Addition Of Charcoal Research Articles

Unearthing the legacy of wildfires: post fire pyrogenic carbon and soil carbon persistence across complex Pacific Northwest watersheds

Wildfires have the potential to dramatically alter the carbon (C) storage potential, ecological function, and the fundamental mechanisms that control the C balance of Pacific Northwest (PNW) forested ecosystems. In this study, we explored how wildfire influences processes that control soil C stabilization and the consequent soil C persistence, and the role of previous fire history in determining soil C fire response dynamics. We collected mineral soils at four depth increments from burned (low, moderate, and high soil burn severity classes) and unburned areas and surveyed coarse woody debris (CWD) in sites within the footprint of the 2020 Holiday Farm Fire and in surrounding Willamette National Forest and the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest. We found few changes in overall soil C pools as a function of fire severity; we instead found that unburned sites contained high levels of pyrogenic C (PyC) that were commensurate with PyC concentrations in the high severity burn sites—pointing to the high background rate of fire in these ecosystems. An analysis of historical fire events lends additional support, where increasing fire count is loosely correlated with increasing PyC concentration. An unexpected finding was that PyC concentration was lower in low soil burn severity sites than in control sites, which we attribute to fundamental ecological differences in regions that repeatedly burn at high severity compared with those that burn at low severity. Our CWD analysis showed that high mean fire return interval (decades between fire events) was strongly correlated with low annual CWD accumulation rate; whereas areas that burn frequently had a high annual CWD accumulation rate. Within the first year postfire, trends in soil density fractions demonstrated no significant response to fire for the mineral-associated organic matter pool but slight increases in the particulate pool with increasing soil burn severity—likely a function of increased charcoal additions. Overall, our results suggest that these PNW forest soils display complex responses to wildfire with feedbacks between CWD pools that provide varying fuel loads and a mosaic fire regime across the landscape. Microclimate and historic fire events are likely important determinants of soil C persistence in these systems.

Improvements in dewaterability and fuel properties of hydrochars derived from hydrothermal co-carbonization of sewage sludge and organic waste

The hydrothermal co-carbonization of sewage sludge and organic additives, namely 10 and 20 % of charcoal, fir, grass, and an undersieved fraction of municipal solid waste, was studied. The benefits of this combined process included the spectacular dewaterability performance of slurry, proved by positive filtration tests and shorter capillary suction times. For instance, a 20 % fir addition decreased c.a. 60 % of pressure filtration time when compared to the hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge. A 10 % undersieved fraction of municipal solid waste resulted in 15.72 s of capillary suction time. Moreover, hydrothermal co-carbonization produced effective solid energy sources. The addition of organic origin waste to sewage sludge prior to the process caused higher heating values, carbon and fixed carbon contents of hydrochars (e.g. a 20 % charcoal addition generated 21 % higher heating value, 30 % carbon and 2.8 times higher fixed carbon), which corresponded with easier and more stable combustion processes compared to hydrochar from sewage sludge determined by thermal analysis. Possible exploitation problems during combustion have been assessed by determining the tendency risks of slagging and fouling based on oxides identified in ash by XRF analysis. Furthermore, changes in the structural and morphological properties of hydrochars were identified by SEM and FTIR analyses.

Synergism of Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainable Development Goals Techniques to Evaluate Downflow Hanging Sponge System Treating Low-Carbon Wastewater

While recent researchers have focused on optimizing the operational conditions of low-carbon wastewater treatment processes, they have not sufficiently evaluated the sustainability of such systems. This study is the first to assess the performance of a low-carbon wastewater treatment facility using an integration of techno-economic and life cycle assessment (LCA) criteria accompanied by several sustainability indicators. A downflow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor was operated at a hydraulic retention time of 3.4 h, an organic loading rate of 3.8 kg COD/m3 sponge/d, and 24–35 °C (scenario_1). Another two DHSs were operated in parallel, i.e., a 50% influent bypass (scenario_2) and 260 mg/L charcoal addition (scenario_3), providing carbonaceous matter to maintain the nitrification/denitrification pathway. Employing the DHS’s scenario_3 could fulfill most of the SDGs regarding the environmental (e.g., COD and nitrogen removals) and socio-economic (e.g., reliability, labor, and health and safety) targets. The LCA tool also confirmed the superior environmental benefits of scenario_3, concerning effluent quality, GHG emissions, and sludge generation. The synergistic interaction of LCA and SDGs approaches ranked the proposed DHS modifications as scenario_3 > scenario_1 > scenario_2. Hence, the current study provided an innovative strategy that could be employed to assess the sustainability of wastewater treatment systems worldwide.

Modification of Grass Chopper Blade from Leaf Spring with Coconut Shell Charcoal Addition by Carburizing Treatment

Modification of Grass Chopper Blade from Leaf Spring with Coconut Shell Charcoal Addition by Carburizing Treatment

Cement Stabilization of Waste from Contaminated Soils in Terms of Its Installation into Engineered Landfill

Remediation and preparation for development is a crucial aspect of the valorization of post-mining areas. This study is focused on technologies devoted to the cement stabilization of post-industrial waste and petroleum contaminated soils. Two case studies are presented. Case 1 is based on the stabilization works of waste from a closed chemical plant in order to turn it into an engineered landfill. The results form the basis for numerical studies of slope stability. The shorter case 2 is based on the laboratory testing of a soil–cement composite with regard to petroleum contamination and the application of active carbon to neutralize it in the course of deep soil mixing. Both cases, due to the use of slag cement, are not considered to be sustainable (due to a relatively high carbon footprint), but they represent current geotechnical practice and form a reference for a wide range of applications. Both cases show the positive impact of stabilization by means of the addition of a hydraulic binder. The effect of soil improvement is measurable in terms of the stability factor of landfill slopes. The effect of active charcoal addition seems to be a valuable improvement to standard deep soil mixing technology in the case of contaminated soil. The presented results, despite their local importance related to the cases under scrutiny, have an important educational and scientific value for the energy sector, where contaminated sites need to be valorized.

Thermal stabilization of recycled PLA for 3D printing by addition of charcoal

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the most widely used thermoplastic materials for 3D printing, particularly in the Fused Filament Fabrication technique. However, the printing process generates waste products and even though PLA is compostable, the possibility of recycling it provides ecological and economical benefits. In this work, a study on the stabilization of recycled PLA using charcoal (CC) was carried out, with the aim of overcoming the well-known problem of degradation (reduction in molecular weight) of PLA, during remelting. Microscopic investigations showed good dispersion of the filler in the polymer matrix, as well as better adhesion between the printed layers. Thermal analyses (Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry) indicate a stabilization of PLA waste because of the addition of small concentrations of CC to the recycled polymer matrix. These data are confirmed by GPC analyses, which show that the addition of filler is associated with higher molecular weight. Mechanical analysis indicated improved elongation at break and elasticity. Finally, a key ring was printed as an example of the better printability of the filament containing CC. The results indicate that a stabilization of the recycled PLA with a very low concentration of CC has been achieved. Improved 3D printability and properties of the 3D printed objects can be attained through recycling and recovery of wasted PLA, according to sustainability and circular economy matters.

Bamboo charcoal affects soil properties and bacterial community in tea plantations.

Bamboo charcoal, a type of manufactured biochar, is produced by pyrolyzing bamboo residue under anoxic conditions. Its beneficial properties in absorption, catalyst support, and agricultural function have attracted significant attention; however, relatively few studies have examined its effects on the soil microbiota. In this study, we analyzed the effects of bamboo charcoal on soil physicochemical properties, enzymes, and microbial community structure in tea plantations and investigated the optimal amount of bamboo charcoal to be added to organic fertilizer. The results show that bamboo charcoal can further increase soil available nitrogen, total and available phosphorus and potassium, organic carbon content, pH, and urease activity. However, only the combined use of bamboo charcoal and organic fertilizer significantly increased total nitrogen, sucrase, and β-glucosidase activities in the soil. Bamboo charcoal also significantly increased the Chao1 and Shannon indices of microbiota diversity in a concentration-dependent manner. The structure of the bacterial community changed significantly after the bamboo charcoal addition, with Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes increasing and Acidobacteria decreasing. This study provides fundamental insights into the suitability of bamboo charcoal application for the ecological remediation of diseased soils.

Pengaruh Penambahan Arang Tempurung Kelapa Terhadap Kualitas Briket dari Arang Pelepah Nipah Menggunakan Tepung Tapioka Sebagai Perekat

Nipa Palm fronds is one of the biomass that has potential to be used as briquettes because it has high cellulose. The calorific value of nypa palm frond will cause low briquettes quality. The aims of this study is to determine the effect of the addition of coconut shell charcoal. The research method used was by mixing coconut shell charcoal with nipa palm charcoal with various compositions and using tapioca flour as an adhesive as much as 10% of the total weight of briquettes. It was found that the addition of coconut shell charcoal can improve the quality of briquettes according to SNI No.1/6235/2000 with the best composition ratio palm charcoal:coconut shell charcoal which is 20%:80%. Briquettes have a moisture content 2,43%, ash content 7,3%, a calorific value 6779,64 Kal/gram, density 1 gram/cm2 and a burning rate of 0,0393 gram/minute.

Combined effects of biomass bottom ashes and spent charcoal on characteristics of fired clay bricks

Among the diversity of solid waste produced, biomass by-products stand out due to their synergizing role in energy savings during brick firing process and impact on mitigating sustainability issues of fired clay brick production. Therefore, this study accentuates on assessing the characteristics of fired clay bricks made by replacing clay with both biomass bottom ashes (BBA) and spent charcoal from 8 to 20 wt% in order to minimize non-renewable resource use and enhance brick performance. In total, bricks from 6 mixture series were prepared to ascertain the effect of 5 wt% BBA incorporation and 3 – 15 wt% spent charcoal addition on the physical, durability, mechanical and thermal properties of the produced fired clay bricks. Parameters such as linear shrinkage, dried weight, dried and fired apparent densities, water absorption, open porosity, thermal conductivity and compressive strengths were examined at spent charcoal increasing inclusion in the brick bodies. The produced bricks showed linear shrinkage values within the safe limits of 7%. Water absorption values were also within acceptable levels of 16.33%. Thermal conductivity significantly reduced from 0.76 W/mK to 0.58 W/mK and this reduction meant improvement in the thermal efficiencies of the bricks. Bricks containing 5 wt% BBA and 9 wt% of spent charcoal exhibited compressive strengths of 10.40 MPa in accordance with standards required for structural construction. These results were authenticated from mineralogical and microstructural analyses. Consequently, utilization of up to 20% wastes in a brick body is a crucial step in point of economic growth, environmental cleanliness, natural clay resources conservation and innovation in the fired clay bricks product development.

Fire-Derived Charcoal Attracts Microarthropods in the Litter of Boreal Deciduous Forest

Larch forests in the permafrost zone of Eastern Eurasia are exposed to frequent wildfires, which are expected to increase with climate warming. However, little is known about how fire-derived charcoal is linked to the decomposition process in these forests. Fire-derived charcoal can affect the faunal communities in the forest litter. In a two-year field litterbag experiment, we investigated the effect of fire-derived charcoal on the colonisation by microarthropods (Collembola and Acari) of three decomposing litter species dominant in boreal larch forests. Charcoal addition led to an average 15% decrease in body size of collembola but significantly increased their abundance by 5 times throughout the experiment and acari by 1.5 times in the second year of decomposition, and this effect was consistent across all litter species. The increased microarthropod community may have hampered microbial activity and mass loss rate in the presence of charcoal. Charcoal altered the microarthropod community composition, increasing the proportion of collembola up to 20% compared to acari. The difference in abiotic conditions (increased litter water content during dry periods) induced by fire-derived charcoal was a more substantial factor determining the microarthropod community than litter species in the boreal larch forest. Our results indicate that fire-derived charcoal influences the biological drivers of decomposition in boreal larch forests, stimulating the growth of microarthropod community in decomposing litter.

PENGARUH DOSIS ARANG TEMPURUNG KELAPA DAN KEPADATAN YANG BERBEDA TERHADAP SINTASAN BENIH IKAN MAS (CYPRINUS CARPIO) PADA PENGANGKUTAN SISTEM TERTUTUP

This study aims to determine the effect of coconut shell charcoal doses and different densities on closed system transportation which can increase the survival rate of goldfish (Cyprinus carpio) seeds. The method used in this study is an experimental method and the design used is Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The number of treatments A was divided into 4 levels namely (A1, A2, A3, and A4). Treatment B was divided into 3 levels (B1, B2, and B3) to obtain 12 experimental combinations with 3 repetitions for each combination to obtain 36 experimental units.
 The results showed that the highest survival rate of Goldfish (Cyprinus carpio) occurred in Treatment A1B1 (without the addition of coconut shell charcoal), as many as 287 fish/liter of water with an average survival rate (S/R) of 94 .5% and the lowest was A4B2 (with the addition of 45gr of charcoal) of 202 fish/liter of water with an average survival rate (S/R) of 66%

Effect of Fire-deposited Charcoal on Soil Organic Carbon Pools and Associated Enzyme Activities in a Recently Harvested Pinus massoniana Plantation Subjected to Broadcast Burning

Charcoal is a carbonaceous particulate matter with a highly aromatic structure produced by incomplete combustion, and it can cause persistent long-term effects on soil ecological functions. In this study, we determined soil organic carbon pools and associated enzyme activities following five years of different charcoal treatments[charcoal removal (B0), charcoal retained in situ (B1), and the addition of charcoal removed from B0(B2)] and the unburnt control (UB) in a recently harvested Pinus massoniana plantation subjected to broadcast burning. The results showed that dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), coarse and fine particulate organic carbon (CPOC and FPOC), and recalcitrant carbon (RC) contents were significantly lower in B1 than those in UB soil (P<0.05). The MBC and FPOC contents of B2 soil were comparable to those of UB soil, which were significantly higher than those of B0 soil (P<0.001). There was no difference in MBC/TC between the B2 and UB soils, whereas MBC/TC was significantly lower in B0 than in UB soil (P<0.05). β-glucosidase and peroxidase activities of B0, B1, and B2 soils were significantly lower than that of UB soil (P<0.01), and polyphenol oxidase activity was significantly lower in B0 and B2 soils than in UB soil (P<0.01). No significant difference in soil TC, DOC, readily oxidized carbon (ROC), CPOC, and RC content as well as associated enzyme activities was observed among the charcoal treatments (P>0.05). Redundancy analysis showed that sucrose and polyphenol oxidase were the key drivers influencing soil organic carbon fractions, accounting for 16.3% and 12.7% of the total variance, respectively. Overall, our findings indicated that fire-deposited charcoal played a positive role in enhancing soil microbial biomass carbon recovery, soil organic carbon accumulation, and stability, highlighting the importance of charcoal in the management of subtropical plantations in the future.

Effects of the Addition of Bamboo Charcoal on the Water Purification Ability of Micro-organism-Supported Crystallization Type Phosphorus Removal Materials

In order to prevent water pollution in closed waters such as inner bays and lakes, it is essential to establish a method to remove phosphorus and organic substances which cause water pollution. We have tried to give organic substances removal ability to a crystallization type phosphorus remover composed of gypsum and CaCO3 by supporting useful microorganisms on the surface of the remover. In this study, the effects of loading micro-organisms derived from activated sludge on the water purification ability of the phosphorus remover were investigated. In addition, the effects of adding bamboo charcoal as a carbon source to the phosphorus remover on the adherence of microorganisms and the organic matter removal capacity were examined. The phosphorus removal material was obtained by mixing gypsum, CaCO3 and bamboo charcoal in specified volume proportions. Microorganisms were loaded on the specimens by immersing them in activated sludge for 5 days. The microorganisms supported samples by immersing in activated sludge showed higher organic matter removal capacity than the non-microbial-supported sample. Furthermore, the bamboo charcoal-added samples were able to remove organic matter in a short time than the samples without bamboo charcoal. The phosphorus removal ratio of the sample after immersing in activated sludge was almost the same as that before immersion, but when the amount of bamboo charcoal added was excessive, the phosphorus removal ratio decreased drastically. This decrease in phosphorus removal ratio would be attributed to a decrease in the content of CaCO3, which acts as a crystallization site for calcium phosphate, and to the coating of CaCO3 exposed on the surface of the phosphorus remover by the adherence of a large amount of microorganisms due to the excessive addition of bamboo charcoal.

Effect of adding coconut shell charcoal powder on clay impermeable layer small dam core material

Clay soil is widely chosen to be used as a waterproof core layer material in ponds because there is a tendency to have water-tight properties. However, in general conditions, clay soil has several weaknesses and causes problems in civil construction, such as low shear strength and high plasticity. The existence of this condition is certainly a consideration to improve the mechanical properties of the clay when it is to be used as a waterproof core layer in the reservoir. This effort is carried out to increase the shear strength of the soil and reduce its permeability so that it can meet the requirements as soil for an impermeable core layer. The permeability coefficient for the minimum pond core material is less than or equal to 1x10-6 cm/sec. In this study, coconut shell charcoal was used as a stabilizing agent for clay soil. The percentage variations of the coconut shell charcoal mixture used were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. This study aims to determine the effect of coconut shell charcoal powder on the permeability coefficient, and the shear strength of clay soil which will be used as the core material of the watertight reservoir. The tests carried out in this study were atterberg limit testing, grain gradation analysis, compaction, shear strength, and permeability. Based on the results of testing with soil samples varying from a mixture of 0% to 20% coconut shell charcoal, it was found that the best addition of coconut shell charcoal for shear strength testing was a mixture variation of 15% with a cohesion value of 0.353 kg/cm2 and a mixture variation of 20 % with a sliding angle value of 43.2580. Whereas in the permeability test on the coconut shell charcoal mixture of 15% is the best addition of coconut shell charcoal with a permeability coefficient of 2.106x10-7 cm/second.

Pengaruh Penambahan Arang Pelepah Sawit terhadap Sifat Mekanik Batu Bata Merah

Brick is a building material that is often used for residential walls. The bricks in this study were bricks with the addition of palm frond charcoal in the manufacturing process. The aims of this study were (1) to determine the effect of adding palm stem charcoal on the manufacture of red bricks in terms of compressive strength, water absorption (Suction rate) and apparent density (apparent density). (2) Comparing the test results with the SNI 15-2094-2000 standard. The manufacture of experimental bricks begins with adding clay with pulverized palm frond charcoal in a ratio of 100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15 and 80:20, then molded, dried, burned and tested for new mechanical properties. brick. In this study, the compressive strength of bricks that enter class 100 is a ratio of 100:0 and 95:5 namely 11.75 Mpa and 10.10 Mpa, then bricks grade 50 is a ratio of 90:10 and 85:15 which is 8.08 Mpa and 6.27 Mpa. The water absorption capacity of bricks that meet the requirements of SNI 15-2094-2000 is a ratio of 100:0 and 95:5, namely 18.65% and 19.74%. The apparent density of bricks that meet the requirements of SNI 15-2094-2000 are the ratios of 100:0, 95:5, 90:10 and 85:15, which are 1.63 g/cm3, 1.54 g/cm3, 1,37 g/cm3 and 1.24 g/cm3. Bricks that meet the standards and are recommended as masonry bricks are bricks with a ratio of 95:5.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Lumpur IPAL Proses Biologi Sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif dalam Bentuk Briket

Industrial WWTP sludge has not been used properly, especially biological process WWTP sludge can be used as an alternative fuel in the form of briquettes. The purpose of this study was to determine potential utilization of biological process WWTP sludge as briquettes, and to determine the effect of adding variations charcoal to the quality of briquettes. The biological process WWTP sludge was obtained from the Trio Food, Cianjur. The dried sludge has a calorific value 2468 cal/g. The research methodology includes material drying, size reduction (250 μm), mixing, molding, and briquette drying. Briquettes are made with variations in the addition of 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% charcoal. The results of the study showed that the addition of charcoal resulted increase in the water content, fixed carbon, and calorific value of briquettes as well decrease in ash content, and volatile matter. The highest calorific value in the variation of the addition charcoal is 70% at 3819 cal/g, the value still does not meet SNI 1/6235/2000 (standard for wood charcoal briquettes). The biological process WWTP sludge has potential to be used as fuel in the form of briquettes with the addition of coconut shell charcoal and carbonized coal.

Effects of additives on the co-composting of forest residues with cattle manure

Co-composting of forest residues (FR) with cattle manure (CM) results in a low nitrogen (N) conversion efficiency, a low organic matter (OM) degradation rate, and a low quality compost product. This study evaluated the effects of addition of bone charcoal (BC), pumice (PM), or straw biochar (SB) at a ratio of 10 % (w/w) on the co-composting of FR with CM. The highest quality compost was obtained with addition of 10 % PM. Compared with the control (without any additive), PM addition increased the OM degradation rate, the nitrate-N, the available phosphorus, and the available potassium by 25 %, 110 %, 24 %, and 9 %, respectively, and increased the relative abundance of bacteria (Planomicrobium, Flavobacterium, and Pseudomonas) involved in lignocellulose degradation and N transformation. With the addition of PM, the co-composting of FR with CM generated a high quality, useful product in only 39 days.

Effect of Replacing Coke with Biomass Fuel on Sinter Properties and Pollutant Emissions

In the iron-ore-sintering process, the use of biomass charcoal instead of coke breeze can reduce the emission of flue gas pollutants and alleviate the energy crisis of fossil fuels. However, the direct application of biomass charcoal to iron ore sintering is bound to affect the sinter properties. The effects of biomass charcoal addition on the sintering ore properties and flue gas pollutants emission were studied through sintering cup and related performance test experiments. Meanwhile, the influence mechanism of biomass charcoal instead of coke breeze on iron ore sintering was expounded. The experimental results show that with an increase in biomass charcoal, the vertical sintering rate increased, the internal pore structure developed rapidly, and the pollutant emission decreased gradually. When the biomass charcoal content was less than 40%, the sinter strength and yield were stable and slightly improved with the increase in biomass charcoal. When the biomass charcoal content was higher than 40%, the metallurgical properties of sinter degraded sharply, making it difficult to meet the production requirements. The comprehensive effect of biomass charcoal on the sinter suggests that the suitable biomass charcoal addition was 40%; under this condition, the reduction in SO2 and NOx was 28.2% and 25.7%, respectively.

Manufacture of Briquettes from Baking Filter Dust (BFD) Waste and Coconut Shell Charcoal

This research utilized baking filter dust (BFD) waste obtained from PT. INALUM., which functions as a heat retainer, is processed into briquettes with the addition of coconut shell charcoal, which has not been fully utilized. This research is also to determine the optimum quality of physical and chemical properties in good briquettes to be used as an alternative fuel. This study uses the method used is the pyrolysis method with the combustion process using a closed combustion furnace and sieving using a sieve with a size of 50-100 mesh. The quality of briquettes was analyzed using the Proximate Test, Ultimate Test, and Characterization of SEM – EDX. Furthermore, the quality test of briquettes refers to SNI 016235 2000 and the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 47 of 2006; the average moisture content of briquettes is 18.65 %, the average ash content of briquettes is 4.33 %, the average volatile matter content (volatile matters) is 13.30 %, the average fixed carbon content (fixed carbon) is 63.73 %, the average heating value is 6,200 cal/g, and the sulfur content is 49.75 % on average.

The Reduction Of Water Level In Used Cooking Oil Using Bagasse Charcoal (Saccharum officinarum)

Recycling technology processes used cooking oil into reusable oil using bagasse as an absorbent material, to determinate the decrease in water content in used cooking oil using bagasse chacoal. the reseach method is experimental. The sample used is used cooking oil. Water level before the addition of bagasse charcoal was 0,3%. This results after the additional of bagasse charchoal with variation of immersion time 1x24 hours, 2x24 hours and 3x24 hours was 0,1%, 0,03%, and 0,02%.There is reducing in water level after soaking using bagasse charcoal. Water level from used cooking oil more smaller after the addition of soaking time by bagasse charcoal.