Charging Mechanism Research Articles

Pulse Dynamics in Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrolyte‐Gated Transistors: Charge Memory Effects and Mechanisms Governing the Ion‐To‐Electron Transduction

AbstractElectrolyte‐gated transistors (EGTs) are widely employed in bioelectronics due to their ability to bridge ionic and electronic phenomena in a single device. Among potential materials, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has gained significant attention due to its ambipolar current response, quantum capacitance, and tunable conductivity. However, the rGO EGT dynamic behavior remains significantly unexplored. Here, the time‐dependent response of rGO EGTs is systematically investigated under gate voltage pulsing across different time scales (10 ms to 40 s) and amplitudes (up to |±0.8 V|). Significant charge memory is observed, particularly for long (40 s) pulses at 0.8 V, with effects also evident for shorter (1 s) and weaker stimuli (0.6 V). Multiple low‐level (0.1 V) fast pulsing (100 ms) further demonstrate charge retention post‐stimulation. All these characteristics are attributed to a complex interplay between ion entrapment within the rGO film, electrical double‐layer formation, and charge transfer processes. The stability of rGO EGTs under prolonged bias stress is also examined, aiming to contribute to the development of more robust devices. These findings revealed the complex role of electrolyte ions and electronic carriers governing the ion‐to‐electron transduction and charge memory effects in rGO EGTs, contributing to the advancement of the next‐generation bioelectronic devices.

Design and implementation of a charge-sharing in-memory-computing macro with sparse feature for quantized neural network

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, in-memory computing has become a research hotspot. In this article, we propose an in-memory computing (IMC) architecture that achieves high energy efficiency and performance. Our work is based on the working mechanism of charge sharing, enabling configurable multi-bit Multiply-Accumulate operations. This work employs a unique bit-cell structure to implement sparse strategies at the bit-level in IMC arrays and compensates for errors caused by non-ideal effects, thus achieving better energy efficiency and performance. A hardware-aware quantification method and a hardware simulation model based on Pytorch have been proposed to evaluate the hardware mapping and compare with other charge domain IMC works. The MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets have been used to validate algorithm models and chip performance, achieving accuracy rates of 97.6% and 90.5%respectively. The IMC chip was fabricated with a 180 nm CMOS process. The measurement shows that the chip achieves an energy efficiency of 41.8 TOPS/W.

Molecular-scale insights into the electrical double layer at oxide-electrolyte interfaces

The electrical double layer (EDL) at metal oxide-electrolyte interfaces critically affects fundamental processes in water splitting, batteries, and corrosion. However, limitations in the microscopic-level understanding of the EDL have been a major bottleneck in controlling these interfacial processes. Herein, we use ab initio-based machine learning potential simulations incorporating long-range electrostatics to unravel the molecular-scale picture of the EDL at the prototypical anatase TiO2-electrolyte interface under various pH conditions. Our large-scale simulations, capable of capturing interfacial water dissociation/recombination reactions and electrolytic proton transport, provide unprecedented insights into the detailed structure of the EDL. Moreover, the larger capacitance of the EDL under basic relative to acidic conditions, originating from the higher affinity of the cations for the oxide surface, is found to give rise to distinct charging mechanisms on negative and positive surfaces. Our results are validated by the agreement between the computed EDL capacitance and experimental data.

Assessing the economic premium of additional elevator: PSM hedonic analysis in Beijing, China

Although many Chinese cities have made remarkable progress in promoting age-friendly housings, few empirical studies related to the premium price of housings with additional elevators installed have been reported. In this study, we constructed propensity score matching–hedonic price models as well as quantile–hedonic models to assess the impact of adding elevators on housing prices. This study concludes: (1) The impact of additional elevators on housing prices varies depending on the floor level. (2) Single-facing and older housings are more likely to be negatively affected by the addition of elevators, and this interaction increases with floor level. (3) Adding an elevator reduces the price of low-priced housings on low floors and raises the price of high-priced housings on low floors, while for middle-floor and high-floor housings, the premium increases with the price of the housing. (4) Compared with the commercial community housings, the elevator premium of the affordable community housings is higher. Our findings provide an important reference for local governments to formulate appropriate charging and compensation mechanisms for adding elevators to multistory housings to promote retrofitting of aging communities.

VAT On Imported Services In Africa – Why Consumption And Reverse Charge Concepts Remain Crucial

As exports and imports of services continue to grow globally, Value Added Tax (VAT) on imported services has also taken a centre stage in most countries. Unlike goods, determining the place of consumption for services is often a contentious issue and a source of VAT controversy in many countries. In resolving these controversies, African courts, with a few exceptions, have established a visible criterion for determining the place of consumption of cross-border service transactions that aligns with the OECD International VAT/GST Guidelines. Where consumption is not at issue, most African countries have opted to deploy a reverse charge mechanism blended with a “register and comply” requirement for the foreign supplier in order to administer and collect VAT on the foreign supply (imported service). In this article, the author argues that African countries should deploy a reverse charge mechanism for B2B transactions and only use a “register and comply” requirement by non-residents for B2C services.

Distance-Dependent Symmetry-Breaking Charge Transfer in 9,10- Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene Dimers.

To investigate the effect of the through-bond coupling strength on the symmetry-breaking charge separation (SB-CS) dynamics and mechanism, three 9,10-bis((4-hexylphenyl)ethynyl)anthracene dimers with varying distances, viz., a single-bond linked dimer (0-dimer), a phenylene linked dimer (1-dimer) and a para-biphenylene linked dimer (2-dimer), were synthesized and studied systematically using steady-state and transient spectroscopy. Steady-state absorption spectra revealed that the electronic coupling strength decreased gradually with the increase of the inter-chromophore distance, and the transition of S0→S1 includes the dark charge transfer (CT) excitation. fs-TA spectra demonstrated that SB-CS could be conducted in both weakly and highly polar solvents for 0-dimer, but the SB-CS dynamics has a significant difference. In weakly polar solvents, SB-CS only produces the partial CT (PCT) state, but it could generate the CT state via the PCT state in highly polar solvent. In comparison, SB-CS is only proceeded in highly polar solvents in 1-dimer and 2-dimer to produce the CT state directly. These results demonstrate that the SB-CS dynamics is strongly dependent on the inter-chromophore electronic coupling, and the relatively strong electronic coupling is crucial for the occurrence of SB-CS in weakly polar environment that is commonly presented in photoelectric devices.

Electrosorption of alkaline earth metal ions onto activated carbon as affected by pH and applied potential (pE)

The electrosorption of alkaline earth metal ions from aqueous solution was studied using a graphite supported activated carbon electrode (NSA@G). Zeta potential measurement revealed a low pHzpc of 3.0 for the NSA electrode, suggesting a negatively charged L-type carbon surface. The electrosorption behavior of Ca2+ ion followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo-first-order rate law. The initial Ca2+ ion concentration, solution pH, and applied potential affected the electrosorption capacity. Results showed that both reversible surface charge (regulated by the potential determining ions, i.e., H+ and OH−, or pH) and polarizable surface charge (controlled by the applied potential, or pE) contributed to the overall Ca2+ ion removal process. The contribution of reversible and polarizable surface charge varied with pH and pE, respectively. Specifically, the reversible surface charge played a more significant role in Ca2+ electrosorption at high pH value and low pE (at 60–83 % of the total Ca2+ uptake), while the polarizable surface charge dominated at low pH and high pE (at 60–62 % of the total Ca2+ uptake). Factors, such as ionic radius, hydration ratio, and hydration enthalpy, significantly affected the electrosorption capacity of divalent alkaline earth metals, i.e., Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+, over NSA@G electrode. NoveltyThis work elucidated the mechanisms of electrode charging and Ca2+ ion uptake via electrosorption. Previous research often attributed ion electrosorption capacity solely to the surface charge derived from a polarizable electrode. In addition to polarizable surface charge, which is controlled by the applied potential (or pE), this study demonstrated that reversible surface charge, regulated by the potential determining ions, i.e., H+ and OH− ions (or pH), also played a significant role in total Ca2+ ion removal. The novelty of this work lies in quantifying the contribution of reversible and polarizable surface charge to overall Ca2+ ion electrosorption. Furthermore, this study investigated the factors affecting the electrosorption behavior of alkaline earth metals, i.e., Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+. A rational approach to predicting electrosorption performance is also proposed, using capacitance characterization from cyclic voltammetry measurements based on Lipmann's electrocapillarity theory.

Effects of Main Aging Mechanism and State of Charge on the Safety of 21700 Li-Ion Battery Cells with Ni-Rich NMC Cathode

It is known that both the material used in Li-ion battery cells, as well as their aging history and state of charge (SOC), strongly impact the safety of such cells. This study investigates the safety characteristics of new or aged 21700 cells containing silicon-graphite blend anodes together with Ni-rich NMC cathodes by accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) at different SOC. Cells underwent cyclic aging at 0 °C, room temperature, or 50 °C to induce different aging mechanisms including Li plating and solid electrolyte interphase growth. The quasi-adiabatic heat-wait-seek ARC tests show lower temperatures for self-heating (SH), CID triggering, venting, and thermal runaway (TR) with increasing SOC, indicating reduced safety levels. Furthermore, the mass loss and TR intensity increase as the SOC of the cell increases. Aged cells show a similar SOC dependence as new cells in view of venting and TR, although both temperatures are reduced. The onset of SH at around 35 °C, independent of SOC, reveals a significant safety issue in cells with Li plating. Additional cell voltage monitoring and on-line mass spectrometry provide further insights into the decomposition processes. Our findings provide essential knowledge to improve the safety and design of Li-ion battery cells by identifying unsafe states.

Online Spatial-Temporal EV Charging Scheduling with Incentive Promotion

The growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has resulted in an increased demand for public EV charging infrastructure. Currently, the collaboration between these stations has become vital for efficient charging scheduling and cost reduction. However, most existing scheduling methods primarily focus on recommending charging stations without considering users’ charging preferences. Adopting these strategies may require considerable modifications to how people charge their EVs, which could lead to a reluctance to follow the scheduling plan from charging services in real-world situations. To address these challenges, we propose the POSKID framework in this article. It focuses on spatial-temporal charging scheduling, aiming to recommend a feasible charging arrangement, including a charging station and a charging time slot, to each EV user while minimizing overall operating costs and ensuring users’ charging satisfaction. The framework adopts an online charging mechanism that provides recommendations without prior knowledge of future electricity information or charging requests. To enhance users’ willingness to accept the recommendations, POSKID incorporates an incentive strategy and a novel embedding method combined with Bayesian personalized analysis. These techniques reveal users’ implicit charging preferences, enhancing the success probability of the charging scheduling task. Furthermore, POSKID integrates an online candidate arrangement selection and an explore-exploit strategy to improve the charging arrangement recommendations based on users’ feedback. Experimental results using real-world datasets validate the effectiveness of POSKID in optimizing charging management, surpassing other strategies. The results demonstrate that POSKID benefits each charging station while ensuring user charging satisfaction.

Dual-defect AgBiO3/DCN S-scheme heterojunction for booted photocatalytic removal of Norfloxacin: Interfacial charge transfer, mechanism and toxicity assessment insights

Antibiotics pollution may pose a great risk to ecosystem and human health. In this work, an innovative dual-defect AgBiO3/DCN S-scheme heterojunction was constructed to overcome the sluggish charge separation and transfer issue and showed exceptional photodegradation performance towards norfloxacin (NFL) pollution under the visible light. The degradation efficiency of NFL reached 95.30 % within 120 min respectively, the rate constant was 3.64 times higher than that of defective g-C3N4 (DCN). The systematically characterizations proved that the enhanced photocatalytic activity was benefited from optimized band structures, improved carrier separation efficiency, due to dual defects and S-scheme heterojunction in AgBiO3/DCN. the intermediate degradation products and degradation pathway of NFL were speculated by UPLC-HRMS, and the environmental toxicity degree of degradation products was analyzed according to the T.E.S.T software. The charge transfer pathway was confirmed as an S-scheme mechanism through a combination of band structure analysis, alongside electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments.The quenching experiments and ESR analyses indicated that h+ and O2•− radicals played predominant roles. The efficient and stable photocatalytic NFL degradation efficiency and broad environmental adaptability proved potential practical application. This work may shed light on designing new dual-defect heterojunction with photocatalytic antibiotic removal capability in the innovative water treatment process.

Harnessing MBene termination for superior anode interfaces in Li/Ca-ion batteries

The elevation of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal borides, specifically MBenes, as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and calcium-ion batteries (CIBs) can be achieved through strategic functionalization with appropriate groups. Utilizing a first-principles approach, we conducted an in-depth investigation into the electrochemical properties of chlorine-terminated V2B (V2BCl2) as a candidate anode material for LIBs and CIBs. V2BCl2 exhibits metallic behavior, as demonstrated by band structure analysis, which endows it with exceptional conductivity due to the free electron surface of the system, thereby embodying ideal anode characteristics. The dynamic and thermal stability of the system was assessed through comprehensive phonon dispersion analyses and ab-initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) calculations. High net charge transfer rates of Li/Ca ions towards the monolayer, augmented electron localization function (ELF) near system atoms, and the presence of ionic bonds between Ca/Li and the V2BCl2 monolayer contribute to the enhanced conductivity observed in these anode systems. This is corroborated by metrics such as the projected crystal orbital Hamiltonian population (-pCOHP), low diffusion energy barriers (< 0.35 eV) facilitating rapid charging mechanisms, and low open circuit voltages (< 0.32 V) ensuring robust battery performance stability. Furthermore, V2BCl2 exhibits notable specific storage capacities of 875.67 mAh g−1 for Ca ions and 1167.75 mAh g−1 for Li ions, surpassing the benchmarks set by recent MBene systems. These promising results strongly advocate for V2BCl2 as a viable candidate for anode material in both LIB and CIB applications, highlighting its potential significance in advancing battery technology.

Study of the effects of shallow-buried charge parameters on the lower limb injuries of occupant in special vehicle body

In the process of military missions, special vehicles often encounter shallow buried charge threats that will greatly affect the safety of the occupants. To study the integrated effects of shallow buried charge detonation point, height-to-diameter ratio, burial inclination, weight, and other key parameters on the lower limb injuries of occupant, this study was based on the special body of a shallow buried explosive test and numerical calculation methods. The reliability of the numerical model and the load effect mechanism of the shallow burial charge were studied. Based on this, the lower limb injuries response law of occupant was analyzed with respect to each parameter. The results showed that the bottom charge load mainly came from two-stage ejection loading, in which the first stage was a strong load with short-duration local impact loading and the second stage was a weak load with long-duration extended range loading. By comparing the lower limb injury response of occupant under different charge parameters, we found that the weight of charge had the greatest effect on the extent of occupant injury, followed by the height-to-diameter ratio and burial inclination, while the detonation position had a relatively small effect on the injury magnitude. Finally, a comprehensive prediction model of the lower limb injuries of occupant was obtained by using the Latin hypercube sampling method and the least-squares method, and it was verified that the model had a good matching accuracy.

Empowering E-mobility: Day-ahead dynamic time of use tariff for electric vehicle charging

The greenhouse gases and preservation of the environment have been the most prioritized concern in many countries and international organizations, leading to set aims and initiatives for lowering the dependency on fossil fuels and minimizing carbon emissions. As a part of many initiatives, great emphasis is given to promoting electric vehicles (EVs) over their traditional carbon fuel-based counterpart. To support large-scale EV adoption, a dynamic tariff scheme is required that addresses complex issues like user comfort, savings, and utility revenue. In this research work, a dynamic pricing scheme is modeled for the centralized EV charging stations (EVCS) on a residential feeder. This pricing scheme integrates the existing static time of use (ToU) pricing to an hourly dynamic ToU tariff that varies according to the demand level in the residential feeder. The proposed tariff plan provides a day-ahead dynamic structure with a probable price variation range to aid the EV owners and the day-ahead charging mechanism to schedule the EVs beforehand. The developed scheme calculates the returns and adjusts the tariff including the demand charge and the recovery component on a daily, monthly, and yearly basis for the unsatisfactory investment revenue. Also, user convenience is ensured by setting the minimum possible tariff as well as satisfying the minimum revenue target with the integration of particle swarm optimization (PSO) in designing the pricing structure. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed dynamic pricing scheme maintaining a trade-off between the interests of all parties involved. Moreover, the simulation outcome of the test case indicates that EV owners can save more than 32 % on charging bills if they plan correctly. On the other hand, the utility can earn more than 2.4 times the existing rate during the peak time of the residential feeder.

A laboratory investigation for assessing the effectiveness of wastewater treatment using flocculation process in building stone processing industry on stone surface quality and abrasive tool wear

In this study, the effect of presence and concentration of two synthetic polymeric flocculants with different charging mechanisms (anionic and cationic) on surface quality and abrasive tool wear in polishing process of building stones was investigated. The polishing tests were performed in laboratory scale on two stone samples (granite and marble). An index, entitled improvement index (I) was defined for evaluating the effectiveness of flocculants on surface quality and abrasive tool wear. The results revealed that flocculation process had a noticeable effect on enhancement of surface quality and reduction of abrasive tool wear for both stone samples. The cationic flocculant was more effective for granite sample and anionic flocculant was more effective for marble sample. The granite particles mainly exhibit negative surface charge while the marble particles have positive surface charge in the pH range of wastewater used for polishing tests. Therefore, charge neutralization mechanism plays a major role in flocculation process of granite and marble samples. It was found that the use of flocculation process for treatment of wastewater in stone processing plants leads to increase of abrasive tool lifespan and more high-quality products.

The North Pacific Meridional Mode and Its Impact on ENSO in the Second Version of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Earth System Model

AbstractThe North Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM) is the strongest interannual air‐sea coupled system in the subtropical northeastern Pacific, which can significantly impact the development of El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This study examines performance of the second version of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Earth System Model (CAS‐ESM2), developed primarily at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IAP/CAS), in simulating the PMM, ENSO, and their relationship. It reveals that CAS‐ESM2 can well reproduce the tropical climate mean states, including sea surface temperature (SST), surface winds, and precipitation. Furthermore, the model shows a good ability in reproducing the seasonal evolutions of the PMM and ENSO. Moreover, CAS‐ESM2 effectively simulates the influence of the PMM on subsequent ENSO and the underlying physical mechanisms, including the wind‐evaporation‐SST feedback process, the trade wind charging mechanism and summer deep convection mechanism. However, some improvements are still needed, particularly in representing the periodicity of the PMM, an overestimation of the ENSO intensity and westward extension of ENSO‐related SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific. The results obtained from the CAS‐ESM2 showcase significant progress in understanding the interaction between air‐sea interaction systems over the tropics and subtropics.

Understanding the Phase Evolution and Charging Mechanism in Dual Cation Cathodes

Multivalent batteries offer potential advantages over lithium-ion batteries but face challenges due to limited ionic mobility in solid-state cathodes. Recent investigations have demonstrated that incorporating multivalent cations, particularly calcium ions (Ca2+), into monovalent cathodes such as NaSICON and R-3m NaV2(PO4)3, results in improved capacity retention. This study investigates the phase evolution and charging mechanism in these dual cation cathodes by using a cluster expansion and charge-neutral Monte Carlo simulation in a Ca-Na-V2(PO4)3 system. Our results found that during the discharge with either Ca or Na ions, phase transitions occurs when the oxidation state of the transition metal changes, in particular between Na1V2(PO4)3 - Na3V2(PO4)3 and Na1V2(PO4)3 - Ca1V2(PO4)3. This behavior suggests that the charging pathway of Na/Ca ions can be altered by varying the Ca/Na chemical potential. Figure 1

(Invited) Probing Local Ion Insertion through Operando AFM

Electrode volume change during ion insertion or intercalation has been one of the main failure mechanisms for several energy storage devices, especially Li-based batteries. Fundamental understanding of the relationship between the amount of the ions/charge stored and the induced volume changes of the hosting electrodes, and how this relationship impact the materials’ performance are necessary to develop the next generation batteries. However, most of the studies on the volume change were based on bulk techniques, which study the entire electrode including binders and additives. Here, we use operando atomic force microscopy (AFM), which allows tracking local volume changes and other mechanical responses with sub-nanometer spatial resolution under the conditions close to the device operation.In this work, we monitored electrode volume change via operando AFM and demonstrated the electro-chemo-mechanical coupling behaviors during proton insertion into WO3 materials. The concept of mechanical cyclic voltammetry (mCV) curves was developed, and the relationship between electrochemical current and strain was investigated with simplified models. The results revealed multiple ion-intercalation processes with different mechanical responses are involved during electrode cycling. Local heterogeneity was investigated via mCV mapping, confirming that the charging mechanisms varied across the electrode. These local variations could be further correlated to local morphology, crystal orientations, or chemical compositions. We further demonstrate that the mCV approach is applicable to a variety of energy storage materials (e.g., birnessite, MXene and metal nitrides) with the increasing complexity of current-deformation relationships.

Study on unsteady combustion and propelling mechanism of modular charge based on Euler–Lagrange method

Study on unsteady combustion and propelling mechanism of modular charge based on Euler–Lagrange method

The Interdecadal Changes in the Spatial Structure of the South Pacific Oscillation and Its Implication for ENSO Diversity

Abstract The South Pacific Oscillation (SPO), characterized by a north–south dipole-like pattern of sea level pressure anomalies, is one of the key factors in understanding tropical–extratropical interactions in the South Pacific. We show that in boreal summer (June–August), the center of the northern lobe sea level pressure anomalies in the SPO is shifted to the east gradually after the 1960–70s. This study focuses on the relationship between the boreal summer SPO and following winter El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) diversity before and after the eastward shift of the SPO’s subtropical lobe. The eastward shift of the SPO’s subtropical lobe altered both the seasonal footprint mechanism and the trade wind charging mechanism associated with the SPO and thus profoundly influenced the ENSO diversity. It is revealed that when the northern lobe of the SPO shifts to the west of its average location, it tends to strengthen the eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño mainly via the seasonal footprint mechanism. But after the SPO’s northern lobe shifts to the east of its average location, it tends to promote the development of central Pacific (CP) El Niño mainly via the trade wind charging mechanism. The changes in the spatial structure of convection over the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans may be one of the possible causes for the eastward shift in the SPO’s northern lobe. The findings in the present study have implications for a better understanding of ENSO diversity. Significance Statement Previous studies have demonstrated that the South Pacific Oscillation (SPO), as an important El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) precursor in the South Pacific, has the potential to provide an enhancement of the prediction of specific ENSO flavor. However, the historical variation in the SPO’s spatial structure and related changes in the relationship with the diversity of ENSO are still unclear. In this paper, we show that the subtropical lobe of the boreal summer (June–August) SPO is shifted to the east gradually after the 1960–70s. The changes in the spatial structure have also altered both the seasonal footprint mechanism and the trade wind charging mechanism which play important roles in the developmental processes of different types of ENSO. Our work highlights the importance of the interdecadal changes in the spatial structure of the SPO in understanding the relationship between the SPO and ENSO diversity.

A Double Auction for Charging Scheduling among Vehicles Using DAG-Blockchains

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are becoming more and more popular in our daily life, which replaces traditional fuel vehicles to reduce carbon emissions and protect the environment. EVs need to be charged, but the number of charging piles in a Charging Station (CS) is limited and charging is usually more time-consuming than fueling. According to this scenario, we propose a secure and efficient charging scheduling system based on a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)-blockchain and double auction mechanism. In a smart area, it attempts to assign EVs to the available CSs in the light of their submitted charging requests and status information. First, we design a lightweight charging scheduling framework that integrates DAG-blockchain and modern cryptography technology to ensure security and scalability during performing scheduling and completing tradings. In this process, a constrained multi-item double auction problem is formulated because of the limited charging resources in a CS, which motivates EVs and CSs in this area to participate in the market based on their preferences and statuses. Due to this constraint, our problem is more complicated and harder to achieve truthfulness as well as system efficiency compared to the existing double auction model. To adapt to it, we propose two algorithms, namely Truthful Mechanism for Charging (TMC) and Efficient Mechanism for Charging (EMC), to determine an assignment between EVs and CSs and pricing strategies. Then, both theoretical analysis and numerical simulations show the correctness and effectiveness of our proposed algorithms.