Chardonnay Variety Research Articles

Variety effect of distinct enzyme treatments during prefermentative maceration of white winegrapes on volatile organic compounds and chromatic traits

The impact of prefermentative addition of five single-enzyme activities (pectin lyase, polygalacturonase, pectin methyl esterase, xylanase, and arabinase) on the phenolic content, colour characteristics, and volatile composition of grape musts resulting from pellicular maceration of Chardonnay, Arneis, Greco, and Falanghina white varieties was studied with the aim of enhancing aroma composition without negatively affecting colour perception. In addition, standard physicochemical parameters were determined. Pectin lyase, polygalacturonase, and arabinase enzymes reduced the must browning, when compared with untreated control, as reported by lower total polyphenol index, absorbance at 420 nm, and a* colour coordinate for all varieties tested. Regarding the volatile composition determined by solid-phase extraction and GC-MS analysis, variety effect was observed for the enzyme treatments studied. The concentration of free vanillin decreased significantly in these last three varieties using polygalacturonase and arabinase treatments whereas 4-vinylguaiacol increased in pectin lyase-treated samples. Free terpene compounds, such as furan linalool oxide, increased in Chardonnay and Falanghina varieties using polygalacturonase, xylanase, and arabinase for the second variety whereas pectin lyase for the first one. Contrarily, glycosylated terpenes, such us (Z)-8-hydroxylinalool, decreased when using pectin lyase and xylanase for Arneis; however, it also occurred for Falanghina using polygalacturonase treatment. The xylanase activity influenced mostly the volatile composition of the Arneis variety whereas arabinase did for Greco and Falanghina. The differences between enzyme-treated grape musts and control samples were less evident on the Chardonnay variety. Therefore, enzyme activity can affect the volatile composition of grape must differently depending on the target variety.

ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ И ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННАЯ УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ ВИНОГРАДА ПРИ ПРИМЕНЕНИИ НЕКОРНЕВЫХ ПОДКОРМОК

The article presents the results of 6-year experi-mental studies to identify the varietal reaction of table and wine grapevine grades on systematic use of foliar top dressing with special complex fertilizers of various compositions. One-factor field experiments were carried out in fruit-bearing industrial vine plantations of the Black Sea (Abrau-Durso LLC, Novorossiysk) and Anapa-Taman (Temryuksky district, Vysheste-blievskaya station) viticulture zones of the Kras-nodar Territory. The object of the study was technical (Merlot, Chardonnay) and table (Au-gustine, Moldova) grapevine varieties. The set-ting and conducting of experimental studies were based on the recommended methodological manuals adopted in viticulture. As a result of the conducted studies, the positive effect of foliar top dressing on the main productivity indicators of all studied grapevine varieties (fruiting coeffi-cient, number and mass of bunches) was re-vealed. The advantage of the systematic use of organomineral fertilizer Maxifol of various brands is determined by the indicator of the number of fertile shoots per bush in the varieties Chardonnay and Augustine. The effectiveness of the humic preparation "Norm L" was revealed in Merlot, Augustine, Moldova varieties. Special complex fertilizers of various compositions used in vine plantations provided a total increase in yield in experiment No. 1 in the amount of 13.9 t/ha (Merlot variety) and 11.6 t/ha (Char-donnay variety) in 2016–2021; in experiment No. 2 – 29.9 t/ha (Augustine variety) and 27.0 t/ha (variety Moldova).

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ КАЧЕСТВА ПОБЕГОВ ВИНОГРАДА СОРТА ШАРДОНЕ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ПОДВОЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ ЗОНЫ КРАСНОДАРСКОГО КРАЯ

The article presents a study of the influence of various rootstocks on the change in the quality of cuttings of Chardonnay grape variety in the conditions of the Central zone of the Krasnodar region. In the course of the research, the following calculations and observations were carried out: the average diameter of the shoot and core, the cross-sectional area of the shoot, core and wood, as well as the aging coefficient and the conditional aging coefficient were determined. Compliance with the quality standards of cuttings of the Chardonnay variety, depending on the rootstock, was determined using the aging coefficient in accordance with GOST 28181-89, as well as using the conditional aging coefficient according to the method of Prof. N.V. Matuzok. Scion-rootstock combinations with the best indicators of maturation in the conditions of the central zone of the Krasnodar region were identified.

Estimation of Sugar Content in Wine Grapes via In Situ VNIR-SWIR Point Spectroscopy Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence Techniques.

Spectroscopy is a widely used technique that can contribute to food quality assessment in a simple and inexpensive way. Especially in grape production, the visible and near infrared (VNIR) and the short-wave infrared (SWIR) regions are of great interest, and they may be utilized for both fruit monitoring and quality control at all stages of maturity. The aim of this work was the quantitative estimation of the wine grape ripeness, for four different grape varieties, by using a highly accurate contact probe spectrometer that covers the entire VNIR-SWIR spectrum (350-2500 nm). The four varieties under examination were Chardonnay, Malagouzia, Sauvignon-Blanc, and Syrah and all the samples were collected over the 2020 and 2021 harvest and pre-harvest phenological stages (corresponding to stages 81 through 89 of the BBCH scale) from the vineyard of Ktima Gerovassiliou located in Northern Greece. All measurements were performed in situ and a refractometer was used to measure the total soluble solids content (°Brix) of the grapes, providing the ground truth data. After the development of the grape spectra library, four different machine learning algorithms, namely Partial Least Squares regression (PLS), Random Forest regression, Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), coupled with several pre-treatment methods were applied for the prediction of the °Brix content from the VNIR-SWIR hyperspectral data. The performance of the different models was evaluated using a cross-validation strategy with three metrics, namely the coefficient of the determination (R2), the root mean square error (RMSE), and the ratio of performance to interquartile distance (RPIQ). High accuracy was achieved for Malagouzia, Sauvignon-Blanc, and Syrah from the best models developed using the CNN learning algorithm (R2>0.8, RPIQ≥4), while a good fit was attained for the Chardonnay variety from SVR (R2=0.63, RMSE=2.10, RPIQ=2.24), proving that by using a portable spectrometer the in situ estimation of the wine grape maturity could be provided. The proposed methodology could be a valuable tool for wine producers making real-time decisions on harvest time and with a non-destructive way.

STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF THE PELICULAR MACERATION PROCESS ON THE QUALITY AND TYPICALITY OF SEMI-AROMATIC AND AROMATIC WINES

Traditionally, when making white wines, the musts are subjected to clarification and settling, even those from harvests in perfect phytosanitary condition. The increasingly perfected technical and technological procedures, involved in the operation of clarifying and deburring the musts, lead to the total removal of undesirable impurities, but also of the small fragments of skins and core, the only carriers of varietal aromas specific to each variety. In such situations, wines lacking fruitiness, aromatic "expressiveness" and varietal typicality result. In order to avoid such inconveniences, recently investigations have been intensified on the topic of improving white winemaking technologies, showing that the pellicular maceration is particularly appropriate, especially when the grapes are, at the time of harvesting, in a perfect state phytosanitary and are well matured. By applying pellicular maceration, notable results are obtained in the vinification of semi-aromatic (Sauvignon) and aromatic (Muscat Ottonel) grapes, but significant improvements were also obtained when using grapes of "neutral" aromatic varieties, such as those belonging to the Chardonnay variety.

STUDY OF THE PHENOLIC COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF WHITE AND RED WINES OBTAINED FROM INTRODUCED, LOCAL AND HYBRID GRAPEVINE VARIETIES FROM THE REGION OF CENTRAL NORTHERN BULGARIA

Study on the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of white and red wines obtained from introduced (Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon), local (Dimyat, Gamza) and hybrid (Druzhba, Rubin) varieties was performed. The wines had optimal chemical parameters. Almost identical total phenolic compounds (TPC) content (700.00 ± 0.0.000 mg/dm3 and 703.33 ± 5.773 mg/dm3) in the white wines of the introduced Chardonnay variety and the local Dimyat was found. The wine of the introduced Cabernet Sauvignon showed the highest quantitative presence of TPC (1666.66 ± 5.773 mg/dm3) from the red wines group. Chardonnay wine showed the highest content of flavonoid phenolic compounds (FPC) (769.84 ± 1.833 mg/dm3), and for the red wines FPC content dominated quantitatively in Rubin (2532.40 ± 49.938 mg/dm3). The wine of the introduced Chardonnay also showed the highest content of non-flavonoid phenolic compounds (NPC) (115.78 ± 0.325 mg/dm3), and in the red wines Gamza (235.63 ± 0.498 mg/dm3) was distinguished by this indicator. The quantitative presence of anthocyanins in the studied red wines followed the order wine - introduced variety > wine - hybrid variety > wine - local variety. The highest antioxidant activity (AA) in white wines was found in Chardonnay. Gamza and Cabernet Sauvignon red wines showed a close percentage of radical scavenging activity, but it was slightly higher in the wine of the local Gamza variety. There was a correlation between the antioxidant activity of red wines and the content of NPC in them, respectively: NPC (AA) Gamza > NPC (AA) Cabernet Sauvignon > NPC (AA) Rubin. The white and red wines from introduced, local and hybrid grapevine varieties from the region of Pleven, Central Northern Bulgaria showed good and balanced phenolic accumulation capacity, resulted in optimal ability for in vitro elimination of free DPPH radicals.

ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ НАСАЖДЕНИЙ И КАЧЕСТВО ВИНОПРОДУКЦИИ СОРТА ШАРДОНЕ ПРИ НЕКОРНЕВЫХ ПОДКОРМКАХ РАЗНЫМИ ГРУППАМИ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ

The article presents the results of many years of research on the study of the effect of non-root preparations of various composition and system of influence on the grape plant. Investigating the technical variety of Chardonnay grapes, the main attention, along with the yield, was paid to the quality and organoleptic value of wine products from infertile soil areas. The objects of research were grapes and wine of the Chardonnay variety with variants of treatment with non-root preparations (Gumel Lux, Phylloton, Agrumax). The experience of studying the effect of foliar fertilizing on the productivity of the grape plant and the quality of wine was laid in the Anapa district on grape plantations grafted on the rootstock of Berlandieri x Riparia Kober 5BB 2006 planting according to the scheme of 3x1.5 meters, the formation of a double-shouldered cordon Kazenava. The results of research in 2019-2021 showed that the treatment of grape bushes growing on conditionally suitable soil with the studied preparations of non-root action had a positive effect on the yield and technological qualities of Chardonnay grapes. The best result in yield was given by the variants treated with Agrumax and Gumel Lux -9.7 and 9.4 kg/bush, respectively. Wine materials with variants of treatment with Gumel Lux and Phylloton preparations proved to be the most extractive in the experiment, which affected the taste qualities of these samples. According to the organoleptic parameters in the year of the study, a variant of wine material from grapes treated with Gumel Lux proved to be the best.

Possibilities for Depleting the Content of Undesirable Volatile Phenolic Compounds in White Wine with the Use of Low-Intervention and Economically Efficient Grape Processing Technology

The influence of the technological processes of grape processing on the content of hydroxycinnamic acids and volatile phenolic substances in wine was studied. The method of targeted oxygenation was applied in grape processing technology of the Welschriesling and Chardonnay grape varieties. The content of volatile phenolic substances was determined by gas chromatography, the content of hydroxycinnamic acids by liquid chromatography, and the basic analytical parameters of the wine by FTIR spectrometry. The method of targeted must oxygenation had a statistically significant effect on the content of hydroxycinnamic acids and volatile phenolics in the wine. In all three monitored years (2015–2017), the content of 4-vinylphenol and 4-vinylguajacol in the wine significantly decreased. A significant dependence between the content of hydroxycinnamic acids and volatile phenolics was found. The experiment showed that a 1% increase in the content of hydroxycinnamic acids in the Chardonnay variety could result in an average increase in the content of monitored volatile phenolics by 3.6% (3 years’ data). Naturally reducing the content of hydroxycinnamic acids, with the application of technological processes, eliminated the oxidative processes during wine maturation. Sensory undesirable volatile phenolic substances were consequently formed in lower quantities, and there was no negative impact on the favourable sensory properties of wine. It was not necessary to use the polyvinylpolypyrrolidone adsorbents.

The influence of growth conditions on MALDI-TOF MS spectra of winemaking yeast: implications for industry applications

Previous studies have shown MALDI-TOF MS to be a powerful tool in wine yeast identification and potential prediction of application. However, it is also established that substrate composition influences protein expression, but the degree to which this may affect MALDI-TOF spectra (and analytical results thereof) has not been fully explored. To further inform assay optimisation, the influence on MALDI-TOF spectra was determined using eight Saccharomyces strains of diverse origins cultivated on grape juices from Pinot Noir and Chardonnay varieties, synthetic grape juice, and laboratory-grade artificial culture media (YPD broth and agar). Our results demonstrated significant influences of culture media on strain MALDI-TOF spectra. Yeast culture on YPD agar is recommended for taxonomic studies, with YPD broth culture of S. cerevisiae offering improved intra-subspecific differentiation Furthermore, our data supported a correlation between MALDI spectra and the potential industrial application of individual yeast strains.

Projected effects of climate change on Tempranillo and Chardonnay varieties in La Mancha Designation of Origin

Climate is one of the components of terroir that most influences grape growth and development. Vines might suffer significant impacts under climate change, although they can be different depending on the variety and location. The aim of this study was to analyze vine phenology and grape composition variability related to weather conditions in La Mancha Designation of Origin, in Spain, and potential changes caused by climate change. The research focuses on the Tempranillo and Chardonnay varieties. Phenological dates and grape composition at ripening were evaluated for the period 2000–2019 and related to climatic variables. This information was used to project the potential variations under different emission scenarios (Representative concentration pathways RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for 2050 and 2070. An advance in phenology is projected under climate change, for the two varieties, in agreement with that observed in years with different weather conditions. The advance for 2050 could be of 6, 11, 9, and 8 days for Tempranillo and 4, 9, 9, and 10 days for Chardonnay, respectively, for bud break, flowering, veraison, and maturity under the RCP4.5 scenario, and up to 50% higher under the PCP8.5 scenario. This advance in the phenological timing will imply ripening under warmer conditions, which could affect grape quality. A decrease in titratable acidity in both varieties is projected due to the increasing temperatures, which would have negative implications for the two varieties, and anthocyanin concentrations in Tempranillo are projected to suffer changes due to variations in temperature and in water deficits. The research presents a novelty for La Mancha DO, where there is no previous analysis in this respect. This is the first study in this vine-growing region in which projections are made on the potential changes for aforementioned vine cultivars, whose response is analyzed for expected warmer conditions in relation to those observed in cooler areas.

Organic viticulture elements development

The results of a two-factor field experiment on the application of two elements of organic planting: sowing of inter-row spacing and introduction of biofertilizers – microbial preparations for increasing soil fertility, growth and productivity of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) of Chardonnay cultivar on rootstock cultivar Berlandieri x Riparia Kober 5BB (Kober 5BB) are presented. Study was carried out in 2016-2018. The intercropping factor has two options: natural overgrowing (NO) and sowing a mixture of grasses (MG) – pasture ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and meadow bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) in a ratio of 1:1:1. For the factor microbial preparations (MP): Diazofit – Agrobacterium radiobacter 204 strain, associative nitrogen-fixer, and a complex of microbial preparations (CMP). It has been established that use of organic methods positively influenced the growth, productivity and quality of Chardonnay grapes in the foothill zone of the Crimea. MP provided the most significant effect on these indicators against the intercropping with a mixture of grasses. The applied methods of biologization contributed to an increase in the sugar content of the grapes, to a greater extent the MP and reduced the acidity of the berries juice, where intercropping played a significant role. The increasing in soil fertility under the vineyard with the application of intercropping and MP on its background has been revealed. Model of Chardonnay variety productivity on rootstock cultivar Kober 5BB in the conditions of the foothill Crimea by organic viticulture methods was constructed.

Profiling of free amino acids in sparkling wines during over-lees aging and evaluation of sensory properties

Sparkling wines produced with the nontraditional grape varieties Villenave, Niagara, Manzoni and Goethe, and also a classic Chardonnay variety, were investigated in this study. The aim was to determine the influence of the length of time for which the wines were exposed to biological aging in contact with yeast lees (over-lees) on the nitrogen composition and the characteristics of the sensory profile. Significant changes were observed in the concentration of free amino acids in the sparkling wines during over-lees aging. The use of multivariate analysis to investigate the nitrogen composition of sparkling wines proved to be an interesting tool to differentiate sparkling wines according to the time of biological aging. The principal component analysis clearly separated the sparkling wines according to the time of over-lees aging considering the nitrogen composition, and this behavior was observed for all varieties. Sparkling wines with 15 and 18 months of over-lees aging were associated with most of the amino acids analyzed. The sensory profiles obtained for the sparkling wines with 18 months of aging on yeast lees was characterized by descriptors of white and citrus fruits, floral and/or orange blossom, honey, butter, notes of toasted bread and vegetal, and straw-colored.

Improving the range of industrial plantings of grapes due to introduced clones

Studies have shown that the clone of the Chardonnay R-10 against the background of the standard variety is characterized by higher agrobiological indicators: fruit bearing coefficient, average cluster weight, the yield from the bush exceeds the control by 1.3 times. The shoot productivity in the wet mass of the bunch in the clone of the Chardonnay R10 variety is characterized as “high”. The clone of the Sauvignon green R-3 variety showed high shoot fertility, the average mass of the bunch in the clone reaches 165.3 ± 2.2 g, exceeding the control 1.15 times, the yield from the bush reaches 4.02 ± 0.1 kg, exceeding the standard grade by 1 kg. The shoot productivity in the wet mass of the bunch is characterized as “high”. The average weight of a bunch in a clone of Muscat white R-3 variety reaches 275.3 ± 2.03 g, which is 95 grams more than the control (180.0 ± 3.2 g). The yield from the bush is 4.49 ± 0.2 kg, exceeding the standard variety by 1.7 times. The productivity of the shoot is characterized as “very high.” The degree of variation of characters in clone populations of the Chardonnay varieties R-10 (V = 2.4-9.8%), Sauvignon green R-3 (V = 1.88.7%), White Muscat R-3 (V = 1.2–9.3%) are characterized as weak, which indicates the genetic homogeneity of the studied clone populations under specific growing conditions. Technological evaluation showed that wine materials produced from introduced Chardonnay R-10 clones, Sauvignon green R-3 and White Muscat R-3 excel in quality indicators wine materials produced from standard varieties.

Canonical correlations among grapevine agronomic and processing characteristics

Canonical correlation analysis allows conclusions to be drawn about the occurrence and magnitude of associations between two groups of characteristics. This study estimated the magnitude of association and interdependence between two trait groups of clones of two varieties of Vitis vinifera grapes. The study was based on the mean data of eight characteristics from two experiments to test the performance of these clones: the first experiment provided data from seven clones of Cabernet Sauvignon, which evaluated in the northern San Joaquin Valley, California, United States, and the second data set was from six clones of the Chardonnay variety, which were evaluated in the Napa Valley, California, United States. The canonical correlations among the two varieties were significant, indicating that the two groups of characteristics were related or not independent. The quality and quantity of the raw material required for fine-wine production were inversely proportional and specific to each variety. For Cabernet Sauvignon, the high number of berries per bunch and high number of bunches per plant resulted in fruits with a high °Brix level and increased pH. For Chardonnay, the increase in the bunch weight and number of berries decreased the fruit pH.

A model library to simulate grapevine growth and development: software implementation, sensitivity analysis and field level application

Abstract Simulation modelling applied to grapevine is a promising tool to unravel the tight interactions between agricultural management and pedo-climatic conditions, and their impact on yield variability. This is an urgent need in current conditions, and in light of climate change, which is expected to deeply affect the performances of vine cropping systems. Here we present a BioMA software component (UNIFI.GrapeML), which is a model library of grapevine physiological processes. We used it to develop a new grapevine model considering the impact of soil water availability on yield, selecting a Spanish vineyard as case study (Chardonnay variety). We inspected its behavior with sensitivity analysis techniques, selecting the most relevant parameters to calibrate for matching reference data. The accuracy in reproducing phenology (average Pearson r ¯ = 0.57), soil water content ( r ¯ = 0.70) and yield (r = 0.59) proved its capability to respond to weather variability, and the efficiency of BioMA software architecture in developing agricultural models.

Application of SERS technique in white wines discrimination

The wine discrimination potential of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique is reported. For this purpose, a set of 30 wines from three Romanian regions (Transylvania, Banat, Moldova) comprising two varieties, Sauvignon Blanc and Feteasca Regala from 2011-2015 vintages, was investigated. Additionally four French wine samples from Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay varieties, produced in 2015 were included in the study. The vine variety differentiation (Feteasca Regala versus Sauvignon Blanc) was achieved with a percentage of 90.3% while for the geographical origin differentiation among investigated Romanian areas a percentage of 83.3% was obtained. Additionally, the separation of French samples from Romanian ones was realized in a percentage of 100% in both, initial and cross-validation procedure. For vintage discrimination, the method proved to be less sensitive allowing only the differentiation of 2012 vintage from the other investigated vintages. In this case, the obtained percentages were 90% for initial classification and 83.3% in cross-validation.

Reduced Meloidogyne ethiopica Parasitism in Vitis vinifera Grafted on Six Resistant Rootstocks Under Field and Greenhouse Conditions.

Meloidogyne ethiopica, an aggressive nematode, causes significant economic losses to Vitis crops. Rootstocks can successfully manage phytoparasitic nematodes. However, no studies exist on M. ethiopica-resistant rootstocks under field conditions. This study assessed the resistance of six Vitis rootstocks to M. ethiopica under field and greenhouse conditions. The number of galls and eggs in vine roots, quantity of second stage juveniles and males in 250 ml of soil, root weight, and shoot weight were determined for the Harmony, SO4, 101-14 MG, 110R, 3309C, and Kober 5BB rootstocks, and the own-root Chardonnay variety as a control. In the field, Harmony, SO4, 101-14 MG, Kober 5BB, and 110R were highly resistant to nematode parasitism and reproduction. In turn, 3309C was the least resistant rootstock. In the greenhouse, all rootstocks similarly limited M. ethiopica attack and reproduction. In both conditions, Chardonnay was the most susceptible vine to nematode attack, with high quantities of galls, eggs, and nematode reproduction. In conclusion, most of the evaluated rootstocks reduced M. ethiopica parasitism. Harmony, SO4, 101-14 MG, 110R, and Kober 5BB rootstocks are options for vineyard use, with final selection dependent on winegrower requirements.

Exploring 2-aminoacetophenone contents in sparkling wines based on analytical data and statistical modelling

The influence of the second fermentation step on sparkling wine aroma was investigated with respect to the content of 2-aminoacetophenone (AAP) as an indicator substance for the atypical ageing off-flavour (ATA). AAP contents of aged sparkling wines and their corresponding base wines (Riesling and Chardonnay variety) were determined by means of multidimensional gas chromatography using a stable isotope dilution assay. The majority of sparkling wines were lower in AAP in comparison with their corresponding base wines. Explorative and predictive statistical analyses of the resulting AAP content in sparkling wines were performed concerning the influence of the parameters lees contact time, yeast strain, base wine AAP concentration and total phenolic contents. Both statistical approaches yielded good fits with AAP concentration of the base wine being the predominant factor. Although it was possible to explain the changes in AAP concentrations on the basis of how total phenolics changed during second fermentation, predicted AAP trends did not hinge upon the amount of total phenolics present in a base wine. Unpressurised model fermentations were a promising technological alternative to study the development of AAP in sparkling wines. Altogether, this study presents a multidisciplinary approach to master the challenging task of ATA risk assessment in base wines, which at present rather accesses the sparkling wine producer’s individual experience.

Use of winemaking by-products as an ingredient for tomato puree: The effect of particle size on product quality

Formulations of tomato puree with grape skin fibres (Chardonnay variety) having varying particle sizes were studied. The contents of flavonoids (by HPLC–DAD) and proanthocyanidins (n-butanol/HCl assay), reducing capacity (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, FRAP) and anti-glycation activity by a bovine serum albumin (BSA)/fructose model system were analysed in vitro. A liking test was performed with consumers. Stabilization was carried out by either an intensive autoclave treatment or an optimised microwave-treatment achieving 6D-reduction of the target microorganism (Alicylobacillus acidoterrestris). In the fortified tomato purees, the solubility of proanthocyanidins decreased, but was partly restored by autoclave treatment, which also caused deglycosylation of flavonol glycosides. Microwave treatment did not show any effect on phenolics. The reducing capacity and ability to inhibit protein glycation greatly increased in the fortified purees. The particle sizes of solids in the formulations played a major role with respect to the consumers’ liking, with the smallest fraction showing maximum ratings.

국내에서 재배한 포도 품종간의 이화학적 특성 비교

본 연구에서는 동일한 조건하에 온실 재배하여 수확한 7종의 포도를 선발하여 품종간의 이화학적 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 포도의 당, pH, 총산도 등의 일반성분 분석과 HPLC를 이용한 유기산 분석, ICP-OES를 이용한 미네랄 분석을 실시하였다. 당도는 V. vinifera종이 V. labrusca종에 비해 <TEX>$2-4^{\circ}Bx$</TEX> 정도로 높게 나타났고, Seibel 품종이 <TEX>$20.93^{\circ}Bx$</TEX>로 가장 높은 함량을 보였다. pH는 Chardonnay 및 Seibel 등이 4.01로 가장 높았으며, 총산도는 Steuben, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon 등이 0.9-1.0%로 다른 품종에 비해 높게 나타났다. Tartaric acid의 함량은 Merlot 품종이 과육과 과피에서 가장 높았으며, Steuben, Kyoho 품종은 상대적으로 낮은 함량을 보였다. Malic acid의 경우 Chardonnay와 Seibel 등의 백포도 품종이 적포도 품종에 비해 높은 함량을 보였다. Citric acid의 함량은 과육과 과피간의 유의적인 차이를 관찰할 수 없었고, Chardonnay와 Campbell Early의 과피에서는 검출되지 않았다. 미네랄 함량 중 potassium은 전체 미네랄 중 가장 높은 함량을 보였고, Chardonnay와 Seibel 등의 함량이 가장 높았으며, Steuben과 Campbell Early 등이 낮게 검출되었다. Calcium의 함량은 Kyoho 포도 품종이 가장 높았고, Magnesium의 함량은 Chardonnay가 가장 높았으며, Sodium의 함량은 Chardonnay, Seibel 등이 높게 나타났다. Chardonnay와 Seibel은 Calcium을 제외한 전체 미네랄 함량에서 모두 높은 수치로 검출되었다. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of genetic factors on the chemical composition or metabolites of grapes harvested within the same region. Grapes were separated into pulp, skin, and seed, and physicochemical characteristics were compared among seven grape varieties. The sugar concentrations of the grape musts ranged from <TEX>$15.17-20.93^{\circ}Bx$</TEX> with Seibel variety being highest at <TEX>$20.93^{\circ}Bx$</TEX>. pH ranges of grape musts were 3.46-4.02 and total acidity was highest with 1.05 in Steuben variety. Tartaric acid content was highest with 146.68, 500.10 mg/L in pulp and skin extract of Merlot variety. Malic acid content was highest in pulp extract of Seibel variety (1127.14 mg/L) and skin extract of Chardonnay variety (1720.06 mg/L). K content was highest with 379.13 and 828.01 mg/L in pulp and skin extract of Chardonnay variety. Ca content was highest in pulp extract of Kyoho variety (6.98 mg/L) and skin extract of Campbell Early variety (12.26 mg/L).