Characterization Of Titanium Research Articles

Synthesis and characterization of titanium and aluminum complexes of 2-methoxybenzyl alcoholate and their use in base-catalyzed twin polymerization

The synthesis and characterization of twin monomers [Ti(OCH2-2-MeO-C6H4)4(HOCH2-2-MeO-C6H4)]2 (3) and [Al(OCH2-2-MeO-C6H4)3]4 (5) by reacting HOCH2-2-MeO-C6H4 (1) with Ti(OiPr)4 (2), or 1 with AlMe3 (4) is discussed. Single crystal X-ray structure analysis of 3 shows a dimeric structure with two alkoxide ligands bridging the titanium ions, while the others are terminal bonded. The respective phenolic resin / metal oxide hybrid materials HM_Ti and HM_Al were obtained in moderate (HM_Ti) to excellent (HM_Al) yields using typical base-catalyzed twin polymerization conditions (230 °C, 2 h). Nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with energ-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy proved the formation of inorganic–organic hybrid materials consisting of resin and MxOy materials (HM_Ti, TiO2; HM_Al, Al2O3) containing interpenetrating phase nano-domains with sizes of < 5 nm, as is charcteristic for twin polymerization processes. Oxidation of HM_Ti and HM_Al yielded the respective oxide materials Ox_Ti (TiO2) and Ox_Al (Al2O3), which possess low surface areas of ABET = 53 m2/g and 76 m2/g, respectively.

Synthesis of titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite material via the incorporated hydrothermal co-precipitation method for fabricating photoanode in dye-sensitized solar cell

This study first investigates the preparation and characterization of titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide (TiO2/rGO) and then proposes the fabrication of photoanode in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) from synthesized materials. Herein, the TiO2/rGO nanocomposites were prepared by the incorporation of hydrothermal approach and co-precipitation method from the precursors of titanium (IV) isopropoxide and graphene oxide. The fabrication of photoanode from the as-prepared TiO2/rGO nanocomposite paste was carried out using screen-printing technique. The performance of fabricated DSSCs was evaluated by current density-voltage curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The characterizations of TiO2 nanoparticles, TiO2/rGO nanocomposites, and their precursors were confirmed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. Experimental data showed that the optimal rGO weight percentage of 0.6% in the TiO2/rGO nanocomposite material fabricated DSSC successfully with the highest values of short-circuit current density (17.65 mA/cm2) and energy conversion efficiency (7.46%), approximately increasing 24% and 25%, respectively, in comparison with the pristine TiO2 material. Characterization results indicated that the incorporated hydrothermal co-precipitation method was efficient in producing well-defined spherical TiO2 nanoparticles decorated on the rGO sheets with an average diameter of 20–25 nm. Therefore, the TiO2/rGO nanocomposites with the eco-friendly and efficient synthesis method are highly promising for manufacturing and commercializing DSSCs widely.

Characterization of Titanium (IV) Oxide Nanoparticles Loaded onto Activated Carbon for the Adsorption of Nitrogen Oxides Produced from the Degradation of Nitrocellulose

The stability and performance of nitrate ester-based energetic materials may be compromised by their degradation, which is primarily promoted by the NOx. To overcome this issue, the typical approach is the addition of stabilizers to the original formulation of the energetic materials. However, this is not always suitable, particularly if pure materials are needed. Thus, this work presents a new method consisting of capturing the released NOx on activated carbons impregnated with TiO2 nanoparticles. The principle is to perform the oxidation of NOx to HNO3 by photocatalysis in presence of TiO2. Consequently, four different activated carbons are prepared by chemical activation with ZnCl2 and H3PO4 to achieve diverse textural and functional properties. They are subjected to impregnation with 1 wt. % of TiO2. Hence, they are thoroughly characterized by means of nitrogen sorption isotherms, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence. Afterwards, their efficiency under different light conditions is assessed through the capture of NOx evolved from the accelerated degradation of nitrocellulose quantified by Bergmann-Junk test. The quantity of captured NOx is determined by ion chromatography. The results show that a combination of a micro and mesoporous material with low surface functions is the optimal criterion to achieve the desired deposition rate of TiO2. This is obtained by the heat-treated activated carbon synthetized using H3PO4. In addition, more than 60% of the released NOx are efficiently captured by the prepared materials under ultraviolet light, corresponding to 0.0723 mmol of NOx per gram of impregnated activated carbon.

Determination and characterization of titanium in environmental waters and sludges

By increasing the development of nanotechnology in recent times, there have been many commercial products contain nanomaterials. Type of nanomaterials that most widely used is Titanium dioxide (TiO2). These nanomaterials have been applied in various types of products, such as paints, cosmetics, etc. Unlike organic and inorganic pollutants, study and characterization of metal nanoparticle (NP) contaminants, such as TiO2 NP, have never been done in any part of Indonesia. Therefore, given the greater source of NP contaminants plus their long-term negative effects, it is deemed necessary to identify and characterize them in Indonesia. For the first case, Identification and characterization of TiO2 NP were performed in sludge and wastewater of paint and cosmetic company in the area of West Bandung district. Furthermore, the sludge and surface water of Saguling Reservoir and Cipeusing River were also analysed. Morphological and size analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle size analyser (PSA) revealed that most samples have NPs with a sphere shape; however, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) was only able to confirm the presence of titanium (Ti) element in sludge samples. Quantification of Ti (all ascribed to TiO2 NPs) in wastewater and sludge was done by graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-AAS) with high precision and accuracy. The results implied that Ti was accumulated higher in the sludge than in the water samples at the same sampling location.

Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium (iv) Oxide Loaded with Silver Nano Particles Thin Films

This research investigates effect of annealing temperature on the optical properties of titanium dioxide loaded with silver nanoparticles (TiO2: AgNPs) thin films deposited on glass substrate by spin–coating technique. Silver nanoparticles was prepared using laguminosae-paplionodeae extracts as a reducing agent for silver nitrate and commercially available titanium (iv) oxide was used. Deposition of TiO2:AgNPs blend solution was done in different volume ratio. The blend solution volume ratio of (1:0.2) was deposited at 7 different thicknesses with different speed of revolution per minutes (rpm) for 30 seconds. Annealing of 16 samples deposited at 1000 rpm on the glass substrate was carried out at temperature range of 50°C to 425°C with 10°C interval in a tubular furnance. It is observed from the results that the peak absorption of photon energy occurred at 375°C in the visible range of the wavelength spectrum. Optimal thickness for peak absorbance of the TiO2:AgNPs blend layer occurred at 115 nm in the visible spectrum and at the corresponding spin speed of 1000 rpm. Optimized fabrication process with blend layer thickness of 115 nm yielded the best absorbance at annealed temperature of 375°C in the visible spectrum. The volume ratio of (1:0.2) gave the peak absorption at 0.75 a u. The band gap energy of the blend thin film is 3.58 eV at 375°C in the visible range of wavelength spectrum. It is revealed from the result that the light absorption, broadened absorption spectral range and thermal stability of titanium (iv) oxide film could be enhanced using silver nanoparticles. The results can be therefore used as a guideline for improving the design and fabrication of organic solar cells.

Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium and Titanium Nitride Deposition on High Speed Steel Substrate

Abstract In the present study, titanium and titanium nitride are deposited on the high speed steel at ambient temperature and the tribological behavior is investigated. The deposited high speed steels are characterized by different experimental techniques. scanning-electron microscopy (SEM) is used for film morphology and fractured cross-section examination. However, Profilometer is used for measuring the film thickness and roughness. Nano-indentation is used to extract the intrinsic hardness and youngs modulus evaluation. Ball on-disc sliding test under dry condition at ambient temperature is employed for tribological properties of deposited high speed steels. The test results indicate the improvement in the hardness of titanium nitride deposited high speed steel as compared to other deposition leads to improvement in the tribological properties. The tribological properties have been correlated with the hardness and the morphology of the worn surfaces.

Synthesis and characterization of titanium doped barium ferrite and effects of doping on electrical and magnetic properties of the compound

ABSTRACTEffects of titanium substitution on electrical and magnetic properties of ceramics of barium ferrites having general formula BaTixFe12-xO19, with values of x as 0.00, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03 have been investigated. The compounds are synthesised using two step sintering solid-state rout and characterized by employing SEM and x-ray diffraction. All the titanium substituted compounds show hexagonal single phase symmetry. Gradual loss of saturation magnetization, significant increase in total polarization, rise in value of dielectric constant and upward trend in resistivity are the main parameters observed with titanium substitution on Fe ions. The Curie temperature shows declining trend with dopant concentration. The material is found to exhibit electrical behaviour at expense of its intrinsic magnetic characteristics paving way for Ti ion substitutions for controlled magnetic and electrical properties of barium ferrite.

Titanium dioxide‐coated biochar composites as adsorptive and photocatalytic degradation materials for the removal of aqueous organic pollutants

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis article reports the synthesis and characterisation of titanium dioxide‐coated biochar composites (TBCs) by pyrolysing titanium dioxide‐treated biomass prepared by a modified sol–gel method. Their adsorptive and photocatalytic activities were evaluated based on the removal of safranine T (ST) from an aqueous solution with/without UV‐light irradiation.RESULTSCharacterisation studies suggested that TiO2 was successfully loaded on the biochar substrate. The biochar and TiO2 contents of the composite significantly affected its performance. The ST removal capabilities of the TBCs with 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 g of the biomass are 1.7, 2.3, 7.2, and 2.3 times better than that of the raw biochar, respectively. Thus, the optimum amount of biomass in TBC‐x was determined to be 2 g, with the corresponding sample exhibiting excellent stability, effectiveness over a wide pH range, and a maximum ST removal capacity of 226.7 mg g‐1.CONCLUSIONThe loading of TiO2 significantly enhanced the adsorption performance of biochar and the high specific surface area of the biochar synergistically promoted the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. Both adsorption and photocatalytic degradation were confirmed to contribute to the decolourisation of the aqueous solution because of the removal of ST, with the effect of adsorption being slightly higher than that of photocatalysis. The synthesised composite is a promising alternative material for removing chemical contaminants. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry

Synthesis and characterization of titanium(iv)/graphene oxide foam: a sustainable catalyst for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde

A sustainable catalyst for the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol (BnOH) to benzaldehyde (BzH) was developed by mineralizing Ti(SO4)2 on graphene oxide foam (GOF) surface.

Design, processing and characterization of titanium with radial graded porosity for bone implants

Titanium cylinders with radial graded porosity, which are potentially suitable for biomedical applications (replacement of cortical and trabecular bones involved in different joint and dental restorations), have been developed by a novel uniaxial and sequential compaction device, based on powder metallurgy techniques. The macrostructural, microstructural and mechanical properties of the cylinders were characterized. The microstructure obtained is a new bio-inspired/bio-mimetic approach to solving one of the most important drawbacks of titanium implants, i.e., bone resorption due to the stress-shielding phenomenon. In addition, the developed device has proved to have unique advantages in customizing the structural integrity in conventional powder metallurgy manufacturing in a simple, economic and reproducible manner.

The Shifts of Band Gap and Binding Energies of Titania/Hydroxyapatite Material

The titania/hydroxyapatite (TiO2/HAp) product was prepared by precipitating hydroxyapatite in the presence of TiO(OH)2 gel in the hydrothermal system. The characteristics of the material were determined by using the measurements such as X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The XPS analysis showed that the binding energy values of Ca (2p1/2, 2p3/2), P (2p1/2, 2p3/2), and O 1s levels related to hydroxyapatite phase whereas those of Ti (2p3/2, 2p1/2) levels corresponded with the characterization of titanium (IV) in TiO2. The XRD result revealed that TiO2/HAp sample had hydroxyapatite phase, but anatase or rutile phases were not found out. TEM image of TiO2/HAp product showed that the surface of the plate-shaped HAp particles had a lot of smaller particles which were considered as the compound of Ti. The experimental band gap of TiO2/HAp material calculated by the DRS measurement was 3.6 eV, while that of HAp pure was 5.3 eV and that of TiO2 pure was around 3.2 eV. The shift of the band gap energy of TiO2 in the range of 3.2–3.6 eV may be related to the shifts of Ti signals of XPS spectrum.

Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium 7‐Azaindolato Complexes and their Lithium Precursors

AbstractTwo differently 2‐substituted 7‐azaindoles (substituent = H (1‐H), t‐Bu (1‐tBu)) react with n‐butyllithium in tmeda to give different Li complexes. Using the ligand 1‐H, the binuclear complex [(tmeda)Li(azH)]2 (2‐H) is formed. The sterically more demanding ligand 1‐tBu leads to formation of the mononuclear Li complex (tmeda)Li(aztBu) (2‐tBu). The decamethyltitanocene bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene complex Cp*2Ti(η2‐Me3SiC2SiMe3) (3a) reacts with 7‐azaindole (1‐H) to give the dark red titanocene(III) complex 4. Using the sterically more demanding 1‐tBu ligand upon deprotonation with dialkylmagnesium, followed by subsequent salt metathesis with (Cp2TiCl)2, the dark green titanocene(III) heterometallacyclic complex 5 is obtained. Complexes 2‐H, 2‐tBu and 5 were characterized by X‐ray analyses.

Synthesis and characterization of titanium(IV) complexes bearing end functionalized biphenyl: Efficient catalysts for synthesizing high molecular weight polyethylene

Two phenoxy-imine complexes 1d and 2d bearing bulky substituents were synthesized by introducing ethyl or vinyl substituted phenyl to the para position of N-aryl group and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis. The X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed a distorted octahedral geometry of complex 2d. When activated by dried MAO, two titanium complexes exhibited good to high activity (up to 4.5×106gmol−1(Ti)h−1) for ethylene polymerization. Using these two complexes, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE, Mw>1,000,000) can be prepared only by changing polymerization time in mild conditions.

Design, Fabrication and Characterization of Titanium with Graded Porosity by using Space-holder Technique

Bone resorption and further failure of titanium implants are often associated to stress-shielding phenomenon. This problem of mechanical incompatibility is even worst due to anisotropy of bone tissue to be replaced. In this work, different samples with gradient longitudinal porosity by using space-holder technique were fabricated and characterized. Main results of this work indicated that: 1) Experimental procedure for space-holder elimination was effective, feasible and reproducible, with better results for a compaction pressure of 800MPa, and for highest salt contents; 2) 3-D images by micro-CT and images analysis of optical micrographs showed that initial designs were reasonably repeatable; this was observed in terms of both porosity and interfaces quality; and 3) Designs of 30/40/50 and 30/50/30, allowed to solve stress shielding without any important effect on mechanical strength, from the cortical bone point of view.

A study of ethylene polymerization catalyzed by homogeneous and silsesquioxane supported Titanium(IV)complexes

The synthesis and characterization of titanium(IV) complexes anchored on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and cyclohexanediol (CHD) has been investigated and compared with their unsupported analogs. These complexes were employed as catalysts for polymerization of ethylene at high temperatures in combination with organometallic aluminum compounds as co-catalysts. The influence of various reaction conditions on polymerization was discussed. The polyethylene obtained was found to be linear and displayed narrow molecular weight distribution with Mw in the range of 600—1000. The polymer was also analyzed with H NMR, C NMR and FT-IR spectroscopic method which revealed a chain transfer reaction to aluminum. The unique low molecular weight PE formed in this reaction exhibits properties that have potential industrial applications in surface coating and ink formulations.

Metallurgical and mechanical characterisation of titanium based materials for endosseous applications obtained by selective laser melting

The aim of the present work was to estimate the feasibility of selective laser melting (SLM) to produce Ti-hydroxyapatite bioactive composite materials for personalised endosseous implants. Mixtures of Ti6Al7Nb surface conditioned powder with hydroxyapatite up to 5 vol.-% were processed by SLM with the same scanning strategy and laser power in the range of 50–200 W. Specimens with porous structures were characterised from a structural and mechanical point of view. Irrespective to the initial hydroxyapatite content, density increased by increasing the laser power. The microstructure of manufactured parts mainly consisted of α′ martensite. In materials with 5 vol.-% hydroxyapatite, a phosphorous containing phase formed as a consequence of hydroxyapatite decomposition and interaction with the base Ti alloy. By increasing the laser power, the tensile strength increased mainly due to the density improvement of all the investigated materials.

Fabrication and characterization of titanium dioxide/copper indium disulfide solar cells

Copper indium disulfide (CIS)-based solar cells with titanium dioxide (TiO2) were produced on F-doped SnO2 (FTO) by a spin-coating method. The effect of the stacking sequence of the CIS and TiO2 layers on the electronic properties of the solar cells was investigated. A device based on an FTO/CIS/TiO2 structure provided better cell performance compared to that based on an FTO/TiO2/CIS structure. The microstructure of TiO2/CIS was examined using energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy, and the TiO2/CIS solar cells provided bulk heterojunction structures. The energy levels of the present solar cells are also discussed.

Characterization of titanium welded joints by the orbital gas tungsten arc welding process for aerospace application

In this work, three welding programs for orbital gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), previously developed, were used, using pulsed current and increasing speed (#A), constant current (#B) and pulsed current and decreasing current (#C). One of these should be used for the propulsion system of the Satellite CBERS (China - Brazil Earth Resources Satellite). Welded joints using tubes of commercially pure titanium were obtained with these procedures, which were characterized by means of mechanical and metallographic tests. The obtained results showed that the three welding procedures produce welded joints free of defects and with adequate shape. Although small differences on mechanical properties and on microstructure have been observed, the three welding programs attained compatible results with international standards used in the aerospace segment. The welding program #B, due to the reduced heat input used, was considered to obtain slightly advantage over the others.

Stable TiO2 dispersions for nanocoating preparation

In this research the preparation and characterization of titanium (TiO2) coated self-cleaning cellulose materials starting from TiO2 P25 powder (Degussa, Germany) was studied. The aim of the research was to decrease high aggregation of TiO2 P25 nanoparticles, using surfactant species as dispersant and/or stabilisers (considering the balance between repulsive and attractive forces), in view of the fact that TiO2 nanoparticles, when optimally separated into smaller particle populations, present the best properties in the system they are used in (coatings). For this purpose cationic alkanediyl-α,ω-bis-N-dodecyl-N, N′-dimethyl-ammonium bromide (Gemini) and anionic sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) surfactants were applied, with concentrations under their CMSs. Size and zeta-potential (ζ-potential) characterization of stable colloidal dispersions were performed. For stable 0.5, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/mL TiO2 dispersions in the presence of 250 × 10− 6 mol/L Gemini surfactant (ζ-potential ~ 40 mV) only two scattering populations were determined, at 78–95 nm and at ~ 280 nm. As a proof of stabilized TiO2 P25-surfactant colloidal dispersions uniform coatings were obtained, generated at the fibre surfaces, which were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). With the usage of proper amounts of surfactants, homogeneous thin TiO2 coatings were formed. Superior dense coatings on the fibre surfaces were formed after treatment in 5.0 mg/mL aqueous TiO2 P25 dispersions, in the presence of 250 × 10− 6 mol/L Gemini surfactant in 5.0 × 10− 3 mol/L KBr at 25 °C. In addition to that, self-cleaning test was performed. Higher photocatalytic activity was determined for samples with denser coatings. Fibres with thin coatings had a lack of photocatalytic activity.

Fabrication and Characterization of Titanium Based Nanotubes

Titanium based nanotubes (8-12nm outer diameter and 4-6nm inner diameter) were successfully fabricated by a simple and cost-effective hydrothermal method. The nanotube-like amorphous phases TNT(Na) and TNT(H) were obtained with different post treatment. The samples were characterized by means of high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), energy dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDS) and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The photocatalytic activities of the nanotubes were evaluated using photo-oxidation of methyl orange.