be changed, and I, one among millions, would never make it to any dream city. Even so, the yearning never left me. One night, during yet another of our regular debauches, I rose without a word and left my friends in a steaming oyster house. I had seen notices in the paper of a Hebronite meeting: their leader and revelator, Josiah Kershaw, was touring the East to summon new followers to the city he was raising on Peaine Island, a wilderness in the far northern reaches of Lake Michigan. All week the papers had mocked Kershaw. To them he was a gross fabricator —the great paradise he promised a myth, the prophecies on which he claimed his authority pure forgeries. But I was intrigued. His talk of harmony, of plain lives lived according to rule, stirred my hopes. I had passed the last weeks in a violent melancholy, pining for a woman who didn’t even know me, a ship captain’s young wife, and increasingly I had seen my future, bound by an invisible chain to the worktable, just like my father. And so, unsteady on my feet after five whiskeys, I searched for the inn where the meeting was to be held. By the time I found it my heart beat heavily and sweat dripped from my skin. My nerves were electric with anticipation. Eyes turned to look at me when I stumbled into the room. The meeting was already underway. At the front a graybeard clutched a Bible and kept his eyes shut as he recited a prayer. I sat in the back, gripping my knees to keep from swaying. The graybeard droned on. 86 ecotone People yawned and scratched their noses. After fifteen more minutes of this—the prayer was unending!—I could barely master myself. I was an imbecile. There was nothing for me here. I glanced at the door, but before I could rouse the courage to get back up, the graybeard sat and another man stood. “Those who walk in the way of the Lord will receive His blessings ,” he shouted, and with those words—and that marshal’s voice— I was seized. My drunkenness lifted from me. My eyes steadied, my mind ceased to yaw, my limbs stiffened with sober life. I recognized Kershaw from the newspaper illustrations. He was tall and spare, with a trimmed auburn beard and a high forehead seemingly shaped for the guarding of truths. His eyes glittered as if catching the wonders of his heavenly Guide. He paced before us, and something in him called to me. Without knowing why, I hungered for his blessing. Five years earlier, he told us, he had beenacoalshoveler in Chautauqua County. It was then that angels, and at last the Lord, had first shown themselves to him and revealed a golden scroll hidden in a cave. On this scroll he found descriptions of Peaine Island. It was the Lord’s chosen site for a holy city, a place where men would live in...

Donʼt Make Decisions About Us, Without Us

In Brief This study describes how, in response to an unexpected public health crisis, Chautauqua County learned a valuable lesson about the groundwork necessary to develop, implement, and then sustain health policies and programs to reach and react to the advice target communities.

MAPESITES, A NEW UPPER PENNSYLVANIAN (LOWER VIRGILIAN) AMMONOID FROM KANSAS

In recent years, the authors, along with colleagues, have documented the lower Virgilian ammonoid faunas of the Midcontinent and north-central Texas (Boardman et al., 1989, 1994a, 1994b; Work and Boardman, 1995, 1996). Generic diversity for this interval is the highest in any Upper Pennsylvanian succession: at least 18 genera (representing 15 families) have been recovered from the Colony Creek Shale in north-central Texas alone (Boardman et al., 1989). An additional, previously unrecognized ammonoid from the correlative Little Pawnee Shale in southeastern Kansas is described herein as Mapesites chautauquaensis new genus and species. It is a highly original taxon with no obvious close relatives. Representatives of Mapesites chautauquaensis n. gen. and sp. were recovered from the Little Pawnee Shale Member of the Cass Limestone from a roadcut exposure along US Highway 166, 1.4 km west of Peru, Chautauqua County, Kansas (NE NE sec. 20, T34S, R12E, Peru 7.5′ quadrangle). The Little Pawnee sequence at Peru consists of 2.6 m of dark gray fossiliferous shale with a 0.6-m black phosphatic zone 0.2 to 0.8 m above the base. Ammonoids occur as limonitic internal casts in the lower part of the shale sequence, 0 to 0.2 m above the base, and as calcitic casts in the middle part, 1.1 to 1.9 m above the base. The Little Pawnee Shale immediately overlies a thin, 0.1-m-thick dark skeletal packstone-wackestone unit, the Haskell Limestone Member, which contains the provisional Missourian-Virgilian Stage boundary (see Heckel et al., 1999, p. 50, 51 for additional details). The assemblage from the Little Pawnee Shale at this locality, in addition …

The impact of untruthful age reporting during tobacco compliance checks.

A pilot study consisting of 76 compliance checks was conducted in October 1998 in Chautauqua County, New York, by a 15-year-old white female. Half of the merchants were randomized to be checked under a standard protocol whereby the minor was instructed to answer truthfully when asked about her age. The remaining stores were checked under a new protocol that permitted the minor to state that she was 18 years old if asked about her age. It was found that untruthful age reporting during compliance checks has little impact on the overall compliance rate.

Mobilizing a mass HIV counseling and testing program in Chautauqua County.

In October 1997, the staff of the New York State Department of Health's Anonymous HIV Counseling and Testing Program were mobilized to assist the Chautauqua County Department of Health to respond to an unprecedented demand for HIV counseling and testing. This demand followed the release of the name of an HIV-infected individual who was suspected of infecting 13 young women in Chautauqua County. This article reviews essential elements of New York's efforts to assist Chautauqua County in meeting increased demands for HIV counseling and testing services during the emergency response. New York's experience can help inform other jurisdictions that may encounter similar public health emergencies in the future.

Intergovernmental collaboration in the emergency response to HIV transmission in Chautauqua County.

New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) staff became involved, in partnership with local county and national public health personnel, in the design and implementation of the emergency response to transmission of HIV in rural Chautauqua County, New York. Formulating plans for immediate public access to mass testing services on an uncertain time schedule and dealing with a myriad of other aspects in the context of intense media attention was an extraordinary and unprecedented experience. This case illustrated the value of intergovernmental collaboration. Lessons learned are informing development of NYSDOH guidelines.

Abstract: Ichnology and Depositional History of Douglas Group (Upper Pennsylvanian, Virgilian) Outcrops in Southeastern Chautauqua County, Kansas

Abstract: Ichnology and Depositional History of Douglas Group (Upper Pennsylvanian, Virgilian) Outcrops in Southeastern Chautauqua County, Kansas

"A just right to select our own officers": Reactions in a Union Regiment to Officers Commissioned from Outside Its Ranks

"a just right to select our own officers": Reactions in a Union Regiment to Officers Commissioned from Outside Its Ranks Mark H. Dunkelman "The regiment is the family," wrote Gen. William T. Sherman in the postwar years, and his simile was an apt one. In most of the thousands of regiments raised, North and South, community ties bound the men together in a familial fashion. Companies were often recruited within the confines ofa few neighboring towns; regiments were frequently raised within the borders ofa county or two. Family ties in companies and regiments were literal in many cases. Pairs ofbrothers were not uncommon, and fraternal trios, quartets, and quintets occasionally volunteered together. Combinations of uncles and nephews and cousins were readily encountered in the ranks, and father and son duos were also to be found.1 Members of companies and regiment not related by blood were bonded in brotherhood by the ordeals faced in the service—particularly in the crucible of combat. Leading these bands of brothers were their officers, often (at least initially ) the very men who had recruited the volunteers. Respected officers paternalistically looked after the well-being oftheir "boys," subjected them to stern but fair discipline, and led them by example when the storm of battle raged. At the other end of the spectrum were officers who misused or abused their fatherly role. Some men were corrupted by their sudden elevation to positions of authority and became petty tyrants. Others proved to be prey to incompetence, drunkeness, or—worst of all—cowardice.2 1 WilliamT. Sherman,Memoirs ofGeneral William T. Sherman byHimself, vol. 1 1 (Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1957), 385. Examples of kinship ties are numerous in the 154th New York Volunteers. In Company C, for instance, at least ten sets of brothers have been identified, a full quarter of the ???-man total. Eight pairs of fathers and sons are known to have served in the regiment. 2 James M. McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1997), 53-55, 86-87; Joseph T. Glatthaar, The March to the Sea and Beyond: Sherman's Troops in the Savannah and Carolinas Campaigns (New York: New York Univ. Press, 1985X 21-27; Earl J. Hess, The Union Soldier in Battle: Enduring the Ordeal of Combat (Lawrence: Univ. Press of Kansas, 1997), 1 17-22; James I. Robertson, Jr., Soldiers Blue and Gray (Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1 988), 2 1 . Civil War History, Vol. xliv No. 1 © 1998 by The Kent State University Press "A JUST RIGHT TO SELECT OUR OWN OFFICERS"25 Who replaced the officers who were felled by bullets in combat, died of disease in camp, or simply chose to exercise their prerogative to resign? A system of promotions stipulated by army regulations was usually ignored in volunteer regiments. Methods of filling vacancies varied from state to state, but governors generally deferred to the recommendations of regimental commanders in issuing commissions. Most often, officers were replaced by promotion from within the company or regiment. That procedure best served the good of the service: a familiar figure of proven ability assumed the fatherly role vacated by the departed officer and offered his fellow soldiers an example to emulate. But on occasion, openings in regimental officer corps were filled by outsiders. Much like a stepfather meeting his new family, how such an officer was received by his new military family depended on the circumstances of the case.3 A typical Union army regiment offers several examples.The 154th NewYork Volunteer Infantry was raised in Cattaraugus and Chautauqua Counties in the summer of 1 862 in response to President Abraham Lincoln's July 1 call for three hundred thousand three-year volunteers. The regiment left western New York for the front in September 1 862 with a full complement of seven field and staff and thirty company-grade officers. Each and every one of them was from either Cattaraugus or Chautauqua County, and many of them had helped to recruit the regiment. When the inevitable vacancies occurred in the officer corps, members of the 154th fully expected that the positions would be filled from within their...

First Observation of Egg Sac Predation of the Mantisfly, Mantispa interrupta (Neuroptera, Mantispidae) upon the Wolf Spider, Gladicosa gulosa (Araneae, Lycosidae)

Although adult mantisflies of the subfamily Mantispinae prey upon a variety of insect species, during the larval stage they are obligate predators of spider eggs (Redborg and MacLeod, 1985; Hoffman and Brushwein, 1989). The mobile, campodeiform larvae gain entrance to spider egg sacs by either directly burrowing into an egg sac, or by boarding a female spider and entering the egg sac as it is being produced. Some species (Mantispa viridis Walker) are obligate egg sac penetrators, whereas others, such as Mantispa sayi Banks, can utilize both methods (Redborg and MacLeod, 1985). Inside the egg sac, the larva passes through three instars and transforms into a pupa. The pharate adult then emerges from both the pupal case and the spider egg sac. Soon after emergence it sheds one more time, transforming into a fully functional adult mantisfly (Hoffman and Brushwein, 1990). On 8 March 1997, a female Gladicosa gulosa (Walckenaer) (Araneae, Lycosidae) was captured in a mesic woodland on the Red Buffalo Ranch, in Chautauqua County, Kansas. The spider was maintained at room temperature in a laboratory of the Department of Entomology, University of Kansas. An egg sac was produced on 15 March, and a pharate adult Mantispa interrupta Say emerged at sunset on 17 April. Within an hour, it shed to the adult stage. No live spiderlings occurred in the egg sac after the mantispid's emergence. Instead of characteristically carrying the egg sac attached to her spinnerets, the female wolf spider ignored her egg sac for approximately one week prior to the mantispid's emergence. The emergence of the mantispid at sunset is consistent with Brushwein's observations of the emergence of M. interrupta between 1900 and 2200 hours EST (Brushwein, Culin, and Hoffman, 1995). Spider host associations for Mantispa interrupta have been summarized by Hoffman and Brushwein (1990). A laboratory study by Viets (1941) first demonstrated M. interrupta larvae boarding a female lycosid and the subsequent emergence of an adult mantisfly from the spider's egg sac. Pharate adults of M. interrupta have been recorded emerging from egg sacs of: Gnaphosa muscorum (C. L. Koch) (Gnaphosidae) (Kaston, 1940), Rabidosa rabida (Walckenaer) [reported as Lycosa rabida Walckenaer] (Lycosidae) (Rice, 1985), Eris militaris (Hentz) [reported as Philaeus militaris (Hentz)]

Can echolocation calls provide information about group identity in the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus)?

We studied the potential for colony-specific echolocation calls at maternity colonies of little brown bats, Myotis lucifugus, in Chautauqua County, New York. By analyzing echolocation calls recorded from free-flying bats returning to their roosts before dawn and those of known individuals in a captive setting, we tested for structural differences in the echolocation calls among maternity colonies. There were significant differences in the structure of the echolocation calls among the maternity colonies in both data sets, but the nature of these differences may depend on the setting in which the echolocation calls were produced. The echolocation calls of volant juveniles differed from those of adult females. Colony-specific echolocation calls could facilitate group and site recognition in microchiropteran bats.

Vitrinite Reflectance of Pennsylvanian Coals in Southeastern Kansas as a Measure of Depth of Burial

Vitrinite reflectance was measured on coal samples from eight Pennsylvanian stratigraphic units from the Bluejacket Coal (Cherokee Group, Desmoinesian) to a coal in the West Branch Shale (Admire Group, Virgilian). A depth-burial gradient of 0.206% km was computed using these data. This value was extrapolated to the surface and it was determined that for Chautauqua County in southeastern Kansas, approximately 1750 ft. of overburden has been removed.

Stratigraphy of the Wakarusa Limestone Member of the Bern Formation (Wabaunsee Group, Virgilian Stage, Upper Pennsylvanian) of East-Central Kansas

The Wakarusa Limestone Member of the Bern Formation crops out as a prominent east-facing escarpment in a northeast-trending belt across eastcentral Kansas. The limestone is light gray, hard, and fossiliferous. Horn corals are abundant locally. In Greenwood County a small, 18-foot thick algal bank has been identified. The member is interpreted to have been deposited under normal open-marine conditions in the shallow, warm Kansas Sea. The Wakarusa is the upper limestone member of the Bern Formation (Wabaunsee Group, Virgilian Stage, Pennsylvanian System). The Wakarusa crops out in a narrow band across east-central Kansas. The unit was named by J. W. Beede in 1898 for exposures along Wakarusa Creek just south of Auburn in southwestern Shawnee County. One of the best exposures now is along 170 just west of Topeka near the center of section 31, T. 11 S., R. 15 E. (Plate 1). The outcrop band extends diagonally south-southwest from Brown County in the north to Chautauqua County in the south. The best exposures are south of the Kansas River Valley. Because the Wakarusa is a prominent bench-forming limestone across most of the outcrop belt in eastern Kansas, it has received more-than-normal attention from surface mappers and stratigraphers. Following the initial work of Beede (1898), Condra (1927) extended his work south from Nebraska to include the Wakarusa. R. C. Moore followed with a series of reports on the Pennsylvanian in eastern Kansas, which included the Wakarusa (1936, 1937, 1948, 1949, and 1964). The unit has been mentioned in many other publications, theses, and dissertations. There are, however, three theses of particular importance (Owen, 1959; Ross, 1960; and Myers, 1968) and one short publication (Myers and Robbins, 1968). Many of the field guides in eastern Kansas also include a stop or two at an outcrop of the Wakarusa Limestone Member and adjacent beds. This short paper is intended to give This content downloaded from 157.55.39.203 on Sat, 27 Aug 2016 06:13:52 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 68 TRANSACTIONS OF THE KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Shanghai Creek Shale Member of the Howard Formation (Wabaunsee Group, Upper Pennsylvanian) in Eastern Kansas

Clarification is needed of the name Shanghai Creek as used for a new member name as proposed by Merriam (1989). The name was proposed by Merriam in an article naming the Wauneta Limestone as a new member of the Howard Limestone. It since has been determined that the term used by Merriam (the Shanghai Creek Shale) should conform to the geographic place name and thus Shanghai Creek should be the proper name. Therefore it is noted here that the Shanghai Creek Shale lies above the Wauneta Limestone Member and below the Church Limestone Member of the Howard Formation. The type section is designated (as for the Wauneta Limestone) as along U.S. Highway 166 in Chautauqua County about 71/2 miles east of Cedar Vale in sec. 7, T 34S , R 10E. The lower part of the unit is a phosphatic, black, fissile shale whereas the upper part is a light-gray to tan fossiliferous shale. It ranges from 1 to 2 feet thick.

The Wauneta Limestone, a New Member of the Howard Limestone (Wabaunsee Group, Upper Pennsylvanian) in Eastern Kansas

Two new members of the Howard Limestone Formation of the Wabaunsee Group have been named -the Wauneta Limestone Member and the Shangai Creek Shale Member. The type section is designated along U.S. Highway 166 in Chautauqua County about 71/2 miles east of Cedar Vale in sec. 7, T.34 S., R. 10 E. The units are important in understanding the development of Virgilian (Pennsylvanian) cyclothems. A limestone unit has been recognized, but unnamed, in the Howard Limestone Formation for many years. The unit is present in the southern part of the State in Greenwood, Elk, and Chautauqua Counties. Because of the importance in the understanding of the Virgilian cyclothems, it is deemed appropriate to name and describe the unit formally as the Wauneta Limestone Member of the Howard Formation. The Wauneta Limestone Member overlies the Aarde Shale (restricted) and underlies the Shangai Creek Shale (new name) as part of the Howard Limestone Formation of the Wabaunsee Group (Virgilian, Upper Pennsylvanian). Units of the Howard Limestone consist of (from oldest to youngest): Bachelor Creek Limestone, Aarde Shale with the Nodaway Coal Bed, Wauneta Limestone, Shangai Creek Shale, Church Limestone, Winzeler Shale, and Utopia Limestone. The Howard Formation is underlain by the Severy Shale and overlain by the White Cloud Shale Member of the Scranton Shale (Fig. 1). The Severy Shale is a silty, micaceous, light-gray shale with thin beds of sandstone. Locally, the sandstones are ripplemarked and may contain softsediment deformation features. Nodules may be present as well as tracks, trails, and burrows. Thickness ranges from 60 to 80 feet (White, 1987). Conformably overlying the Severy is the basal unit of the Howard, the Bachelor Creek Limestone, which is a gray, silty, fossiliferous limestone. Fossils include a few fusulinids, brachiopods, bryozoans, crinoid fragments, echinoid plates and spines, and clams; burrows may be present. The unit is from 1 to 2 feet thick (Merriam and Sorensen, 1982). This content downloaded from 207.46.13.180 on Thu, 08 Sep 2016 04:12:38 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 108 TRANSACTIONS OF THE KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE