Tank Characterization Research Articles

Assessment of Physicochemical Quality and Challenges of Municipal Sewage Water in Manchalapur Village in the Karnataka, India

The present study was carried out on characterization of municipal sewage water tank of Manchalapur village near Raichur city in Karnataka. The water samples were collectedeight times from four different locations like inlet, outlet and water spreading area of the Manchalapur tank during the year 2018-2019 in monsoon and post monsoon season. The collected water samples were analyzed for the water quality parameters by using standard procedure. The results obtained were compared with Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and Bureau of India Standards (IS 2296:1992) water quality requirements for irrigation. The results showed that pH (7.89, 8.54), Electrical Conductivity (1.41, 1.48 dSm-1), Total Dissolved Solids (929.63, 1031.56 mg L-1), Carbonate (2.15, 0.86 mg L-1), Bicarbonate (7.71,4.99 mg L-1), Nitrate (26.90, 34.09 mg L-1), Phosphate (9.85, 6.20 mg L-1), Calcium (3.38, 2.77 mg L-1), magnesium (5.16, 4.13 mg L-1), Sodium (0.85, 0.92 mg L-1), Biological Oxygen Demand (1396.88, 1252.31 mg L-1), Chemical Oxygen Demand (14480, 8573.0 mg L-1), Dissolved Oxygen (7.91, 8.02 mg L-1) and turbidity (13.33, 8.77 NTU) for monsoon and post monsoon respectively. All the water quality parameters were within the recommended range of irrigation standards except the parameters BOD, COD, DO and turbidity. The results could be applicable advice to farmers and agricultural researchers for proper management and use of tank water for agricultural purpose.

Thermal performance characterization of a thermal energy storage tank with various phase change materials

Thermal performance characterization of a thermal energy storage tank with various phase change materials

New actions and land uses in the historical heritage: the case study of one of the oldest underground water tanks in Madrid (Spain)

The preservation of architectural heritage in Europe is generally associated with the recovery of monumental buildings such as churches and castles, leaving behind a high amount of other historical constructions of civil and industrial architecture that exist in an old country like Spain. High efforts have been devoted by professionals from very different fields aiming to recover and enhance engineering works such as bridges, but the particular case of hydraulic works deserves special attention because it has remained hidden for centuries and sometimes continues to be ignored by society and many institutions. This type of architectural heritage, in the form of underground deposits that represents the case under study in this research, occupies a large area in cities such as Madrid and must be preserved to relieve the pressures of adapting them to accommodate other uses of the land that they occupy. In this paper, the complexity of material characterization and calculation of the Mayor water tank in Madrid (Spain), as an example of this type of construction, is presented. This reservoir currently supplies drinking water to a large part of the city and can accommodate a park on its surface without altering an original 150-year-old structure. As the main conclusion of this research, and in the absence of detailed studies of pathologies, tests, characterization of materials and the terrain, it is recommended to avoid loads greater than 30 kN/m2 in the existing structure, hence the current stresses are not substantially exceeded. This is a recommendation to preserve the historical heritage of this structure against economic and political perspectives that push for a substantial change in its use. This research is an example that can easily be extrapolated to other similar historical infrastructures aiming to guarantee their prevalence in the future.

Static and dynamic characterization of metal hydride tanks for energy management applications

In this paper, the dynamic and static characterization of commercial metal hydride tanks is developed based on black box modelling. The objective is to determine the thermodynamic parameters of the hydride, such as enthalpy and entropy, and then to perform an energy management of this hydrogen storage system coupled to a fuel cell generator. Therefore, for this study, a specific test bench was developed around two hydride tanks. The hydrogen temperature and pressure were measured as a function of time and used to evaluate the thermal energy produced and consumed, as well as the amount of hydrogen, stored and released, during the absorption and desorption process respectively. The analysis of the results allowed the determination of a number of parameters such as the maximum reversible hydrogen storage capacity, which was 100 [g] for each tank with a relative capacity of 0.8 [%], the equilibrium pressure between 1 and 4 [bar] for both processes (absorption/desorption) as well as the evaluation of the hysteresis. The black-box approach makes this characterization method suitable for any solid-state hydrogen storage system, regardless of metal hydride type, geometrical shape, and tank size.

513 Towards Obtaining One Billion Recordings Per Cubic Millimeter for the Validation of Focused Ultrasound Transducers: How Can Robust Systems Help With Translational Activities?

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The first aim was to construct a controlled and high resolution FUS water tank characterization system with 1 micron step-sizes. The second aim was to create two unique standardized protocols for mapping the generated acoustic field from FUS transducers; protocol one maps the full 3D field while protocol two rapidly detects changes to the original plot. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: To accomplish aim one, the focused ultrasound mapping platform was constructed with a water conditioning unit for water degassing and temperature control, a three-axis stage with 1 micron step-size capabilities, and a data plotting software. To measure the outcomes of aim one, the water temperature was monitored, and axis step sizes were measured through ten independent axis translation recordings. To accomplish aim two, FUS acquisitions were executed at different resolutions. For FUS localization at the cellular level, a 1-5 micron step size is required. Once the initial scan was performed, duplicate scans were executed to detect inherent perturbations or errors in the system. Once calculated, the best methods of detecting true changes to FUS signals are proposed. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The FUS characterization system maintained water temperature and performed 1 micron step-sizes. While pre-existing platforms have demonstrated a resolution of one thousand recordings per cubic millimeter, the proposed system (time and computing power willing) can record one billion recordings per cubic millimeter. In practice, a resolution of 20 micron was sufficient for non-cellular level FUS characterizations. Successive 2D scans were reliably stacked to form a 3D rendering of the generated acoustic field with the average focal point intensity yielding a 1% coefficient of variation between identical scans. This inherent variation can be used as the threshold of significance for true change detection; to rapidly detect changes to the FUS signal, sampling can be performed at regions of high baseline values. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Focused ultrasound medical devices are gaining popularity for treatments including tumor ablation, neuromodulation, and drug delivery; however, the field lacks a standardized method to characterize these FUS transducers. The presented platform and protocols enable a rigorous and high quality translation through verification and validation.

Thermal evaluation of an indirect air heating system using solar collectors

One of the current problems is the use of energy obtained from fossil fuels, especially due to the emission of greenhouse gases. An option to replace fossil fuels is the use of alternative energies such as solar or wind energy. The objective of this work is to carry out a thermal and energy analysis of an indirect air heating system that receives energy through solar collectors that operate with water as the thermal fluid used in a food dehydration system, in order to know the efficiency of the system and therefore, make improvements to the circuit, in addition to the characterization of the water storage tank of the system, obtain the amount of energy that can be provided and the behavior of temperatures at different operating flows. According to the methodology, the temperature profile was obtained inside the hot water tank in two modes of operation (heating and energy extraction) reaching temperatures of 50 to 70 ° C, where the optimum temperature for drying is found and in turn reaching an efficiency 84%, compared to a conventional drying system that uses LP gas.

Minimum Number of Experimental Data for the Thermal Characterization of a Hot Water Storage Tank

This paper demonstrates that it is possible to characterize the water temperature profile and its temporal trend in a hot water storage tank during the thermal charge process, using a minimum number of thermocouples (TC), with minor differences compared to experimental data. Four experimental tests (two types of inlet and two water flow rates) were conducted in a 950 L capacity tank. For each experimental test (with 12 TC), four models were developed using a decreasing number of TC (7, 4, 3 and 2, respectively). The results of the estimation of water temperature obtained with each of the four models were compared with those of a fifth model performed with 12 TC. All models were tested for constant inlet temperature. Very acceptable results were achieved (RMSE between 0.2065 °C and 0.8706 °C in models with 3 TC). The models were also useful to estimate the water temperature profile and the evolution of thermocline thickness even with only 3 TC (RMSE between 0.00247 °C and 0.00292 °C). A comparison with a CFD model was carried out to complete the study with very small differences between both approaches when applied to the estimation of the instantaneous temperature profile. The proposed methodology has proven to be very effective in estimating several of the temperature-based indices commonly employed to evaluate thermal stratification in water storage tanks, with only two or three experimental temperature data measurements. It can also be used as a complementary tool to other techniques such as the validation of numerical simulations or in cases where only a few experimental temperature values are available.

Design and Hydrodynamic Characterization of a Draft Tube Baffle Tank for Lab‐Scale

AbstractFor process development on lab‐scale, it is necessary to have equipment that represents the industrial apparatuses as similar as possible to offer short time‐to‐market. Accordingly, a draft tube baffle (DTB) crystallizer was scaled down from typical m3‐scale to 1 L filling volume. The suspension characteristics were determined for fluidized crystals in saturated solution. For further characterization of the DTB tank, the residence time of the liquid and solid phases were experimentally determined for the continuous operation mode. Additionally, the classifying behavior of the particles in the DTB was investigated.

Corrosive Behavior and Physic-Chemical Characterization of Filtration Tanks

Most drinkable water supplied to the public in Mexico City comes from deep wells which extract water from the subsoil. Before being distributed, it is treated in steel filtration tanks. This water must be subject to evaluation through physic-chemical and bacteriological analyses in order to determine its quality. However, doubts always remain over the influence of the components of this water on the corrosive behavior of the filtration tanks. In light of this, this article studies the physic-chemical characterization values of water and presents the results. This has also enabled the analysis of the corrosion speed of filtration tanks components, boilers and water-cooled systems, where incrustations in pipes, obstructions and loss of heat transfer efficiency occur, rendering drinkable water bad tasting and, after some time, causing pitting corrosion although this type of corrosion only causes serious problems in the long term.

A new method for the characterization of hydrides hydrogen tanks dedicated to automotive applications

In recent years, hydrogen has emerged as one of the best candidates in the field of renewable energy. Hydrogen storage in solid form has created new areas of application. Knowing the thermodynamic parameters of intermetallic compounds featuring stable hydrides is of great importance when using these hydrides in energy sources such as fuel cell generators for embedded or stationary applications. In this work, a new experimental method is described for measuring the hydrogen absorption/desorption characteristics of hydrogen storage material. This method is able to determine the Pressure-Composition-Temperature isotherm of a scale 1 hydride tank used in a fuel cell vehicle. This kind of characterization is useful for optimizing energy management between two vehicle powertrain components: the fuel cell stack and the hydride storage unit.

Performance characterization of a PCM storage tank

This paper presents the experimental results of a versatile latent heat storage tank capable of working with organic phase-change materials within a temperature range from −10°C to 100°C. The tank contains a paraffin with a phase-change temperature between 3°C and 8°C. Firstly, this study focuses on explaining the design criteria which were followed to build the tank. Secondly, a full experimental characterization of the performance has been carried out. The enthalpy–temperature curve, the specific heat and density have been measured for the tested paraffin. The performance of the tank has been analyzed in terms of the vertical stratification within the PCM, the effectiveness, the reacted fraction and the total heat transfer of the tank. The results indicate that up to 78% of the maximum capacity is reached within 4h. The performance is mainly controlled by the supply temperature and the effect of the mass flow rate is almost negligible given that all the tests are in laminar flow.

Flume tank characterization of marine current turbine blade behaviour under current and wave loading

The long term reliability of tidal turbines is critical if these structures are to be cost-effective. Optimized design requires a combination of material durability models and structural analyses which must be based on realistic loading conditions.This paper presents results from a series of flume tank measurements on strain gauged scaled turbine blades, aimed at studying these conditions. A detailed series of tests on a 3-blade horizontal axis turbine with 400 mm long blades is presented. The influence of both current and wave-current interactions on measured strains is studied. These tests show that wave-current interactions can cause large additional loading amplitudes compared to currents alone, which must be considered in the fatigue analysis of these systems.

Hydride tank storage system dimensioning on the base of their dynamic behavior

The conditions in which the metal hydride adsorbs and release hydrogen are crucial aspects for integrating the fuel tank in a working system. In this paper the characterization of a metal hydride alloy tank has been analyzed and reported. In particular the dynamic behavior has been evaluated to propose a method to design a tank system. Indeed, to calculate the number of tanks, the evaluation of the energy requirement could be not enough because the available hydrogen depends not only on the quantity contained in the tank, but also on other dynamic factors which influence the kinetics and hydrogen flow such as the temperature and, therefore, the heat exchange system. By experimental data it has been individuated a procedure to build a curve, realizing a relationship between flow and maintaining time, in order to dimensioning a hydrogen system storage.

Application of ICP-MS radionuclide analysis to “Real World” samples of department of Energy radioactive waste

Disposal of Department of Energy (DOE) radioactive waste into repositories such as the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) and the Nevada Test Site (NTS) requires characterization to ensure regulatory and transportation requirements are met and to collect information regarding chemistry of the waste for processing concerns. Recent addition of an inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometer in a radioactive contaminated laboratory at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has allowed the evaluation of advantages of using ICP-MS over traditional techniques for some of these characterization needs. The measurement of long-lived beta nuclides (i.e.99Tc) by ICP-MS has resulted in improved detection limits and accuracy than the traditional counting techniques as well as reducing the need for separation/purification techniques which increase personnel exposure to radiation. Using ICP-MS for the measurement of U isotopes versus the traditional Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometer (TIMS) technique has reduced cost and time by more than half while still maintaining the needed accuracy to determine risk assessment of the waste tanks. In addition, the application of ICP-MS to ORNL waste tank characterization has provided the opportunity to estimate non-routine radionuclides (i.e.135Cs and151Sm) and non-routine metals (i.e. Li, Ti, rare earths, etc.) using a rapid low cost screening method. These application methodologies and proficiencies on ORNL waste samples are summarized throughout the paper.

GPR characterization of buried tanks and pipes

Ray‐based numerical simulations of monostatic and bistatic GPR responses for several tank and pipe configurations reveal the potential for noninvasive diagnostic evaluations. Examples include discrimination of the material from which a tank is constructed, its size, contents, fluid levels, and shape changes. Ambiguities occur when different configurations give similar responses, and evaluations become less reliable as noise increases. Simulations are able to reproduce the salient features of field GPR data recorded over a metal pipe, and over plastic pipes filled with air, fresh water, and salt water.

The acoustic characterization of a new reverberant water tank

A reverberant water tank has been constructed at the Pennsylvania State University. The background noise, diffusivity of the sound field, and the reverberation time in the tank have been measured as a function of frequency in one‐third octave bands, from 80 Hz to 63 kHz. The techniques used to characterize the tank are presented. The characteristics of the tank are compared to other known water tanks. It is demonstrated that the tank is suitable for the experimental determination of the radiation efficiency of a structure by comparing data obtained in this tank with previously presented data for a flat plate. [Work supported by ONR.]