Charitable Intentions Research Articles

The Elite Global Citizen: How Wealth Shapes Cosmopolitan Identity and Charitable Intentions

ABSTRACTIn four studies, we provide the first empirical examination of how wealth relates to cosmopolitan identity and its consequences for charitable intentions. Study 1 demonstrated that wealth positively predicted cosmopolitan identity in a 60‐nation dataset (n = 90,350). Study 2 replicated this finding with multi‐item measures in the United States, India and Australia (total n = 861); self‐esteem and self‐efficacy accounted for this association. Study 3 demonstrated the mediating role of cosmopolitan identity in explaining the link between wealth and charitable intentions (n = 351). Study 4 provided causal evidence for these relationships by experimentally manipulating wealth perceptions in the United States and India (total n = 537). People who were made to feel wealthy (as opposed to poor) reported greater self‐esteem and self‐efficacy, which flowed through to heightened cosmopolitan identification, and finally to increased charitable intentions. Together, these studies suggest that structural economic realities may impose psychological barriers to cultivating global citizenship, hence implicating prosocial downstream consequences.

The Impact of Mobile Technology on Consumers’ Charitable Behaviors: a Research Protocol

Mobile sales have increased over the past decade. In today's online retail environment, the mobile channel has the added potential to bring greater value to the retail value chain. While researchers have examined a number of factors contributing to the success of mobile technology in the context of for-profit businesses, the benefits of the mobile channel remain largely untapped by organizations in the third sector – those outside the public and private sectors. Such organizations known as non-profits include voluntary and community organizations, cooperatives, and registered charities. Focusing specifically on charities, this article explores the impact of mobile technology on individuals’ charitable intentions. Because the design of mobile apps influences both usability and functionality, we believe that their successful implementation can help charities not only increase their visibility but also attract more donations. This research proposes the use of the color green in a mobile app as a way to improve user browsing time on the charity’s application. It is also proposed that the best time to target donors (existing and potential) is when they go to bed, otherwise known as “bedtime”. Accordingly, the use of the color green in the conceptualization of a charity’s mobile app significantly improves the user’s attention when navigating the app and ultimately positively affects their intention to donate. To illustrate this research protocol, we developed a conceptual framework for improving donation behavior; this framework will be tested through online studies. This research proposal has the potential to add much to the existing literature on multi-channel marketing and, in particular, on the impact of the mobile channel on consumers’ donation behaviors towards charitable organizations.

Motives to engage with or refrain from gambling and loot box content: an exploratory qualitative investigation.

This study examined motives to engage or refrain from engaging with gambling and loot boxes (i.e., in-game "boxes" that can be won within a game or purchased with in-game currency or real money, and which contain a random selection of prizes or objects). University students (n = 321) and community members (n = 279) completed an online questionnaire that included open-ended motives questions. Qualitative inductive content analysis was used to identify a number of overlapping motives to engage with or refrain from gambling and loot box content. Themes associated with motives to gamble included enjoyment, the chance to win, boredom, and charitable intentions. Self-reported reasons to engage with loot boxes included enjoyment, the chance to win, game progression, and passive engagement. In contrast, themes associated with refraining from gambling included negative consequences (e.g., addiction), uncertain outcomes, disinterest, finances, and accessibility. Similarly, reasons to refrain from loot boxes included negative consequences, gambling concerns, disinterest, finances, and accessibility. Overall, these findings, and particularly the overlapping themes between gambling and loot boxes engagement, provide further context and insight into the burgeoning research on loot boxes and assist in delineating their relation to gambling.Motives to engage with or refrain from gambling and loot box content: An exploratory qualitative investigation.

An Examination of Motivations, Attitudes and Charitable Intentions for Running in a Charity Event

Running, as a form of leisure time physical activity is generally popular due to its low-cost entry, easy access to practice, and the convenience and accessible nature of the activity. Specifically, one type of running experience sought by many is charitable running or running for a cause (i.e., cause-related sport event). While there is a growing body of literature on charity sport events, little is known about how the charitable motives and participant identity with the event affect future behaviors associated with the cause and the event. Grounded in identity theory, the purpose of this article was to examine the effect of salient identities and charitable motives on future intentions associated with a cause-related event. Data were collected from the second annual Norfolk Freedom Half Marathon, in Virginia, via an online survey that was sent to all registered runners (1,372) one week after the race and 557 participants responded. We found charity motives to be the dominant influence on both charitable and purchase intentions in cause-event participants. This study contributes to the existing amateur sport literature as one of the first to report on a military-oriented sport event with military affiliated participants; the creation of the Charitable Motives in Sport Scale (CMISS), the Runner Identity Scale (RIS) and the Military Identity Scale (MIS); and the addition of a new military/runner identity typology, which we hope would be useful for future military-affiliated running events.

Slaves, Philanthropy and Pious Endowments in Early Modern Istanbul

Abstract This contribution aims to look through a common lens at two important components of early modern Ottoman society, namely the endowment system and the institution of slavery. The relationship and intersections of these two fields will be examined on the basis of Istanbul’s court records from the second half of the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries, in order to pursue the question of where and how (manumitted) slaves could benefit from endowments. The examination of individual cases found in the court records provides information about possible ways in which (former) slaves took on different roles and benefited from the charitable intentions of the founders of endowments.

Donor Secures Major Win in Quid Pro Quo Contribution Case

A real estate developer obtained approval for an affordable housing project. On two occasions during the process, he contributed acreage to the town involved, claiming a charitable contribution deduction of $1.5 million on one occasion and $2.5 million on the other. The IRS disallowed carryover deductions on the grounds that the properties were transferred without charitable intent and failure to comply with the appraisal requirements. The donors prevailed in the US Tax Court on all points, by decision dated August 17, including valuation and avoidance of accuracy‐related penalties (Emanouil v. Commissioner).

Cause-related marketing: Exploring the differences between Gen Y and Gen Z in India

Objective<br/> There is an increasing global need to inspire pro-social behaviour, but there is a dearth of research on factors that underlie the charitable intentions of Gen Y and Gen Z. This study explores the influence of religiosity and descriptive social norms (DSN) on the attitudes and intentions of Gen Y and Gen Z to participate in cause-related marketing (CRM). The study is centred in India, which has a propensity for charitable giving and a rich demographic diversity, and therefore is an appropriate country for CRM research.<br/> Design/Methodology/Approach<br/> Survey data were collected using convenience-based sampling, with 252 valid responses (114 Gen Z; 138 Gen Y). Partial least squares structural equation modelling was utilised for analysing the conceptual model.<br/> Findings<br/> The findings indicate that religiosity influences pro-social attitudes and intentions in both generations, however, there is a differential effect of DSN on attitudes and intentions to participate in CRM for Gen Z, as compared to Gen Y.<br/> Research implications<br/> Religiosity is a significant factor in driving pro-social attitudes and intentions in both generations, however, the effect of DSN on attitudes and intentions to participate in CRM is more pronounced for Gen Z, in comparison to Gen Y.<br/> Practical implications<br/> Marketers can drive an increased intention to participate in CRM by associating CRM efforts with age-old religious teachings for both generations. DSN drive greater engagement of Gen Z with CRM, hence, visible parti cipation in CRM on social media platforms can be an effective strategy for driving pro-social behaviour among Gen Z.<br/> Originality/Value<br/> This is the first study that compares the factors that influence pro-social behaviour in Gen Y and Gen Z in India. The result provides evidence of the continued effect of religiosity on CRM for both generations, and the significant role of DSN in transforming the responses of Gen Z towards CRM.

Increasing charitable donation intentions with preliminary importance ratings

In the question-behavior effect (QBE), making a prediction about one’s behavior moves the behavior in the direction of the prediction. The current experiments explore the use of preliminary questions to increase the pro-social nature of such behavior predictions in both charitable giving and charitable bequests. Initially requesting importance ratings of charitable causes – as compared with simply referencing the charitable causes – significantly increased subsequent donation and bequest intentions to related charities. Requesting additional importance ratings for specific projects of named charities significantly increased subsequent cause importance ratings and donation and bequest intentions for both named and similar unnamed charities. Preliminary importance rating questions were also more effective than otherwise similar preliminary donation intention questions, potentially because of the non-monetary nature and greater malleability of importance ratings. Rather than merely revealing a fixed, underlying donative intent, these results suggest that the elicitation process can alter underlying donation intentions.

The Influence of Social Media on Charitable Fundraising

Charities increasingly utilize social media tools in fundraising. This research studies three mechanisms by which Facebook “likes” affect charitable behavior: (1) signaling, (2) commitment escalation, and (3) social contagion. The first study manipulates the number of Facebook likes on a page and finds support for a signaling effect of the aggregate Facebook likes on charitable intent. The second study manipulates whether the visitor clicks a Facebook like or not. Results show that the act of “liking” a fundraising page in and of itself escalates one’s charitable intent. An auction field study sells artwork created by under-privileged youth, and utilizes Facebook and Facebook likes to disseminate word of mouth about these auctions. Results show that social media increases willingness to pay (WTP) in charity auctions. The number of Facebook likes has a direct signaling effect and an indirect social contagion effect on WTP, as Facebook friends pass on information, through their likes. Consistent with the commitment escalation hypothesis, clicking a Facebook like has a direct effect on WTP.

Narcissism and Self- Versus Recipient-Oriented Imagery in Charitable Giving.

Prior research documents extensively that high-narcissism individuals largely tend to be self-centered and often lack empathy. This research outlines the charitable appeal types that can activate empathic responses and other-centered behaviors from high-narcissism individuals. Across four studies, we show that donors who are higher in narcissism exhibit greater charitable intentions when appealed to via imagine-self charitable appeals (as opposed to imagine-recipient types of appeals). Imagine-self appeals enable high-narcissism donors to project themselves into the recipient's situation and, in doing so, elicit greater empathy and, consequently, greater charity. This effect dissipates when projecting oneself is very difficult or impossible-such as with animal recipients or the other gender suffering a gender-specific ailment. We also explicate the underlying process role of self-focused imagination and empathy in heightening charitable outcomes from high-narcissism individuals.

Charitable Bequests and Wealth at Death

Charitable bequests are a major source of income for charities but surprisingly little is known about them. We propose a multi-stage framework for analysing the bequest decision and examine the evidence for Britain provided by new data on estates. The novelty of the framework is that it distinguishes between five different steps that lead to a charitable bequest. Our new data for Britain have the advantages of covering the whole population of non-trivial estates, in contrast to much of the US literature based on the small fraction of the population covered by estate tax returns, and of containing fuller information on charitable intent. We use this unique data set to explore the relationship with wealth at death of testacy, of leaving a charitable bequest, and of the form of the bequests.

Encouraging Charitable Bequests: A Test of Message Effectiveness

This paper explores the effects of four different message types on subsequent charitable bequest intentions using a series of surveys with 4,592 total respondents. Terror Management Theory proposes that mortality salience (as in bequest contemplation) increases support of one’s “in-group” and its social norms as a means of pursing symbolic immortality. Correspondingly, the messages tested were: declarative information that charitable bequest giving reflects “in-group” norms (“American social norms”), declarative information that non-charitable recipients fail to deliver symbolic immortality (“spendthrift heirs”), and life stories of deceased/living bequest donors who achieved/will achieve symbolic immortality (“deceased/living donor stories”). All messages except the “spendthrift heirs” message resulted in significant increases in charitable bequest intentions as compared with a control group. Living donor stories were the most effective messages tested. Both the underlying theoretical proposition in general, and the use of living donor stories in particular, may be valuable in constructing effective bequest fundraising messages.

An exploratory study of existential guilt appeals in charitable advertisements

This study investigates the persuasive nature of existential guilt appeals in charitable advertisements. A television advertisement was used to test the direct and indirect relationships between existential guilt, attitude towards the charitable organisation, inferences of manipulative intent (IMIs) and charitable donation intentions. The findings show that attitude towards the charitable organisation has a direct and indirect impact on charitable donation intentions. However, IMI did not moderate the relationship between existential guilt and charitable donation intentions. The study suggests that future non-profit researchers should explore the role of emotional intensity and brand credibility on the effectiveness of each specific type of guilt appeal.

New experimental evidence on charitable gift restrictions and donor behaviour

Gift restrictions are a common tool used by donors to ensure charitable intent. Owing to increased monitoring costs and the loss of flexibility, gift restrictions are costly to the recipient nonprofit organizations. Using an economic experiment, we studied the impact of offering donors the option to restrict their charitable gift. Our primary finding demonstrates that allowing the option to restrict a charitable gift increases the average gift size, whether or not the donor chooses to exercise that option. This result implies that restricted gifts both are an important tool for increasing donations and may be less costly to the nonprofit organizations than originally believed. We further demonstrate that high levels of religious attendance are associated with an increased use of gift restrictions and an increased responsiveness to those restrictions.

Charitable Intent and Bidding in Charity Auctions

This paper investigates the importance of bidder types and product types in online charity auctions. Through a large-scale controlled field experiment, the authors identify charitable and non-charitable bidders, and investigate bidding activities in charity and non-charity auctions. Results show that charitable bidders are willing to pay a significant premium in charity auctions, and bid more persistently, continuing to bid in future charity auctions even after losing one. In addition, through the use of a covert agent bidder, this study provides evidence that charitable bidders voluntarily drive up the price in charity auctions, regardless of whether they win the auction. Finally, the authors find that higher value products attain a lower charitable premium relative to their retail value, consistent with diminishing returns to giving.

Los tratos de Argel and the Muslim Story of Joseph and Potiphar’s Wife

Los criticos tienden a leer Los tratos de Argelo como propaganda nacionalista y catolica o como una compleja combinacion de elementos ortodoxos y subversivos. Este articulo se situa en la segunda de estas corrientes. En se analiza la intriga amorosa entre Aurelio y Zahara, concluyendo que se inspira en motivo biblico de Jose y la mujer de Putifar. No es, sin embargo, libro de Genesis su fuente principal, sino versiones musulmanas de la leyenda de Jose que circulaban entre los moriscos. Estos elementos islamicos van disfrazados de motivos y temas cristianos, reflejando asi la practica de taqiyya, o disimulacion, entre los moriscos de Espana. inclusion de detalles de este tipo subvierte tono ortodoxo aparente en la superficie de la obra e implica la posibilidad de que Cervantes tuviera contacto con moriscos exiliados durante su cautiverio en Argel. ********** Los TRATOS DE ARGEL is one of Cervantes's earliest works and is the first in a series of pseudo-autobiographical accounts of his experience as a captive in Algiers. (1) He will later rework the material as Los banos de Argel and, eventually, the famous Captive's Tale in the first part of Don Quijote, but Tratos is unique in its proximity the actual events upon which it is based. Recent scholarship has paid increasing attention Cervantes's Algerian captivity and his resulting complex relationship with Islam. (2) There is also a burgeoning interest in Biblical influences on Cervantes's literary production. (3) These two tendencies converge in this study. I argue that the Aurelio-Zahara love intrigue in Tratos is based on the Biblical motif of Joseph and Potiphar's wife, but that, rather than strictly adhering the Old Testament storyline, Cervantes also incorporates elements of Muslim versions of the story that he likely learned from Morisco acquaintances during his Algerian captivity. The result is a form of literary disguise, reminiscent of a Morisco form of dissimulation known as taqiyya, which undermines the nationalistic, pro-Christian message apparent on the work's surface. Scholars have tended read the play in two oppositional, if not mutually exclusive ways. one camp ate those who see the play as a form of anti-Muslim propaganda that draws upon religious and Orientalist discourses and is meant encourage donations the Mercedarian and Trinitarian orders dedicated ransoming captives. Joaquin Casalduero seems be one of the early proponents of this reading: La vida de Argel es un hecho politico que debe mover a caridad (256). Adrienne Martin argues that to a great degree [Tratos] is a warning Spanish Christians be more charitable and pay ransoms in order save its young (9). She adds that both it and Banos serve and are served by the inevitable Orientalism of their time by associating sexual deviance with religious difference (13). Enrique Fernandez affirms that Tratos pertenece al discurso redentorista del cautiverio, con que comparte su finalidad testimonial-propagandistica (14). Certainly there is abundant evidence for this interpretation in the work. As Kenneth A. Stackhouse points out, In the text of [Tratos], Cervantes repeats almost verbatim the plea that he made on behalf of European slaves in Algiers in his letter Mateo Vasquez [the secretary Phillip II] (13). the other camp are scholars who, without necessarily denying Cervantes's charitable intentions, tend view his perspective on religious and ethnic difference as more complex. Jean Canavaggio, for example, believes that in the Algerian plays Cervantes gives us an infinitely subtler picture of the Muslim world than the caricature-like distortion which we are more often exposed in the polemical writings of his contemporaries (81-82). Moises R. Castillo, noting the contradiction between orthodox and subversive passages in Tratos, asserts that it has do with el plan cervantino de sacar a la superficie y desmantelar, con ayuda de la ironia, los ideales fatuos: honor, pureza de sangre, exagerada ortodoxia religiosa, que vienen impuestos por la ideologia dominante (221-22). …

New Evidence on Charitable Gift Restrictions

Gift restrictions are a common tool used by donors to ensure charitable intent. Due to increased monitoring costs and the loss of flexibility, gift restrictions are costly to the recipient nonprofit. Using an economic experiment, we study the impact of offering donors the option to restrict their charitable gift. Our primary finding demonstrates that allowing the option to restrict a charitable gift increases the average gift size, whether or not the donor chooses to exercise that option. This result implies that restricted gifts are both an important tool for increasing donations and may be less costly to the nonprofit than originally thought. We further demonstrate that high levels of religious attendance are associated with an increased use of gift restrictions and an increased responsiveness to those restrictions.

Predictors of Young People's Charitable Intentions to Donate Money: An Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective

An extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) was used to predict young people's intentions to donate money to charities in the future. Students (N = 210; 18–24 years) completed a questionnaire assessing their attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control (PBC), moral obligation, past behavior, and intentions toward donating money. Regression analyses revealed that the extended TPB explained 61% of the variance in intentions to donate money. Attitude, PBC, moral norm, and past behavior predicted intentions, representing future targets for charitable‐giving interventions.

Charitable Intent: A Moral or Social Construct? A Revised Theory of Planned Behavior Model

Given an increasing global need to elicit and stimulate charitable giving and in light of the limited social-psychological research on this subject, this study contributes to a better empirical understanding of the factors that underlie charitable giving (intentions). In contrast to previous research, it was hypothesized that moral norms rather than social norms are likely to play a significant role in the formation of charitable intentions. An extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model was constructed in order to test the influence of six social-psychological variables on an individual’s intention to donate to charity. Respondents (N = 143) completed an online questionnaire about charitable behaviour that assessed the constructs of the revised model. The present study found support for the stated hypothesis: while social norms (both descriptive and prescriptive) did not explain any of the variance in intention, moral norms accounted for a significant amount of the overall variance and were in fact identified as the strongest (relative) predictor of charitable giving intentions. In addition to moral norms, ‘attitude’, ‘perceived behavioral control’ and ‘past behaviour’ were also identified as significant predictors. The findings in this study support a revised TPB model that accounts for nearly 70% of the explained variance in charitable intent. Implications for both theory and practice are discussed.

Nostalgia: The Gift That Keeps on Giving

Abstract Nostalgia, a sentimental longing for a personally experienced and valued past, is a social emotion. It refers to significant others in the context of momentous life events and fosters a sense of social connectedness. On this basis, the authors hypothesized that (1) nostalgia promotes charitable intentions and behavior, and (2) this effect is mediated by empathy with the charity’s beneficiaries. Five studies assessed the effect of nostalgia on empathy, intentions to volunteer and donate, as well as tangible charitable behavior. Results were consistent with the hypotheses. Study 1 found that nostalgia increases charitable intentions. Study 2 showed that this salutary effect of nostalgia on charitable intentions is mediated by empathy (but not by personal distress). Studies 3 and 4 corroborated these finding for different charities and in diverse samples. Finally, study 5 demonstrated that nostalgia increases tangible charitable behavior. By virtue of its capacity to increase empathy, nostalgia facilitates prosocial reactions.