Charter Principles Research Articles

Non-aligned!

Abstract Africa’s stance on the Russian-Ukraine war has elicited censure from the West, resulting in diplomatic bruises at the multilateral level. Efforts by the NATO countries to utilise multilateral fora, such as the United Nations, to generate unanimous condemnation of Russia and the application of diplomatic pressure bilaterally have not yielded the expected outcome. We argue that without a clear strategy to support the mitigation of the fallouts of the conflict in African countries, the West’s expectation of Africa’s alignment with its interpretation of collective security is, at best idealistic. By mapping out the rationale for Africa’s position as expressed by individual member states and the African Union, we argue that Africa’s non-aligned position is not a deviation from the Charter principles but rather a pragmatic strategy for mitigating its vulnerabilities against the fallouts of the conflict.

Identifying the Principles of Citizenship Charter in State Agencies in Iran

Identifying the Principles of Citizenship Charter in State Agencies in Iran

Canine Support Program: Student perceptions and preferences at a regional university and implications for health, well-being, and student support enhancements.

Canine Support Programs (CSPs) are a potential solution to growing university student support demands. While current studies focus on the impacts of CSPs, there is limited understanding of the views and expectations of tertiary students about CSPs. This study explored the perceptions and preferences of students in an Australian regional university about CSPs. A questionnaire with multiple choice and open-ended questions surveyed residential students' perspectives about CSP. Data were analysed using descriptive statistical tests and thematic analysis for open responses. Majority (98%) of participants (sample n = 48) would support a CSP on campus. Frequent, small-group interactions of ≥15 min involving physical contact were preferred. Dog disposition, welfare-trained handlers, and veterinary certification were important aspects of program safety. Participants strongly agreed a CSP would improve mental health and well-being, relieve stress, reduce feelings of homesickness, provide support, comfort, and enable social interactions. There is strong support among the study population for CSP to be established on campus. This study supports earlier research that CSP has benefit potential for new, stressed, and/or students who love dogs. The preferences of students should inform program design to enhance utility and impact. This aligns with Health Promoting Universities and College's Okanagan Charter principle of 'engaging student voices'. More institutional awareness and support for CSPs will be necessary for integration. SO WHAT?: This study reveals the need for tailored and creative student support beyond traditional offerings including those that focus on student well-being and social initiatives. CSPs can be utilised as an advocate, enabler, and medium for mental health promotion action and well-being support for tertiary students; thereby, contributing to the 'Health Promoting University' agenda in Australia. It also reinforces the need for a Health in All Policies approach to be incorporated into our tertiary education sector. Future actions should focus on improving institutional awareness, support, and sector implementation.

Urgency through education: Futures learning through children’s literature

AbstractThe purpose of this communication is to explore possibilities for children’s literature to enable futures learning. It introduces the ways in which two different frameworks might be used to analyse children’s literature. The first framework draws upon the Earth Charter Principles (ECP) (Auld et al., 2021). The second framework brings together the pillars of sustainability with the principles of Education for Sustainability (EfS) in a framework for ecological sustainability of children’s literature (White et al., 2020). The communication starts by introducing a text – a recent example of ‘awarded’ and therefore high-quality children’s literature. We then outline the two frameworks and explore the possibilities of applying these frames for analysing this text. We conclude that the sustainability frameworks are useful tools and resources for analysing children’s literature to determine the quality of the text and how the experience of reading the text may impact children, their learning and their environmental consciousness and practices.

Observance of the UN Charter Principles in Their Entirety and Interdependence Is a Guarantee of Global Peace and Stability

If all members of the world community fulfill in practice their obligations as stated in the UN Charter, mankind will get a chance to overcome the disastrous vestige of the unipolar era.

Open Data: A National Data Governance Strategy for Open Science and Economic Development - A case study of the United Arab Emirates

Open science is data-based endeavor. It requires scientific collection and analysis to arrive at findings, that explains a phenomenon. Data are either primary or secondary. In a post pandemic world, restrictions are posing challenges to the collection of primary data for scientific analysis purpose. This is due to limited financial and/or time resources and/or some form of social distancing. A sustaining alternative for open science program is secondary data. These are data collected by a credible source like government and reputable organizations (Chinelo Igwenagu, 2016; Morgan & J.Harmon, n.d.). How accessible are open data for open science in the MENA region? The difficulty and/or unavailability of data poses a challenge to open science practices in the MENA region. This paper intends to investigates open data for open science and economic development in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) as a leading country in the MENA region. The aim is to identify the region’s open data and open science gaps based on the Open Data Barometer (ODB) framework and proffer insight for optimization, using the national data governance approach of Open data as per the Open Data Charter (ODC) principles of 2015. This study reviews a 63 randomly selected list of government entities & ministries open data practices in the UAE. Potential findings will help assess open data and open science strategy in the region. This is significant because it will draw the attention of MENA government and stakeholders to the gaps and opportunities in the revival of a post pandemic economy. It could also serve as a model for other MENA nations in their pursuance of all-round development.

The Perils of Democratism

The article examines an aspect of the meta-theoretical context of the renewed confrontation between the political West and Russia. A distinction is drawn between democratism, the purposive instrumentalization of democracy agendas in great power conflict, and democracy as a responsive, reflexive and participatory mechanism of popular control over government. In the post-Cold War era this gave rise to inter-democracy, the combination of NATO and the European Union as the basis for the continued predominance of Atlanticism in the political West. This served to exclude alternative security arrangements in post-Cold War Europe, notably pan-continental variants. At the same time, the political West, a constellation of power that was created during and shaped by the Cold War, advanced transdemocracy, the view that democracy was the foundation for the creation of a genuine security community. Drawing on democratic peace theory, this approach substituted democratic internationalism for the sovereign internationalism at the heart of the UN-based Charter international system established in 1945. This gave rise to a distinctive style of international politics, described as democratism in this paper. Rather than overcoming conflict, democratism serves to sharpen antagonisms and thus helped to regenerate Cold War practices and undermined the credibility of liberal internationalism itself. The blowback effects, however, should be distinguished from the continuing struggle for democracy and a style of international politics that remains true to Charter principles.

МОВНА ПОЛІТИКА В УКРАЇНІ І ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ЄВРОІНТЕГРАЦІЇ

The paper discusses the current state and the prospects of language planning and language policy in Ukraine from the perspective of their conformity with the European language ideologies, sociolinguistic principles and practical approaches. Since late 20th century language policy in Ukraine has been determined by the battle of two antagonistic language ideologies: 1) advocating the spread of Ukrainian into public spheres from which it was ousted or denied access to by the centuries of imperial domination and 2) conservation of colonial legacy accompanied by appeals to western-type liberal values of human rights and individual freedom. Under the pretext of implementing the principles of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages pro-Russian political forces tried to impede the spread of Ukrainian into public life and to conserve the language situation caused by Russian assimilation policy. As a result, the reputation of the Charter in Ukraine was seriously damaged. Sociological surveys show that Ukrainian speakers prevail among those striving for the country’s membership in the EU and NATO, while those rejecting the prospects of the country’s Euro-Atlantic integration are mostly Russophones. Since the start of the full-scale military aggression of Russia against Ukraine the number of Ukrainian citizens shifting from Russian to Ukrainian in their daily intercourse is ever growing. Symbolically they distance themselves from the ideology of the so called Russian World and join the ranks of the supporters of either Ukrainian monolingualism or of bilingualism with the sufficient knowledge of the state language. There are indications that the feasibility of implementation of the Charter towards Russian and some other languages in Ukraine could be questioned. Yet taking into account that the Charter recognizes that protection of regional or minority languages should not be to the detriment of the official language or threaten territorial integrity of the country, there is no sound reason for its denunciation.

Open Data: A National Data Governance Strategy For Open Science And Economic Development – A Case Study Of The United Arab Emirates

Open science is data-based endeavor. It requires scientific collection and analysis to arrive at findings, that explains a phenomenon. Data are either primary or secondary. In a post pandemic world, restrictions are posing challenges to the collection of primary data for scientific analysis purpose. This is due to limited financial and/or time resources and/or some form of social distancing. A sustaining alternative for open science program is secondary data. These are data collected by a credible source like government and reputable organizations (Chinelo Igwenagu, 2016; Morgan & J.Harmon, n.d.). How accessible are open data for open science in the MENA region? The difficulty and/or unavailability of data poses a challenge to open science practices in the MENA region. This paper intends to investigate open data for open science and economic development in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) as a leading country in the MENA region. The aim is to identify the region’s open data and open science gaps based on the Open Data Barometer (ODB) framework and proffer insight for optimization, using the national data governance approach of Open data as per the Open Data Charter (ODC) principles of 2015. This study reviews a 63 randomly selected list of government entities & ministries open data practices in the UAE. Potential findings will help assess open data and open science strategy in the region. This is significant because it will draw the attention of MENA government and stakeholders to the gaps and opportunities in the revival of a post pandemic economy. It could also serve as a model for other MENA nations in their pursuance of all-round development.

THE ROLE OF ASEAN INTERGOVERNMENTAL COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN HANDLING THE ISLAMOPHOBIA IN MYANMAR ROHINGYA CASE

The 2017 Rohingya ethnic’s mass massacre that happened in Rakhine states, Myanmar had been paid ASEAN attention in which ASEAN has established a specific body that can handle the concerning matters in this case. This body is called AICHR (ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights), with its particular function to address human rights issues to maintain the harmony between goals and principles of ASEAN Charter. Concerning ASEAN Charter, surely, AICHR is expected to align with the non-intervention principle of ASEAN. Consequently, it is inevitable for AICHR to undergo this mission with uncertainty to decide AICHR’s way to handle this case. Through using the qualitative research method in this paper, we could at least understand this case easily by being described enough from our collected data, then synchronously we could picture these two major ideas in this paper, namely AICHR and ASEAN Way whether in a partial or impartial technique to know how AICHR contribute while under the influence of ASEAN Way in this Rohingya Case, and to thoroughly solve this Rohingya case, it is our main goal to make this paper as considerable as possible to be discussed.

The Availability of the Common Law Defence of Duress to Principals Charged with Murder: An Analysis of the Conflicting Appellate Decisions in R v Willis (TAW) and R v Aravena

The topic of whether an accused charged as a party to murder can access the common law defence of duress has been a controversial subject in Canada. Unlike in Britain where the House of Lords in R v Howe categorically decided to deny the common law defence to all parties to the offence of murder, the law in Canada has been more hospitable to offenders charged with murder. Aiders and abettors and those charged under the common intention provisions of the Criminal Code of Canada are given access to the defence. The question of whether a principal to murder has access to the common law defence of duress has not yet been decided by the Supreme Court of Canada. In R v Aravena, the Court of Appeal for Ontario was inclined to the view that the defence be extended to principals to murder to give effect to the Charter principle of moral involuntariness. However, in a subsequent decision, R v Willis (TAW), the Court of Appeal for Manitoba refused to follow Aravena, finding that the denial of the common law defence of duress to principals to murder, as provided for in s. 17 of the Criminal Code, was constitutional, based on a proper understanding and application of the principle of moral involuntariness. The Supreme Court of Canada refused leave from the decisions in both Aravena and Willis, leaving the law of duress confused and unsettled as between these two appellate decisions. In this article, it will be argued that there are five reasons to prefer the holding in Aravena to the holding in Willis.

Legal Support of Financial Independence of Territorial Communities in Ukraine

The article provides a scientific analysis of the financial independence of territorial communities, which is aimed at strengthening the implementation of decentralization measures in Ukraine. Indicated that problems of financial support of the local government powers are the focus of Ukrainian scientists, experts in local budget management and finance. Independence in the aspect of local self-government should be considered within the norms established by the Constitution of Ukraine, the European Charter of Local Self-Government, and other legislative acts. Performed theoretical and applied identification of the “financial independence of the territorial community”. Analyzed the key provisions of the Ukrainian legislation on financial support of territorial communities, which were transformed in the process of decentralization during 2014–2020. Highlighted the state policy components of ensuring the financial independence of territorial communities, based on the principles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government. Measures of state policy to ensure the financial independence of territorial communities can be systematized into two groups: 1) direct participation of the state in the formation of financial resources of communities and territories; 2) indirect participation of the state in the formation of financial resources of communities and territories and their disposal. Noted that consolidation of revenue sources in local budgets of Ukraine is characterized by instability. Summarized the results of the sociological study of the financial support of territorial communities in terms of their financial independence. Emphasized the lack of legal opportunity for local governments to independently keep records of personal income tax and other national taxes in terms of their payers. Proposed the measures to improve the administration of taxes, which are a source of revenue to local budgets: organization of a digital information network on the payment of taxes and other mandatory payments by individuals and ensuring access to it by local government officials; establishing interaction of territorial bodies of the State Tax Service of Ukraine with local self- -government bodies on issues of control over the correctness and timeliness of tax payments and other obligatory payments by individuals and legal entities, etc.

FISCAL SPACE FOR EMERGENCIES IN MUNICIPALITIES

Abstract. Emergencies that have become an integral part of the lives of different municipalities and the threat of their negative consequences requires an adequate response from local governments. The article outlines the main causes of such situations and substantiates the need to address them by joining efforts both at the national level and at the level of local self-government. The concept of fiscal space is considered by the authors as the presence of a certain budget reserve to achieve the desired goals without violating financial stability. In the context of emergencies, this is a fiscal space to fund certain goals, which can sometimes be actualized in a very short time (as happened with the situation in health care in 2020). The possibility of targeting the fiscal space in the field of health care, social protection, overcoming the effects of natural disasters, combating poverty, achieving the goals of sustainable development, etc. is noted. The article presents the results of a study of the impact of emergencies (eg, the COVID-19 pandemic) on the ability of local authorities to respond to their consequences. The authors analyzed budget expenditures to combat COVID-19 and assessed changes in the financial capacity of municipalities and funding priorities, including funding for pandemic control at the national and subnational levels, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on municipal finances in terms of compliance with the principles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government, the impact on funding priorities at the local level and municipality development strategies, the ability of local governments to respond to emergencies and highlighted some already tested effective practices. The article examines the methods of forming fiscal space, which were used to overcome the consequences of emergencies: reprioritization of expenditures, improving the efficiency of available resources, revenues to local budgets, which are additionally obtained due to understatement of initial revenue plans, reserve fund. Key words: fiscal space, emergencies, municipal finances, municipalities. JEL Classification r51 Formulas: 0; fig.: 1; tabl.: 1; bibl.: 15.

Evaluation of an Online 360° Virtual Reality World Heritage Site During COVID-19

Abstract This study developed a framework to evaluate, in the context of COVID-19, the performance of an OVRWCHT (online 360° virtual reality world cultural heritage tourism) system created by the authors for the purpose of heritage interpretation and presentation. The research framework was based on the seven main principles of the ICOMOS Charter for the Interpretation and Presentation of Cultural Heritage Sites, and evaluation criteria were established for each. This framework was used to evaluate an OVRWCHT for the Hailongtun Tusi World Heritage Site in Guizhou Province, China. Data were mainly based on 1,062 questionnaires and analyses of the developed system. The findings indicated that, whether in terms of user experience or the interpretation of the UNESCO criterion “outstanding universal value,” Stakeholders agreed that OVRWCHT has played a positive role in heritage interpretation. Yet, more data support is needed to improve both technology and theory – especially the transferability of OVRWCHT to countries other than China. Based on the findings, it is suggested that the International Council on Monuments and Sites should continue to issue charters on how emerging technologies can support heritage site interpretation and presentation.

An argument for using the Earth Charter Principles as ideological framing in award winning children’s literature

As long as literature has been specifically aimed at children questions have been raised about ideological representations in children’s literature. Award-winning children’s literature generally upholds contemporary standards of moral ideologies in the text. Ideological representations of sustainability and justice are yet to be fully accommodated in the judging criteria of children’s literary awards. The Earth Charter proposes a framework of responsibility for ‘a sustainable global society founded on respect for nature, universal human rights, economic justice and a culture of peace’. This paper proposes an argument for adopting the sixteen principles of the Earth Charter as an ideological framework for selecting award-winning children’s books. The 2018 Australian Children’s Book Council Award for Early Childhood is used as the case for analysis. The award-winning book is analysed using an Ideological Framework for Earth Charter Principles. This framework is adapted from McCallum and Stephens’ (2011) model of Ideological Framing in Children’s Literature. Our analysis revealed that this award-winning book both upholds and violates Earth Charter principles. This paper provides an argument for excluding books from award honours if they violate the principles of the Earth Charter without redefining or resolving the violations. For award-winning children’s literature to stand the test of time, the selection of texts could be referenced to an aspirational document like the Earth Charter that advocates justice for a sustainable future.

Conducting a rapid health promotion audit in suburban Adelaide, South Australia: Can it contribute to revitalising health promotion?

How health promotion is implemented varies and it is often not clear what activities are in place in a region. Understanding the extent of health promotion activities helps planning activities. This research involved a rapid audit of the types of health promotion activities in a suburban region of South Australia. This analysis was guided by the WHO Ottawa Charter's principles. To better understand population needs and which health promoting activities may help, an epidemiological, demographic and social determinants of health profile of southern Adelaide described disease patterns and health inequities. While there was evidence of a range of health promoting activities, most concerned individual or behavioural services. A key finding was the small number of activities that the state health department and local health system were responsible for. Alongside local government, NGOs provided the bulk of health promotion activities. In addition, there were no overarching health promotion strategies or coordinating bodies to evaluate the activities. The epidemiological, demographic and social determinants of health profile found persistent health and social inequities. This rapid audit of health promotion in a region enabled a quick assessment of the current health promotion situation and provided evidence of gaps and areas where policy change should be advocated. SO WHAT?: The key findings distilled from this research were designed to inform policy priorities to shift health promotion in southern Adelaide onto a trajectory consistent with the Ottawa Charter and prevent further focus on individualised behaviour change strategies known as 'lifestyle drift'.

ENSURING INDEPENDENCE OF LOCAL BUDGETS UNDER CONDITIONS OF FINANCIAL DECENTRALIZATION

The article investigates the modern conditions and problems of forming local budget revenues in Ukraine. It is determined that local budgets must function as a well-oiled machine ensuring the equivalence of financial resources and planned allocations under conditions of financial decentralization. Approaches to ensuring budgetary independence are substantiated, outlining the tools necessary for local self-government bodies to ensure their capacity to develop. It is established that increased emphasis on independence of local budgets can become one the levers used for ensuring the local finance system complies with the principles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and Law of Ukraine «On Local Self-Government in Ukraine». For this purpose, local self-governments are recommended to establish a sufficient and stable revenue base by introducing their own taxes and fees, expanding the non-tax revenue sources, changing the distribution of the revenues from the income tax and corporate tax between government budgets of different levels, creating community funds of economic development, balancing subsidies and subventions. It is argued that budgetary independence is an economic ideal that local self-government bodies should strive for. Its antipodes are rigid financial dependence of local budgets on state budgets, lack of own revenues, and ineffective distribution of funds between budgets of different levels. Additionally, the revenue sources specified in the legislature do not allow the authorities to sustain expenditures with the levies at local level. It is substantiated that territories with independent local budgets can create the state economic environment that corresponds to the principles of financial decentralization.

Нормативно-правове забезпечення створення та функціонування об'єднаних територіальних громад

The article examines the issues of legal support for the creation and functioning of united territorial communities at present. It is determined that since 2014, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine have adopted a significant number of normative legal acts that allow for the implementation of the decentralization reform. United territorial communities in Ukraine are the primary source for the formation and implementation of a new policy of sustainable development of the territories of Ukraine. It was found that one of the most important elements of the strategy of management of the united territorial communities in Ukraine is independence, efficiency, managerial innovations, speed and justification of decision-making. The management of this sector is based on the principles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government, which provides for the decentralization of power, the transfer of basic powers and resources to local governments, while placing great responsibility on them. It is proved that this policy is based on the provisions of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and the best world standards of public relations in this area. The legislative basis for a radical change in the system of government and its territorial basis at all levels began to take shape in 2014. It is concluded that for the further successful functioning of the OTG it is necessary to resume work on the bill to amend the Constitution of Ukraine on decentralization; to adopt a new version of the Law of Ukraine «On Local Self-Government in Ukraine»; to amend the Law of Ukraine «On Cooperation of Territorial Communities» regarding the introduction of the procedure for joining territorial communities to existing cooperation agreements; Keywords: united territorial community, OTG, local self-government, decentralization, reform, local self-government bodies

Peran Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dalam Kaitannya dengan Penegakan Hukum Oleh Mahkamah Pidana Internasional (Prospek dan Tantangan)

International law in its development moves dynamically according to international community interactions. In the development of international law has spawned an international organization, namely the United Nations (UN). International courts relating to the UN status. The UN has laid the framework of the kosnstitusionic on the underlying instrument of the Charter with the determination of all the members of the UN to avoid the recurrence of World War threats that have twice occurred and have caused A threat to all mankind. THE un-formed International Criminal Court is backed by many demands for justice for its extraordinary crimes (the most serious crime). The International Criminal Court aims to end impunity for perpetrators of gross human rights violations and to give a share of the prevention of the most serious crimes against human rights under international law, as well as Ensure international justice and support the achievement of objectivesof the United Nations Charter principles. Based on the description the problem that will be discussed in this article is the role and authority of THE International Organization (PBB) in maintaining international peace and security in resolving the problems that Conducted by the International Criminal Court (ICC).This Writing uses legal research methods is normative with the research of secondary data and described descriptively.

DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN THE CONTEXT OF DUAL CAREER

The concept of dual careers is based on the principles of the Olympic Charter with harmony of the mind and body at its core. Contemporary education systems are goal-oriented and neglect their responsibility to aid in the personal development of students. The role of sports is not sufficiently emphasized in the educational process. In order to draw attention to these issues, the author has initiated a dual career development project ‘Sports class’ with the financial support of Cēsis Municipality. The project launched on September 1, 2019. The study population was grade 7a of Cēsis Secondary School enrolled in extra physical education classes. To attain the main aim of dual career of combining education and sports, all participants needed to achieve a certain average mark in academic subjects. This research aims to determine the overall results of the project in the first semester of the academic year 2019/2020. Research methods included quantitative methods (surveys) with 83 participants and qualitative methods with 5 interviewees. Data collection and analysis were done using Windows SPSS. The three dependent variables were academic results, progress in sports and personal development. The acquired data show significant progress in all variables. Thus, it is possible to recognize the positive role of sports in overall academic achievement. As a result, the scope of the project will be expanded and continued in the future.