Charge Circuit Research Articles

Research on Gate Charge Degradation of Multi-Chip IGBT Modules in Power Supply for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

In recent years, with the burgeoning application of high voltage in various industrial sectors, the deployment of unmanned equipment, such as industrial heavy-load Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), incorporating high-capacity Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs), has become increasingly prevalent. The demand for high-voltage IGBT modules in UAV is continuously growing; therefore, exploring methods to predict fault precursor parameters of multi-chip IGBT modules is crucial for the operational health management of unmanned equipment like UAVs. This paper analyzes the gate charge degradation in multi-chip IGBT modules after thermal cycling, which can be used to evaluate the operational state of these modules. Furthermore, to delve into the electrical response of a gate drive circuit caused by local damage within the IGBT module, an RLC model incorporating parasitic parameters of the gate drive circuit is established, and a sensitivity analysis of the peak current in the gate charge circuit is provided. Additionally, in the experimental circuit, an open sample of an IGBT module with partial bond wires lifted off is used to simulate actual faults. The analysis and experimental results indicate that the peak current of the gate charge is closely related to L and C. The significant deviation in the gate current, influenced by the partial bond wires lift-off, can provide a basis for the development of predictive methods for IGBT modules.

DC Power Boosting Circuit for Freestanding‐Sliding Triboelectric Nanogenerators with High Intrinsic Impedance and Multi‐Harmonic Output

AbstractThis study presents a freestanding sliding triboelectric nanogenerator (FS‐TENG) designed for low‐frequency motions (below 2 Hz). However, for practical applications, an efficient power management strategy is required to handle the harmonic outputs of the FS‐TENG. The high‐frequency signal is not sustainable for powering low‐power electronic applications. To address the issue, a novel direct current power supply circuit (DPS) is proposed that utilizes a double charge circuit (DCC) and a comb filtering circuit (CFC) to efficiently harness harmonic sources from the FS‐TENG. The direct power supply (DPS) outperforms traditional converters by reducing the impedance of the FS‐TENG and collecting the target harmonic sources, which facilitates a continuous power supply to the load. The results demonstrate that the DPS is capable of providing a continuous DC voltage of 2.2 V to a 10 MΩ load with minimal ripple (0.039%) at a low operating frequency of 0.625 Hz. Additionally, the practical application of a self‐powered temperature sensor is demonstrated to highlight the potential of FS‐TENG and DPS for low‐frequency energy harvesting solutions in real‐world scenarios.

Design and Performance Analysis of Photovoltaic Power Generation Light Emitting Diode Device

This research focuses on an independent photovoltaic power generation system with supercapacitor energy storage as the study subject. The model is simplified, and the photovoltaic power generation light emitting diode (LED) device is designed based on the given parameters. This system selects a Boost-type step-up converter for the supercapacitor charging circuit, capable of achieving Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). The supercapacitor discharge circuit employs an LM2596 series regulator to power the rated load LED (12 V, 1 W), providing good linear regulation capability. In designing other hardware components of the device, the characteristics of a photoresistor are utilized to implement an automatic load switch circuit. An efficient single-chip integrated circuit LM2575 series is used as a regulator to convert the voltage across the supercapacitor terminals to +15 V and +5 V. Considering the need to collect the output voltage of the photovoltaic cell array and the voltage across the supercapacitor terminals, a resistor divider method is used to sample these two voltages. The sampling circuit includes a resistor divider circuit and a linear optocoupler isolation circuit. An HNC-25LTS series Hall current sensor is used for current sampling to measure AC, DC, and pulse signals under electrical isolation conditions. The supercapacitor, solar photovoltaic panel, control unit, and the main circuit for supercapacitor charging and discharging have been assembled in the experiment. Connecting the charging and discharging circuit with the photovoltaic panel and LED, the system provides power to the LED during the night. Under varying light intensity and temperature conditions, the photovoltaic output voltage waveform, PWM waveform, and Boost circuit output voltage waveform remain stable when reaching the MPPT point. The output power with added MPPT control at different times is compared. The results indicate that the designed system has effectively achieved the functionality of MPPT for solar energy.

A soft computing algorithmic technique for circuital analysis of a wireless mobile charger

Wireless energy transfer is emerging as a promising technology for mobile devices because it enhances rapid charging without requiring conventional cables. In this paper, a wireless mobile charger circuit was designed and simulated, the data obtained thereof was used to train an artificial neural network (ANN) using Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm. The result obtained was validated against that obtained when trained with regular scaled conjugate algorithm. Analysis of the results showed that the proposed technique remains a viable technique for rapidly analyzing several parts of the wireless mobile charger circuit for design and educational purposes, without always executing computationally intensive and time-consuming simulations.

Power converter for battery charger of electric vehicle with controllable charging current

Research on electric vehicle chargers primarily focuses on improving charging technology to enhance the convenience, quality, efficiency, and affordability of charging electric vehicles. This paper discusses a different AC-DC power converter topology proposed as a potential candidate for electric vehicle battery charger. Using the proposed converter circuit, the charging process of electric vehicle battery can be simply adjusted to meet the battery requirement, and even for increasing the charging speed while avoiding overcharging of battery. During the charging process, if the voltage of battery approaches to the targeted battery voltage level, the charging current can be reduced gradually to zero. Hence it will prevent the battery from overcharging condition. Moreover, the ability of working at high power factor operation, low distortion of alternating current (AC) input current, and low direct current (DC) output current ripple are other features of the proposed charger circuits. Some test results of the proposed power converter were presented. The test results revealed potential features of the converter for battery charger of electric vehicle with power factor 0.9996, total harmonic distortion (THD) of AC current 2.73%, and low charging current ripple, i.e. 3.91%. Therefore, it minimizes the negative effects caused by ripples of charging current especially for lithium-ion batteries widely used in electric vehicles.

A Fault Diagnosis Method for Electric Vehicle Charging Circuit Based on Artificial Intelligence Recognition

A Fault Diagnosis Method for Electric Vehicle Charging Circuit Based on Artificial Intelligence Recognition

Design and Development of Automated Solar Grass Trimmer with Charge Control Circuit

The focus of this paper is the design and development of an automatic solar grass trimmer prototype, emphasizing high operational efficiency with renewable energy as the primary power source. This solar-based device not only contributes to reduced air pollution but also aligns with environmental sustainability objectives. The prototype features a charge control circuit and is powered by a rechargeable 12V battery. To address low battery levels, a solar panel is employed for automatic recharging. A DC-DC buck converter is integrated to step down the higher voltage from the solar panel to match the battery requirements. Safety features, such as a current limiter and overcharge protection circuits, have been incorporated into the design. The paper provides a detailed discussion on the conceptual design of the solar grass trimmer, including the placement of sensors and motors. Additionally, the cutting motor force analysis and total weight calculation of the prototype are presented.The solar charge control circuit, along with details on the current limiter and overcharge protection circuit, is thoroughly explored. Successful development of the prototype is reported, and the battery charging circuits are analyzed using a Bench PSU and solar panel. The paper includes plots of voltage, current, and power generated by the solar panel under various weather conditions. A comparison between Bench PSU and solar panel power is also provided. This research contributes to the advancement of automated solar-powered devices, offering sustainable solutions for environmentally friendly grass trimming.

State-of-charge estimation for lithium-ion batteries based on modified unscented Kalman filter using improved parameter identification

The full and single hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) experiments are conducted on nickel cobalt manganese (NCM) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries to obtain the accurate relationship between state of charge (SOC) and open circuit voltage (OCV). The pseudo random number generated by the RAND function is used as the initial value of the parameter identification equation for the second-order equivalent circuit model (ECM), and the parameter identification of lithium-ion batteries is achieved through least squares fitting. The unscented Kalman filter (UKF) simulation model is modified by the first order low pass filtering (FOLPF) algorithm to improve the accuracy of SOC estimation of batteries. The results show that the goodness of fit between the real and estimated HPPC pulse voltage values at different SOC values is above 0.99 for both NCM and LFP batteries. Based on the parameter identification results, the maximum error of the HPPC voltage estimated by the second-order ECM is within 0.045 V under both full pulse and single pulse testing conditions while the maximum error of SOC estimation is within 0.025. The UKF model modified by the FOLPF algorithm provides a reference for the accurate SOC estimation of batteries.

Arduino Controlled Battery Charger

In this project we will learn to use an Arduino and an attached charging circuit to control the charging of NiMH rechargeable batteries. Rechargeable batteries are a great way to power your portable electronics. They can save a lot of money when properly recycled. But it's much more fun to build one for yourself. So, here is how to build an Arduino controlled battery charger. Each type of battery uses a different chemical process to make it work. As a result, each type of battery needs to be charged differently. We are going to focus on the most common type of AA rechargeable battery, Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH). Battery Charger is designed for charging 12V sealed lead-acid batteries. The designed device consists Charging unit , Battery Housing Unit (Drawers) with their respective batteries insider the Drawers which can be charged simultaneously. Each Battery Housing Units provided with its driver circuit, transformer and power supply module. Power supply module is designed with thermal analysis & optimization and protection for EMI/EMC issues. Once the battery is connected to the circuit, it then displays battery charging condition. Battery charging level is displayed by LEDS and LCD is used to indicate the keyed input battery voltage and current through keypad 4X4 manually. Battery type and remaining charging time are displayed on screen during charging on LCD display. PIC 18f452 Microcontroller continuously monitors the battery condition and displays it on LCD. Charging stops when battery is fully charged, audio alarm is indicated with a buzzer and finally the ejection of the drawer tray for removal of the charged battery. This is advantageous as it prevents the battery from damage and over charging.

Integrated System of Mechanical Regulator and Electrical Circuitry on Triboelectric Energy Harvesting with Near‐Field Communication for Low Power Consumption

AbstractThis paper presents an integrated power generation, conversion, and storage system with a temperature monitoring system, including passive near‐field communication (PGCS‐TMS‐pNFC), based on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). The system consists of three parts; first, a mechanical regulation system (MRS) with kinematic design and multiphase control; second, a phase control rectifying circuit (PCRC) with a battery charging circuit (BCC); and third, a data processing and communication system (TMS‐pNFC) for low power consumption. The MRS, consisting of a reel spring and gear train, achieves a high‐frequency output exceeding 1000 Hz, and long‐lasting operation. PCRC provides stable and minimizing fluctuated DC output with a ripple effect as RMS voltage and current of 423 V and 46 µA, for 2 s, with a crest factor of 1.15 and 1.08. The PGCS‐TMS‐pNFC, harvesting building energy, such as opening and closing doors, is used to sense and store temperature data for more than 29 min, and the data is transmitted to the receiver via pNFC through smartphone tagging. Additionally, the PGCS with BCC is implemented on a bicycle frame to charge electronic devices while riding. This research underscores the integrated approach and practical applications of TENG technology that contribute to energy efficiency and sustainability in the lives.

Equalizing the battery charges of rechargeable accumulators

Charge imbalances in high-voltage batteries, including battery cell arrays, such as lithium-ion in hybrid vehicles, tend to develop and increase over time as the batteries are charged and discharged, or even when the battery remains charged but not in use. This reduces the efficiency of the battery charging and discharging modes, and limits battery life and capacity. The article describes a method and device for performing the charge equalization operation when charging a storage battery. The elements of the charger circuit have been selected, the parameters of which are sufficient for charging with equalizing the charge of the Audi Q5 hybrid Quattro car. Calculations of the pulse mode of charging the battery of the specified car, as well as the time spent on charging with equalizing the battery charges are given. The charging time of the considered battery with the elimination of a 15% imbalance of the batteries will last up to 139 minutes (2.31 hours). The results of calculating the operating parameters of the device indicate that the device for equalizing the charge of the batteries is operable, can be implemented on a modern element base at a relatively low cost, and is capable of charging the battery in a time acceptable for the operation of the car.

A Critical Review of Compensation Converters for Capacitive Power Transfer in Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging Circuit Topologies

A Critical Review of Compensation Converters for Capacitive Power Transfer in Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging Circuit Topologies

A Novel Portable Solar Powered Wireless Charging Device

This paper presents the development of a portable solar panel wireless charging device with an advanced charging algorithm. The device features a 6500 mAh Li-ion battery and is designed to efficiently charge smartphones and laptops. It incorporates a simulated solar panel, charging circuit, microcontroller, and wireless charging circuits. Rigorous testing has demonstrated its stable output voltage and current at 5 V/2 A, with high power transfer efficiency. The advanced charging algorithm optimizes power transfer efficiency and reduces charging time by adjusting the current and voltage to match the device’s needs. This smart approach extends battery life and improves device performance. The device utilizes the Basic MPPT P&O Algorithm to dynamically track the solar panel’s Maximum Power Point and optimize power extraction. The Lithium Battery Charging Characteristic Algorithm adjusts the charging levels to ensure safe and efficient charging. However, challenges were encountered during implementation and testing, highlighting the complexities of real-world scenarios and the need for further optimization. The device offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly charging alternative, particularly in areas with limited power access. The research findings contribute to the field of wireless charging, driving advancements in sustainable and efficient technologies.

Characteristics Verification of Battery Charging Circuit Using Different Controllers

Matlab is used to simulate the project battery charger using various existing linear controllers, such as SMC, FUZZY, and PID, and PI. It was shown that using intelligent controllers might improve the battery charging circuit's performance after analyzing the simulated network's performance from multiple publications. The efficiency of the battery charger was investigated and verified by Matlab simulation . Battery charger efficiency was examined and confirmed using Matlab simulation, graphical representation, and research. Fuzzy and sliding mode control (SMC), a nonlinear controller, are chosen as the control methods based on the linear controller PI. We are familiar with the principles of sliding mode control (SMC), fuzzy logic, and linear controllers, PI and PID.

Design And Development of a Compact Carbon Gas Emission Monitoring Device for Private Vehicles

Poor air quality is a major concern in urban areas, with a large percentage of the population exposed to high levels of pollutants. Using sensor and monitoring technology, devices can automatically and periodically monitor indoor air quality. Containment measures should be taken when dangerous airborne chemicals are detected. Air pollution, both indoors and outdoors, causes health problems. The Philippines faces challenges in air quality reporting due to the high cost of monitoring equipment. A project is underway to collect real-time data using sensors and an Arduino Uno-based monitoring system. The power management design's PCB layouts were completed using two software applications: Eagle CAD for the nano power boost charger circuit and Ultiboard for the boost converter circuit. The layout design adhered to the IPC2221A standards, ensuring accurate component footprints and copper trace width, which were determined based on the current flow through the trace in the PCB design. The circuit boards were carefully sized to be smaller than 4“x4” to enable smooth integration into an air quality monitoring device. The integrated design functioned as a wireless sensing application, effectively monitoring air quality. The carbon gas monitoring system had the capability to detect and collect various gases, including Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen Monoxide, Carbon Monoxide, and Dust Density. Additionally, it was equipped to measure temperature and humidity. Achieving this required using the Arduino Uno application for programming and incorporating an additional sensor, resulting in a cost-effective design solution. The prototype successfully integrated air quality sensors, microcontrollers, and communication modules. The system's performance was evaluated against existing testing centers, and the results were presented.

A pulser R&D for the HEPS booster bumper magnet

The High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) is a fourth generation photon source, including a storage ring, a booster ring and a Linac. Due to the small dynamic aperture of the storage ring, a novel on-axis swap-out injection scheme was chosen. Here, the 6GeV booster acts as an accumulating ring during that injection process. To extract 6 GeV beam from the booster before injection into the storage ring, four slow bumper magnets are applied to assist the extraction kicker to accomplish. The bumper pulse magnetic field waveform is a half-sine wave with 1ms pulse bottom width. Depending on the simulation and test, a classic LC resonance circuit topology with IGBT switching in series with fast recovery diodes is adopted. In addition, an energy recycle circuit and capacitor charging circuit are designed, to decrease power loss and reduce the influence on the output pulse current waveform during the capacitor re-charge process. A pulsed power supply prototype has been completed, and the testing results show that the bumper pulser can fully meet the all requirements of HEPS booster high energy extraction system.

Microcontroller Based Li-ion Battery Charger

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have emerged as a primary secondary power source for portable systems. Their notable advantage lies in their ability to be recharged numerous times before disposal, offering a clean energy source devoid of toxic elements. However, charging these batteries requires careful consideration. Fast charging or overcharging can elevate battery temperature, potentially leading to explosions and accidents. Various charging methods exist, but the Constant Current-Constant Voltage (CC-CV) approach stands out as particularly suitable for Li-ion batteries due to its ability to prevent critical overcharging. This paper introduces a Li-ion battery charger circuit leveraging an 89S52 microcontroller. The charger employs the CC-CV method to achieve a full charge for the battery.

Low Harmonics Plug-in Home Charging Electric Vehicle Battery Charger Simulation Model of Zero Crossing

Harmonic currents are high in conventional rectifiers. The previous work proposed a new battery charger circuit to reduce harmonics effect and improve total harmonic distortion (THD). The design and development of a home charging electric vehicle battery charger circuit should anticipate potential issues. For this reason, the proposed battery charger, buck chopper, and zero cross circuits must be simulated before real hardware implementation. Simulation and simulation models are needed to describe system behaviour because experimentation might be dangerous, expensive, and time-consuming. This paper describes a simulation model of a zero-crossing circuit and its control algorithm, that provide control signals to a five-level single phase Multi Level Rectifier (MLR)) to draw the MLR for a clean sinusoidal line current with low harmonics. The proposed circuit and the algorithms perform as expected when tested using MATLAB/Simulink and PROTEUS software.

Low Harmonics Plug-in Home Charging Electric Vehicle Battery Charger BMS State of Charge Balancing using Priority and Sequencing Technique

Poor battery state of health (SOH) or unit cell replacement of a damaged battery may cause an imbalance in the state of charge (SOC) or battery voltage terminal of electric vehicle (EV) batteries, which can negatively impact EV performance and EV batteries when charging. Battery Management System (BMS) monitor charges safely and efficiently. BMS can maximize battery life, can estimate SOC and State of health (SOH). EV Charger charge batteries individually in sequence (parallel) or, at once while in series connection. BMS cell balance controls battery charging in series or parallel using macro charging circuits. This study discusses series motor DC drive Electric Car (EC) Battery Management System (BMS) utilizing macro charging circuit and cell balancing control method. The MATLAB/Simulink software used to test the control algorithm shows that the proposed BMS cell balancing algorithm works effectively and meets our expectations.

Fabrication of high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator based on Ni3C nanosheets to self-power thermal patch for pain relief

In this work, we report a vertical contact-separation mode triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) comprising of Ni3C/PDMS composite and Nylon Nanofibers for self-powering a nichrome wire-based thermal patch for muscular/joint relaxation. An optimised composition of Ni3C (25 wt%) and PDMS as a tribo-negative material and Nylon Nanofibers synthesised via electrospinning on copper electrode foil as a tribo-positive material were used to fabricate the TENG. The fabricated TENG exhibits outstanding output generating an average open circuit voltage of ∼252 V, an average short circuit current of ∼40.87 μA and a peak power of ∼562.35 μW cm−2 at a matching resistance of 20 MΩ by manual tapping. Enhancement in contact area due to electrospun nylon and micro capacitive Ni3C flakes in dielectric PDMS contribute to the exceptional performance of the TENG. The optimised TENG is then connected to a full bridge rectifier with a 100 nF filtering capacitor to convert the AC voltage to a DC output with a peak voltage of ∼5.4 V and a ripple voltage of ∼1.04 V to recharge an ICR 18650 Li-ion battery, which functions as a medium to improve electrical energy flow to the heat patch. The electrical energy is converted into heat energy by a wounded nichrome wire placed inside the heat patch. The nichrome wire of length 3 cm with appropriate number of windings was employed in the heat patch. An increment of 45 °F can be observed by switching the charged Li-ion battery-based circuit ON for just 30 s. The strategy of self-powering a heat patch using this TENG finds enormous applications in physiotherapy and sports to relieve muscle and joint pains.