Charter Policies Research Articles

Analysis of Citizen's Charter Policy as A Strategy for Improving the Quality of Public Services in the Issuance of Driving License

The service of driving licenses (SIM) is one of the public services of various other public services owned by the National Police. The state gives full authority to the Police to provide these services as stipulated in Law no. 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation. The purpose of this study is to 1) analyze the issuance of SIMs at the Sorong Polres, 2) analyze the Citizen's Charter policy (service contract) as a strategy to improve the quality of public services in issuing SIMs at the Sorong Polres. This study uses a qualitative approach, using a case study research method. Data collection was carried out using interview techniques, observation and document review. This research was conducted in early September 2021 with a total of 15 respondents consisting of members of the Indonesian National Police and the public. The location of the research was carried out at the Sorong Police Station. From the results of the study it was concluded that the SIM issuance service at the Sorong Polres is still not optimally implemented for the community because the SIM issuance service at the Sorong Polres is still exclusive and elite capture, with a gap between service quality and cultural dimensions in the SIM issuance service at the Sorong Polres then a strategic policy formulation is needed to improve the quality of public services that are more excellent than the previous services. The advice given is to make fundamental improvements to the SIM issuance service at the Sorong Polres in order to improve the quality of service, build a good service culture, namely having dedication, integrity, discipline, honesty and trustworthiness in providing services to the community, using software that can be displayed directly on service room so that it can quickly find out what is the criticism and input from the community in service, on mobile SIM cars added to the product by issuing new SIMs, there is intense supervision from the Provos Polres Sorong to monitor service officers, and adopting a Citizen's Charter (service contract) compiled and designed between the Sorong Police and other stakeholders and the community.

Charter movement controversy: an American public charter school case study

ABSTRACT Controversy is intensifying with the rapid spread of charter schools and their domination of the education reform agenda. As charter enrolment increases in the USA, inequities in education worsen. This article contributes to the debate on contemporary education policy by critically examining charter issues from the US literature and stakeholder data. We add insights to research on charter controversy from public discourse and stakeholder groups. Our narrative animates pros and cons in the charter debate through stakeholders’ eyes, in effect contributing voices from the field. A case study of a public charter school in Virginia provides a revealing prism for understanding charter schools. Content analysis was performed on data from nine interviews held during the pandemic with founding members (parents, etc.). As found, the charter narrative of success and struggle around public perception, racial equity, segregation, funding, approval, effectiveness, and accreditation was a school story. Charter policy effects on social groups – parents, teachers, community members, and leaders – in their association with the charter’s evolution were identifiable. The conflicting views resonate with polarising tensions nationwide. Regarding international implications of the analysis, the move to privatise and reform public education through independent schools with autonomy continues to impact European countries.

Фінансове забезпечення підвищення ефективності судноплавного ринку

The crisis of shipping financing and financial management of maritime enterprises has become extremely important to ensure the efficient operation and survival of shipping companies around the world. The shipping industry is essentially capital-intensive and requires significant investments in new shipbuilding each year. High capital requirements for financing new construction programs and acquisitions on the secondary market have forced shipowners to seek financing outside their own private funds. European commercial banks have a long history of financing shipping assets. Bank debt financing remains the most important source of capital for the shipping industry today. The adoption of the shipping industry by the capital market, especially over the last decade, has opened the door to a much wider range of capital besides bank debt. Shipping companies today have many alternative financing options: from traditional mortgage loans to more complex financing structures, which may include: high-yield debt; sale and leaseback; mezzanine financing and other forms of debt related to share capital; private equity or open-ended financing, such as a parent limited liability company (MLP) and a special purpose vehicle (SPAC). Although a shipping company's ability to focus on market ups and downs depends primarily on the timing of its investment and chartering policy, the choice among all these alternative financing options may be equally important. Bank financing is the main source of capital for the shipping industry, providing flexible and low cost of capital for shipping companies. Banks are the most reliable and long-term providers of capital for the industry, which accounts for the largest majority of transport capital each year. From the banks' point of view, the shipping industry remains a favorable sector for doing business, despite volatility and relatively low margins. Banks are able to increase their profitability with low-margin financing, as vessels change hands regularly, leading to refinancing of loans until they are repaid. As world trade expands, the need for significant investment in larger and more complex assets will continue to grow, requiring more capital. During this course, shipping companies and capital suppliers will have to face the risks of extremely volatile operating cash flows and vessel prices, making risk management a central factor in any investment decision. Although bank debt financing is likely to remain the most important source of capital for the industry, shipping companies now have a wide range of alternatives available to them.

Valuing cargo flexibility in oil transportation

ABSTRACTThe seaborne oil transportation market is served by two main types of vessels—crude oil tankers and product tankers. Product tankers are designed to move refined oil products, yet they can also opportunistically carry ‘dirty’ products such as crude and heavy fuel oil, subject to the cost of tank cleaning when re-entering the clean products trade. We apply an entry-exit real option model with a stochastic freight rate differential to derive optimal triggers for switching between the two cargo types and estimate the value of the switching option. We show that the value of active switching has grown over time, and generally exceeds the additional construction cost of a product tanker. Our findings are important both from a practical point of view and for our understanding of market integration in the tanker freight market. Specifically, shipowners can use our model as a basis for optimizing chartering policy for clean product tankers. We also show that there are periods where the dirty market is persistently stronger, and discuss the possible reasons for such apparent inefficiencies.

Educational Ecosystems and Charter Policy Development in the United States

Why have charter schools been embraced as an urban educational solution in many metropolitan areas, but not in others? I develop a theoretical framework whereby the “educational ecosystem” of metropolitan areas—formed through the social geography of school district boundaries and school integration plans—supplement existing perspectives, thereby aiding in the understanding of policy adoption variability. I provide an initial test to the theoretical framework through a case study of a metropolitan hub that continues to have no charter schools: Louisville, Kentucky. I demonstrate how Louisville’s particular urban educational ecosystem, which diverges from the overall national pattern of racially and socioeconomically isolated urban systems, transformed the perceptions of the urban district and shaped the battles over an otherwise nationally popular school reform.

Default risk drivers in shipping bank loans

This paper proposes a credit scoring model for the empirical assessment of default risk drivers of shipping bank loans. A unique dataset, consisting of the credit portfolio of a ship-lending bank is used to estimate a logit model with two-way clustered adjusted standard errors, ensuring robust inferences. Industry specific variables, captured through current and expected conditions in the extremely volatile global shipping freight markets, the risk appetite of borrowers–the shipowners – expressed through the chartering policy they follow – and a pricing variable, are shown for the first time to be the important factors explaining default probabilities of bank loans.

Examining charter school policy and public school district resource allocation in Ohio

This project focuses on the competitive pressure, or the threat of competitive pressure, generated by charter school policy. This paper uses longitudinal district-level data and multiple quasi-experimental designs to examine the relationship between two Ohio charter school policies and changes in public school district instructional resource allocation. Some believe that the competitive pressure created by charter schools will improve efficiency in district-run public schools; however, the findings from this study do not reliably demonstrate that charter school policy will induce a public school district to increase the level of instructional resource allocation. The findings do provide evidence that some charter policies are linked to changes in resource allocation at certain school districts. This study suggests that additional, multiple method investigations are needed to study how public school districts respond to competition and policies designed to change the levels of competition in the public school system.

Civilization-Making and Its Discontents: The Venice Charter and Heritage Policies in Contemporary China

An evaluation of the importance and impact of the 1964 Venice Charter on cultural heritage preservation efforts requires context, given that this accord had the very specific goal of preserving the world’s most significant archaeological sites and monuments. Over the past five decades the charter has been supplemented by more than forty additional international and regional conventions and accords on the nebulous topic of heritage. In the process, the meaning and scope of this concept has steadily expanded far beyond monumental and historical built space. Consequently, what began as an attempt to protect one type of built space and a particular type of scientific practice has been transformed into a transnational movement that claims to protect the material and cultural heritage of all the world’s peoples. Spearheaded by UNESCO, the world heritage movement has assumed the existence of not just cross-cultural agreement on what constitutes world heritage but also universal consensus on how heritage should be organized, displayed, and protected. Examining heritage policies in the People’s Republic of China illustrates the continued importance of culture in how heritage is conceived, as well as the multiple reasons why state actors and citizens engage in the practice of heritage-making.

Youth Agency, Sport, and the Public Sphere in Kenya

In many African countries, youths' participation in the public sphere is still limited despite the creation of legal instruments such as the African Youth Charter and myriad youth-centered national policies. Across the continent, marginalized youths face various constraints in accessing the public sphere. This article examines how one voluntary sports association, the Mathare Youth Sports Association, uses sports as an alternative public sphere to engage with government actors and the community on social justice issues.

Policy, Technology, and Practice in Cyber Charter Schools: Framing the Issues

Background Online learning in K-12 education has grown rapidly in the past decade. Cyber charter schools (CCSs) have been a particularly controversial form of online school, but there is very little scholarly examination of these new organizations. As CCSs expand, policymakers and stakeholders have a critical need to understand how to evolve the charter school policies that govern these new school forms. Focus of Study Through a three-site case study, this paper (1) explores what current charter policies govern CCSs and (2) outlines the practices in these schools that might illuminate future policy needs. Specifically, the findings highlight how cyber charters problematize existing charter school policies in the areas of authorizers and governance, teacher policy, and student achievement. Research Design The study presents an exploratory, comparative case study. The exploratory analyses illuminate implications for how policymakers understand governance, teacher policy, and the evaluation of student achievement in cyber charters. The comparative case design also highlights how different state policy contexts might influence the practices of CCSs. Conclusions Cyber charter schools introduce new ways of delivering public schooling. The study shows how state leadership is vital to coordinate student enrollment across geographic boundaries, funding mechanisms, and conflicts between CCSs and established stakeholders. This paper also illuminates how teaching and learning practices differ in an online environment and introduces questions of teacher preparation and professional practices. Finally, CCSs in this study serve unique, niche student populations that opt out of the traditional school system. These considerations are vital for evaluating student achievement in cyber charters.

Charter Schooling and Democratic Justice

As the mixed achievements of charter schools come under more intense political inspection, the conceptual underpinnings of current charter school reform remain largely unexamined. This article focuses on one moral-political concept centrally related to school reform and policy, the concept of justice. Using examples from the state of Ohio, the authors sketch two contrary concepts of justice, tracing their logical trajectory to varied empirical consequences as these relate to charter schooling policy. They contrast these two theories of justice as “libertarian justice” and “democratic justice.” There is ample evidence to suggest that a libertarian sense of justice has pervasively shaped charter policies and minimal evidence to suggest the influence of a democratic sense of justice, based on principles of both recognition and redistribution. The full democratic potential of charter schooling reform cannot be achieved without a democratic conception of justice driving its policies and goals.

Policy dynamics and the evolution of state charter school laws

Baumgartner and Jones (1993) showed how radically new policies emerge on government agendas as a consequence of exogenous shocks to policy subsystems displacing privileged interests. But how do these policies evolve post-punctuation? In this paper, we present three different models of policy change. Policies may revert to the old status quo if displaced interests re-assert themselves, or they may be “locked-in” by new interests now reaping the benefits. Alternatively, they may incrementally change as lawmakers “learn” how to better meet target population needs, particularly by witnessing how other jurisdictions address similar problems. We test these models with data on change in state charter schools laws over time. We find that whether old status quos are overthrow, and the fate of charter policies when they are enacted, is influenced more by competing political interests, especially interest groups, than elite and public perceptions of broad systemic crises. Yet, we also find that changing demands on the state and learning from the successes and failures of neighboring states also play significant roles.

Banks, Credit Markets, and Early American Development: A Case Study of Entry and Competition

New England experienced a significant economic transformation after the Revolutionary War. Despite an extensive literature on American development, little is known about the precise role of banks in this process. This article exploits a detailed dataset from Plymouth County, Massachusetts to show that the first bank during its early stage was far more selective in lending than the pre-existing personal credit market. Thus the mere introduction of a single bank did not broaden access to credit. Following the liberalization of chartering policy in the 1820s, however, freer entry and competition drove banks to extend credit to farmers and artisans.

Teacher community in elementary charter schools.

The organizational context of charter schools may facilitate the formation of a strong teacher community. In particular, a focused school mission and increased control over teacher hiring may lead to stronger teacher professional communities. This paper uses the 1999-2000 Schools and Staffing Survey to compare the level of teacher community in charter public and traditional public schools. It also estimates the effect of various charter policy variables and domains of school autonomy on teacher community. Charter school teachers report higher levels of teacher community than traditional public school teachers do, although this effect is less than one-tenth of a standard deviation and is dwarfed by the effect of a supportive principal, teacher decision-making influence, and school size. Charter public schools authorized by universities showed lower levels of teacher community than those authorized by local school districts. Teachers in charter schools that have flexibility over tenure requirements and the school budget report higher levels of teacher community. This study reveals that charter schools do facilitate the formation of strong teacher communities, although the effect is small. The analysis also suggests that the institutional origin of the charter school and specific areas of policy flexibility may influence teacher community.

Citizens, Charters and Public Service Reform in France and Britain

THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES THE PATTERN OF SIMILARITIES AND differences in Britain and France with regard to public service charterism: that strand of recent public service reform designed to reconstruct relations between the state and the citizen on the basis of new or revitalized principles of public service, epitomized by the Citizen's Charter (1991) in Britain and the Charte des Services Publics (1992) in France. Despite the appearance of increasing convergence in the rhetoric of public management reform in the two countries during the 1990s, especially during the incumbency of centre-left governments in the latter part of the decade, there is evidence of continuing divergence in the philosophy and practice of public service charterism. This article argues that variation is a function of the existence of country-specific public service regimes, embodying different ideals of citizenship, which have shaped the emergence and implementation of charter policy in Britain and France.

Fairly Priced Deposit Insurance and Bank Charter Policy

ABSTRACTThe thrust of current deposit insurance reform—risk‐based insurance premiums and capital requirements—is an effort to price deposit insurance more fairly. Fairly pricing deposit insurance eliminates inequitable wealth transfers, but it does not lead to an efficient equilibrium. This paper shows that an alternative charter policy results in an efficient separating equilibrium.

Fairly Priced Deposit Insurance and Bank Charter Policy

The thrust of current deposit insurance reform--risk-based insurance premiums and capital requirements--is an effort to price deposit insurance more fairly. Fairly pricing deposit insurance eliminates inequitable wealth transfers, but it does not lead to an efficient equilibrium. This paper shows that an alternative charter policy results in an efficient separating equilibrium. The analysis in this paper provides support for the deposit insurance reform proposal in the recent (1993) National Commission on Financial Institution Reform, Recovery and Enforcement (NCFIRRE) report to the President and Congress, and for Merton and Bodie's (1993) proposal.

Entry in Commercial Banking, 1962-78: Comment

In recent issue of this journal, Ladenson and Bombara (1984) estimated model of new bank entry (net of failures) for the United States over the period 1962-78. They found that the annual rate of bank entry could be explained by several economic variables plus dummy variables for the years 1962-65 (Duml) and 1971-75 (Dum2). They attribute the positive, significant coefficient of Duml to the liberal chartenng policies of Comptroller of the Currency James J. Saxon, who served from 1961 to 1966. Similarly, the positive, significant coefficient of Dum2 is ascribed to rapid multibank holding company expansion during the early 1970s which, L&B argue, reflected a shift to federal regulatory policy more accommodating to entry than the policy inherent in the pre-1971 relation. Unfortunately, L&B give no specific inforrnation as to just how important holding company de novo bank expansion was dunng the period studied. Nor do they offer any supporting evidence, other than the significant coefficient of Dum2, for their claim that the 1971-75 penod represented a temporary reversion to Saxon policies to accommodate the explosive growth of multibank holding companies. Yet such evidence is important if one is to accept L&B's conclusion that federal chartering policy was liberalized during the early 1970s to accommodate the bank holding company movement. The purpose of this comment, therefore, is to examine the pattern of de novo bank expansion by holding companies over the period 1968-80 with particular emphasis on the early 1970s. The analysis suggests very different interpretation of the coefficient of Dum2 from that given by L&B. Data presented in Table 1 indicate that multibank holding company de novo expansion did indeed accelerate dunng the early 1970s, both in absolute terms and relative to the chartering activity of independent organizers. l As shown, the percentage of total new bank formations accounted for by bank holding companies climbed to peak of 25.8 percent in 1974, after which it declined to 10.1 percent in 1977 and then fluctuated in range of about 13-18 percent between 1978 and 98o.2

Model charter policies discussed

Model charter policies discussed