Charcoal Chips Research Articles

Effect of substrates of transplantation of the rare epiphytic orchid Dendrobium farmeri for conservation

Abstract. Nuammee A, Pingyot T, Foowan S, Pumikong S, Rujichaipimon W, Sornpood S, Panyadee P. 2024. Effect of substrates of transplantation of the rare epiphytic orchid Dendrobium farmeri for conservation. Biodiversitas 25: 708-715. Dendrobium farmeri Paxton is an epiphytic orchid, one of the most celebrated for its beauty. However, its natural population is dwindling, and it faces the risk of extinction. Although tissue culture techniques are successful for orchid propagations, the transplantation of in vitro-derived plantlets to ex-vitro conditions is often restricted by high mortality, which is considered a challenging and crucial stage in orchid conservation. This study investigated the effect of substrate mixtures on the survival and growth of D. farmeri plantlets under greenhouse conditions. The substrates for acclimatization contained coconut husk, charcoal chips, brick chips, sphagnum moss, fern fiber, and leaf mold in various ratios. Survival percentage and vegetative growth characteristics of plantlets were the main observations recorded. The result showed that the substrate mixture containing brick chips, charcoal chips, and sphagnum moss in a 1:1:2 ratio was the most effective, yielding 100% at 30 days and 96.7% at 180 days post-transplantation, fostering improved development of plantlets under greenhouse conditions. The findings suggest that this optimized substrate mixture could be a standard approach for acclimating D. farmeri and potentially other epiphytic orchids, enhancing conservation efforts and commercial cultivation.

STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE COMPOSITION OF THERMAL INSULATION MATERIALS BASED ON WASTE FROM MINING COMPLEXES

New heat-insulating materials were prepared via the combined use of local technogenic and natural raw materials. The mixtures of natural clay, overburden of polymetallic surface mine, charcoal chips, wood crumbs, dolomite chips, and minor amounts of triethanolamine as a hardener and stearic acid emulsion as a waterproofing agent were used as starting mixtures. For the ceramic-like materials prepared by firing at 1000оC, we report their physicomechanical parameters-shrinkage ɛ, density d, abradability a, water adsorption q, thermal conductivity k (at 50oC), and compressive strength σс. The synthesized ceramic masses may find their application in the fabrication of wall panels and lightweight concrete aggregates

A Fundamental Study for The Possibility of Charcoal as Green Infrastructure Materials

To evaluate the possibility of charcoal as Green Infrastructure (GI) materials, data such as moisture content, amount of adsorbed water, and amount of evaporation were collected. Some data from previous study were referenced to find out if correlations exist between results in this study and previous study. Only porosity was directly related to moisture content. Two mechanical charcoal had better abilities than traditional charcoal in all three categories. Mechanical black charcoal chips produced by National Forestry Cooperative Federation (NFCFC) adsorbed 333.3% of water in thirty minutes, 297.5% in five minutes, and evaporated around 75% water in four days. This ability is much higher than other five charcoal. Even though results of test showed various degrees and NFCFC was the best as GI materials, data of charcoal were also within acceptable range based on generally accepted characteristics of GI materials.

Agricultural waste materials as component of organic potting media for the endangered Nepenthes truncata Macf. (Philippine pitcher plant)

Agricultural waste materials, namely, coconut fiber (CF), coir dust (CD), and charcoaled rice husk (CRH) taken singly or in combination with commonly used organic substrates wood charcoal chips (WCC), chopped tree fern (CTF), sphagnum moss (SM), and osmunda fiber (OF) were characterized for their suitability as components of mixed potting media for Nepenthes truncata (Macf.) plantlets. Several mixed media were evaluated, each with a component for aeration (WCC, CTF, or CRH), moisture retention (CF, CD or SM), and drainage (OF). Conventionally used container media mixes served as controls. Based on survival and leaf condition of plantlets, CD could replace SM, and both were superior to CF in moisture retention, while CRH was superior to wood charcoal chips and tree fern for aeration. Both CD and CRH are locally available and inexpensive compared to the materials they could replace. Small-sized plantlets performed better in Treatment 6 (T6) (2:1:1 mixture of SM, OF, and CRH) and Control 1 (pure SM) while medium-sized plantlets only preferred T6. Physico-chemical properties of T6 suggest that the appropriate medium for N. truncata plantlets is slightly acidic with low electrical conductivity, high porosity, moderate water holding capacity, and moderate water retention efficiency.

Preparation of Encapsulated Polymer Adhesion Beads and Adhesion with Porous Fibers

Adhesion beads of 10–130 μm, prepared by suspension polymerization, were encapsulated by melamine–formaldehyde. The capsule-type adhesives prepared consist of core and shell structure where the core region is sticky and viscous and the shell region consists of a hard shell at room temperature. The air permeable pads are made by hot pressing the mixture of capsule-type adhesives and porous materials including charcoal chips and Camellia sinensis fibers, which have a porous structure. The interfacial adhesion between polymer adhesion bead and porous fibers after processing shows a good porous sheet structure, which can penetrate air.

Micropropagation of Dendrobium nobile from shoot tip sections

Successful shoot regeneration of Dendrobium nobile was achieved using thin shoot tip sections and triacontanol (TRIA) for the first time. Protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) or proliferating shoot buds were observed when thin shoot tip sections were cultured on the basal medium of Mitra et at. (Indian J. Exp. Biol. 14 (1976) 350) supplemented with 4.0 microg L(-1) TRIA. The highest percentage of explants (93%) produced PLBs or proliferating shoot buds (21) at 4.0 microg L(-1) TRIA-supplemented basal medium. All the newly formed PLBs or proliferating shoot buds survived and ultimately produced healthy shoots with 2-3 leaves. Shoots produced roots when cultured on basal medium supplemented with 2.0 microg L(-1) TRIA. The well-rooted shoots were transferred to pots containing charcoal chips, coconut husk and broken tiles (2:2:1), and a 92% survival rate was achieved. This work reveals that TRIA can be used as an effective growth regulator in the micropropagation and conservation of D. nobile.

Efficient Regeneration of Vanda Coerulea, an Endangered Orchid Using Thidiazuron

Efficient shoot regeneration of Vanda coerulea was achieved using thin shoot tip sections and thidiazuron. Protocorm-like bodies or proliferating shoot buds was observed when thin shoot tip sections were cultured on Vacin and Went's (VW) (1949) basal medium supplemented with 11.35 µM thidiazuron. The highest percentage of protocorm-like bodies (95%) survived and ultimately produced healthy shoots with 2 – 3 leaves when subjected to a 4 week thidiazuron treatment. A culture period longer than 8 weeks with thidiazuron resulted in the formation of fasciated or distorted shoots. Shoots produced roots when cultured on half strength VW basal medium supplemented with 11.42 µM IAA. The well rooted shoots were transferred to pots containing charcoal chips, coconut husk and broken tiles (2:2:1) and a 98% survival rate was achieved.

Utilization of Charcoal Chips for Sunshade

Utilization of Charcoal Chips for Sunshade

Use of higher plants and bed filter materials for domestic wastewater treatment in relation to resource recycling

Abstract A bench scale experiment was conducted to compare the effectiveness of three kinds of bed filters (zeolite, zeolite + shell fossils, charcoal chips) and five plant species (Chinese water spinach (Ipomea aquatica Forskal), rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Takanari), zinnia (Zinnia elegance L.), watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.), stock (Matthiona incana R. Br.)) for use as plant-bed filter systems in order to develop low cost and energy-saving devices for wastewater treatment combined with resource recycling and amenity functions. Pots (0.05 m2) filled with bed filter materials were prepared as experimental systems. The addition of higher plants to the bed filters enhanced the nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater as plant species considerably affected the P and N removal efficiency. In the summer-autumn season (June-December), Chinese water spinach and rice were more effective than zinnia. In the winter-spring season (January-May), watercress was more effective than stock. Although the ...

Performances of Charcoal Chip and Sand Packed Anaerobic Reactors

Performances of anaerobic fixed film reactors were studied using 200 litre field units packed with 20 mm equivalent diameter charcoal chips and 7 litre laboratory units packed with charcoal chips and 0.35 mm sand particles. Wastewaters from edible oil refineries were used as feed. Treatment efficiency was greater than 80% at organic loading rate of 7 kg COD/m3-d and 60% at 12 kg COD/m3-d. The systems were able to withstand a shock loading of over 22 kg COD/m3-d. Efficiency dropped when wastewaters contained a high concentration level of SO4− and Na+. Gas production rate was in general greater than 0.26 m3/kg COD removed of which 80% by volume was methane gas. The fixed film anaerobic reactors were shown to be effective in treating high strength organic wastewaters.

On the "Charcoal Analysis"

For the purpose of elucidating the flora near the human occupation and revealing a part of human way of living in prehistoric time, the total of number 100 charcoal chips randomly collected from the Kuwagai-shimo Site (late Jomon) were analysed according to the same method as used for the identification of timber.Among 100 samples, 81 specimens were identified of their species (52 samples: 15 species), of their genus (27 samples: 4 genus). Frequencies of appearence were Cyclobalanopsis (20), Castanea crenata (13), Juglans mandshurica, and Zelkova serrata in this order.Under the assupmtion that these charcoals were the remains of firing by the prehistoric man, the comparison of the methods was made between the charcoal and the pollen analyses.Charcoal analysis might reflect the flora near the more close area of the habitate, and at the same time, reflect the selection of timber for the use by the human beings, as compared to the data obtained by the pollen analysis. In those days, Cyclobalanopsis and Castanea crenata were assumed to have frequently been used as firing lolls. The vegetation surrounding the site was the forest of warm climatic conditions and also the secondary forest was thought to have covered those sites.