Characterization Of Properties Research Articles

Chemical modification of sesame protein by acylation reactions: characterisation and evaluation of functional properties

Chemical modification of sesame protein by acylation reactions: characterisation and evaluation of functional properties

Thermodiffusion, diffusion and Soret coefficients of binary polymeric mixtures in toluene and cyclohexane

Abstract We present the results of experimental study on measuring the thermodiffusion, molecular diffusion and Soret coefficients of polystyrene (4,880 g/mol) in the pure solvents toluene and cyclohexane at 298 K and atmospheric pressure. The experiments have been carried out for a wide range of concentrations, starting from the diluted state with 2 % polystyrene mass fraction (proposed in the DCMIX4 project) up to the semidilute regime of 20 % polystyrene mass fraction. In addition, we present a complete characterisation of the thermophysical properties of the analysed mixtures. Thermodiffusion, molecular diffusion and Soret coefficients of binary polymeric samples have been measured by combining the traditional thermogravitational column technique, the thermogravitational microcolumn and the optical beam deflection method. In toluene, the obtained experimental results are consistent with literature, showing that the magnitude of the mass transport thermoproperties decrease significantly with increasing polystyrene concentration, which is a first indication of an approaching glass transition in the concentrated regime. The results for thermodiffusion and molecular diffusion coefficients in cyclohexane as a function of concentration exhibit a similar trend. Nevertheless, the Soret coefficient seems to show an opposite tendency for the two solvents, increasing in magnitude for cyclohexane, at least up to the analysed polystyrene concentration.

Use of electrical resistivity tomography measurements for investigation of different grouting materials for very shallow geothermal applications within varying seasonal conditions; Applied on a geothermal earth-air heat exchanger system

To achieve the current climate targets, heat pump systems like very shallow geothermal applications are gaining ground. However, the dimensioning of these ground coupled systems is soil-dependent and thus subject to significant differences in efficiency. Furthermore, the thermal properties of the grouting materials are essential for heat transfer in the direct vicinity of the geothermal application. To provide a non-invasive assessment of relevant soil and grouting characteristics, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) measurements were performed.In this case, the surrounding of an Earth Air-Heat Exchanger – system (EAHE) with different grouting materials (fine sand and fine sand with bentonite) was investigated. For investigation the electrical resistivity (ER) of initial and modified soil conditions were measured regarding soil texture and moisture content. Thereby, the different grouting materials are clearly identified. Thus, based on the ERT measurements, a characterisation of key soil and grouting material properties for applications focusing on heat transfer in soil has been carried out.Furthermore, the depth of soil disturbance due to the EAHE installation could have been traced.Due to a monitoring over different season (February and May) changes in raw ER data could have been ascribed to temperature changes.

Ionised AGN outflows in the Goldfish galaxy : The illuminating and interacting red quasar eFEDSJ091157.4+014327 at z~0.6

Evolutionary models suggest that the initial growth phases of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and their central supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are dust-enshrouded and characterised by jet or wind outflows that should gradually clear the interstellar medium (ISM) in the host by heating and/or expelling the surrounding gas. eFEDSJ091157.4+014327 (zsim 0.6) was selected from X-ray samples of eROSITA (extended ROentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array) for its characteristics: red colours, X--ray obscuration (N$ _H \,=\,$2.7times 1022 $) and luminous (L$_ X $=6.5times 1044\,$\; $), similar to those expected in quasars with outflows. It hosts an ionised outflow as revealed by a broad O III AA $ emission line in the SDSS integrated spectrum. For a proper characterisation of the outflow properties and their effects, we need spatially resolved information. We aim to explore the environment around the red quasar, morphology of the O III gas and characterise the kinematics, mass outflow rates and energetics within the system. We used spatially resolved spectroscopic data from Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) with an average seeing of 0.6" to construct flux, velocity and velocity dispersion maps. Thanks to the spatially resolved O III AA $ emission detected, we provide insights into the morphology and kinematics of the ionised gas and better estimates of the outflow properties. We find that the quasar is embedded in an interacting and merging system with three other galaxies sim 50 kpc from its nucleus. Spatially resolved kinematics reveal that the quasar has extended ionised outflows of up to 9.2$^ $ kpc with positive and negative velocities up to 1000\,$\; $ and $-$1200\,$\; $, respectively. The velocity dispersion (W$_ $) ranges from 600 $-$ 1800\,$\; $. We associate the presence of high-velocity components with the outflow. The total mass outflow rate is estimated to be sim 10 M$_ odot $ yr$^ $, a factor of sim 3 $-$ 7 higher than the previous findings for the same target and kinetic power of 2times 1042\,$\; $. Considering different AGN bolometric luminosities, the kinetic coupling efficiencies range from 0.01<!PCT!> $-$ 0.03<!PCT!> and the momentum boosts are sim 0.2. The kinetic coupling efficiency values are low, which indicates that the ionised outflow is not energetically relevant. These values don't align with the theoretical predictions of both radiation-pressure-driven outflows and energy-conserving mechanisms. However, note that our results are based only on the ionised phase while theoretical predictions are multi-phase. Moreover, the mass loading factor of sim 5 is an indication that these outflows are more likely AGN-driven than star formation-driven.

In vivo mechanical response of thigh soft tissues under compression: A two-layer model allows an improved representation of the local tissue kinematics

Biomechanical parameters have the potential to be used as physical markers for prevention and diagnosis. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a widely used tool to evaluate these parameters in vivo. However, the development of clinically relevant FEA requires personalisation of the geometry, boundary conditions, and constitutive parameters. This contribution focuses on the characterisation of mechanical properties in vivo which remains a significant challenge for the community. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the sensitivity of the computed elastic parameters (shear modulus of fat and muscle tissues) derived by inverse analysis as a function of the geometrical modelling assumption (homogenised monolayer vs bilayer) and the formulation of the cost function. The methodology presented here proposes to extract the experimental force-displacement response for each tissue layer (muscle and fat) and construct the associated Finite Element Model for each volunteer, based on data previously collected in our group (N=7 volunteers) as reported in (Fougeron et al., 2020). The sensitivity analysis indicates that the choice of the cost function has minimal impact on the topology of the response surface in the parametric space. Each surface displays a valley of parameters that minimises the cost function. The constitutive properties of the thigh (reported as median interquartile range) were determined to be () for the monolayer and () for the bilayer. A comparison of the homogenised monolayer and bilayer models showed that adding a layer reduces the error on the local force displacement curves, increasing the accuracy of the local kinematics of soft tissues during indentation. This allows for an increased understanding of load transmission in soft tissue. The comparison of the two models in terms of strains indicates that the modelling choice significantly influences the localization of maximal compressive strains. These results support the idea that the biomechanical community should conduct further work to develop reliable methodologies for estimating in vivo strain in soft tissue.

Characterisation of physicochemical properties, anti-hyperglycaemic effects, and probiotic potentials in fermented pumpkin drink utilising Lactobacillus mali isolated from water kefir

Pumpkin has been reported to be a good probiotic delivery vehicle, but it has a short shelf life, is susceptible to enzymatic browning, and prone to microbial spoilage. Pumpkin could be transformed into a value-added beverage through the fermentation by LAB. In the present work, the probiotic viability, physicochemical, antioxidative, antihyperglycemic, and sensory properties of Lactobacillus mali-fermented pumpkin drink (FPD) during eight weeks of refrigerated storage at 4°C were investigated. There were significant reductions (p < 0.05) in colour, pH, texture characteristics, and antioxidant properties after four weeks of storage. FPD exhibited total phenolic content ranging from 83.75 to 90.75 mg GAE/mL, total flavonoid content ranging from 47.01 to 50.01 mg QE/mL, FRAP reducing power ranging from 160.76 to 169.76 µmol Trolox equivalent/mL, and DPPH scavenging activity ranging from 52 to 54.56% during storage. FPD's total soluble solids decreased (p < 0.05) from 0.60 to 0.02 °Brix, while concentrations of ethanol (0.62 to 1.2%, v/v), lactic acid (0.03 to 0.11 g/L), and acetic acid (0.02 to 0.18 g/L) significantly increased (p < 0.05) over eight weeks of storage. L. mali strain within FPD maintained its viability (p > 0.05) under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, with 8 - 9.1 log CFU/mL for 28 days at 4°C. FPD retained up to 90% α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition throughout the 28 days storage period. Sensory evaluation showed that FPD's attributes remained unchanged (p > 0.05) during the initial four weeks of storage, with an overall acceptability score ranging from 6.56 to 6.88. In conclusion, FPD remained stable in terms of physicochemical, antioxidative, and sensory properties, as well as probiotic viability and anti-hyperglycaemic effects during 28 days of refrigerated storage. This highlights FPD’s potential as a functional beverage, presenting an innovative method to utilise pumpkin as an effective probiotic carrier.

A ferroelectric nematic liquid crystal vitrified at room temperature

ABSTRACT Most of the current highly polar rod-shaped molecules that form ferroelectric nematic (NF) phase do so only at elevated temperatures and multicomponent mixtures are generally needed to obtain a broad and room temperature range NF phase. In this work, we describe the synthesis, phase characterisation and measurement of various physical properties of a new ferroelectric nematic compound 4-[(4-nitrophenoxy)carbonyl]phenyl 2-isopropoxy-4-methoxybenzoate (RT11165). The molecular structure of RT11165 with a 2-isopropoxy group differs only by a substitution of the 2-methoxy group found in the prototype ferroelectric nematic material 4-[(4-nitrophenoxy)carbonyl]phenyl 2,4-dimethoxybenzoate (RM734). This small structure change produces a rather dramatic change in phase behaviour leading to an NF phase from 63°C down to room temperature. Below about 45°C the rotational viscosity of RT11165 increases critically and the temperature dependence indicates a glass transition at ~19°C. The transparent and polar glassy state of RT11165, which should be also piezoelectric, is a good candidate for energy storage, piezoecatalysis, data storage and other applications.

Characterisation of hygroelastic properties of compression and opposite wood found in branches of Norway spruce

AbstractThe differential swelling seen between softwood opposite wood (OW) and its neighbouring compression wood (CW) developed in branches prompts several engineering issues such as dimensional instability and cracking. For a more efficient use of resources, the inevitable CW and OW should not be discarded or used as fuel, but incorporated into engineered wood products. Swelling is a hygroelastic phenomenon, where both the swelling and elastic properties of CW and OW are needed in order to make proper structural predictions. In this paper, swelling coefficients and moisture dependent elastic moduli for both CW and OW in the three principal material directions are provided along with measurements of moisture content, density, and microfibril angle. The small deformations necessitate the use of precise X-ray micro-computed tomography for measurements. The results indicate that CW and OW from Norway spruce branches differ in swelling, especially in longitudinal direction at low moisture content. It is noted that CW is a wood type with less pronounced anisotropic behaviour than both OW and normal wood from the stem, with the elastic moduli less sensitive to moisture changes in both longitudinal and transverse directions.

Determination of the absolute nonlinear parameters using a pulse-echo method in a terminal impedance-mismatched system

ABSTRACT The pulse-echo method is desirable in practice because it enables single-sided measurement of the absolute nonlinear parameter (β), allowing quantitative characterisation of material properties, such as early damage and elastic constants. Transducer calibration is an essential step to determine the absolute β. However, the current transducer calibration method requires dedicated systems or specific apparatuses for the pulse-echo setup. Impedance-mismatch configurations involving different types of apparatuses have been employed in various studies, but there has not been work investigating and solving the effects of terminal impedance on the determination of β. In this study, the theory of the terminal impedance effect on the transfer function, as well as the β measurements is derived. A practical calibration method is proposed to eliminate the influence of the impedance-mismatched problem and the restrictions of specific apparatuses or experimental configurations. Three simple and impedance-mismatched experimental configurations were designed with general apparatuses. Nonlinear experiments were performed to determine the β of water using planar and focused transducers in the pulse-echo systems with these configurations. The measured β agrees with the reference value, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed correction method. The measured results using the three configurations are also discussed to give practical advice for building a nonlinear pulse-echo setup.

Enhance the physicochemical properties of the citronella oil -SLNPs to improve the insecticidal activity against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd) (Lep. Nactuidae)

The Nano-formulation of citronella essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) and their mixtures of three adjuvants (Provecta®, Top film®, and PEG600-dioleate) were studied to enhance physico-chemical properties of the Nano-formulation and improve the insecticidal effect against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd). Characterisation of physicochemical properties of Nano-formulation was studied by calculating droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), and Zeta-potential parameters. The results showed that the Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) mixtures of three adjuvant mixtures had more toxic activity and stability than the Nano-formulation alone. Before storage the acidity, alkalinity (pH), and viscosity exhibited an acidic pH value in the range (4.11–5.34), whereas after three months of storage was recorded high pH, a shift in the pH on storage can indicate the instability of active substances or product under semi field-laboratory conditions. Nano-formulation of the citronella oil mixed with the three adjuvants increased the mortality percentage of S. littoralis larvae.

Fatigue behaviour of glass-fibre-reinforced polymers: Numerical and experimental characterisation

This work presents a novel numerical methodology to model the degradation and failure of composite materials like GFRP submitted to monotonic and high cycle fatigue loads. This is done by using the Serial–Parallel Rule of Mixtures homogenisation technique together with a proper mechanical characterisation of the constituent materials of the composite. This paper also proposes an efficient way of estimating the fatigue properties of each of the material constituents (fibre or matrix) to comply with the experimental results obtained at composite level; this enables to estimate the fatigue strength of any stacking/orientation of fibres with only one mechanical characterisation of the material properties. A comparison of the results obtained analytically and experimentally for GFRP is presented. The results show the applicability and accuracy of the proposed methodology in this field.

Physical and economic characterization of rural properties in the municipality of Corumbataí do Sul – PR

The characteristics of a territory are essential to define its economic and social aptitude, in addition to representing an important tool for developing actions, by public and private institutions, aimed at sustainable development and the social well-being of the population. The aim of the work was to carry out the physical and economic characterization of rural properties in the municipality of Corumbataí do Sul. The methodology applied in the work was descriptive exploratory research. The data were collected in databases from official bodies, public and private institutions and were later tabulated in an electronic spreadsheet and processed using simple statistics, analyzed descriptively and presented through tables and charts. The results showed that agricultural production is the main economic activity of the municipality, its territory is mainly made up of small rural properties, and presents a great physical limitation, such as the presence in a large part of its area of high levels of slope and fragile soils.

Equilibrium Mechanical Properties of the Nonhuman Primate Cervix.

Cervical remodeling is critical for a healthy pregnancy. Premature tissue changes can lead to preterm birth (PTB), and the absence of remodeling can lead to post-term birth, causing significant morbidity. Comprehensive characterization of cervical material properties is necessary to uncover the mechanisms behind abnormal cervical softening. Quantifying cervical material properties during gestation is challenging in humans. Thus, a nonhuman primate (NHP) model is employed for this study. In this study, cervical tissue samples were collected from Rhesus macaques before pregnancy and at three gestational time points. Indentation and tension mechanical tests were conducted, coupled with digital image correlation (DIC), constitutive material modeling, and inverse finite element analysis (IFEA) to characterize the equilibrium material response of the macaque cervix during pregnancy. Results show, as gestation progresses: (1) the cervical fiber network becomes more extensible (nonpregnant versus pregnant locking stretch: 2.03 ± 1.09 versus 2.99 ± 1.39) and less stiff (nonpregnant versus pregnant initial stiffness: 272 ± 252 kPa versus 43 ± 43 kPa); (2) the ground substance compressibility does not change much (nonpregnant versus pregnant bulk modulus: 1.37 ± 0.82 kPa versus 2.81 ± 2.81 kPa); (3) fiber network dispersion increases, moving from aligned to randomly oriented (nonpregnant versus pregnant concentration coefficient: 1.03 ± 0.46 versus 0.50 ± 0.20); and (4) the largest change in fiber stiffness and dispersion happen during the second trimester. These results, for the first time, reveal the remodeling process of a nonhuman primate cervix and its distinct regimes throughout the entire pregnancy.

Tuning Molecular Motion Enhances Intrinsic Fluorescence in Peptide Amphiphile Nanofibers.

Peptide amphiphiles (PAs) are highly tunable molecules that were recently found to exhibit aggregation-induced emission (AIE) when they self-assemble into nanofibers. Here, we leverage decades of molecular design and self-assembly study of PAs to strategically tune their molecular motion within nanofibers to enhance AIE, making them a highly useful platform for applications such as sensing, bioimaging, or materials property characterization. Since AIE increases when aggregated molecules are rigidly and closely packed, we altered the four most closely packed amino acids nearest to the hydrophobic core by varying the order and composition of glycine, alanine, and valine pairs. Of the six PA designs studied, C16VVAAK2 had the highest quantum yield at 0.17, which is a more than 10-fold increase from other PA designs including the very similar C16AAVVK2, highlighting the importance of precise amino acid placement to anchor rigidity closest to the core. We also altered temperature to increase AIE. C16VVAAK2 exhibited an additional 4-fold increase in maximum fluorescence intensity when the temperature was raised from 5 to 65 °C. As the temperature increased, the secondary structure transitioned from β-sheet to random coil, indicating that further packing an already aligned molecular system makes it even more readily able to transfer energy between the electron-rich amides. This work both unveils a highly fluorescent AIE PA system design and sheds insights into the molecular orientation and packing design traits that can significantly enhance AIE in self-assembling systems.

Characterisation and evaluation of physical properties of AH-Plus sealer with and without the incorporation of petasin, pachymic acid, curcumin and shilajit-an invitro study

BackgroundAH Plus, an epoxy resin-based sealer, is widely used in endodontic practice, owing to its good physical properties that confers longstanding dimensional stability and good adhesion to dentin. Nevertheless, its propensity to trigger inflammation, especially in its freshly mixed state, has been extensively documented. Phytochemicals such as Petasin, Pachymic acid, Curcumin, and Shilajit are known for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. This study aimed to analyze and determine the effect of these natural products on the physical properties of AH Plus sealer when incorporated with the sealer.MethodsAH Plus (AHR) sealer was mixed with 10% petasin, 0.75% pachymic, 0.5% and 6%shilajit to obtain AHP, AHA, AHC and AHS in the ratio of 10:1 and 5:1 respectively. Five samples of each material were assessed for setting time, solubility, flow, and dimensional stability in accordance with the ISO 6876:2012 standardization. Sealers were characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Statistical evaluation involved the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilks tests for normality and the one-way ANOVA test for analysis.ResultsIn this investigation, the characterisation analysis revealed a relatively similar microstructure in all the experimental root canal sealers. All experimental groups, excluding the control group, exhibited an increase in flow ranging from 11.9 to 31.4% at a 10:1 ratio. Similarly, for the 5:1 ratio, the increase ranged from 12.02 to 31.83%. In terms of dimensional stability, all groups at the 10:1 ratio showed a decrease compared to the control group. The addition of natural agents to AHR in 10:1 ratio led to a reduction in setting time by 8.9–31.6%, and at a 5:1 ratio, the reduction ranged from 8.1 to 31.5%. However, regarding solubility, the addition of natural agents did not induce any significant alterations.ConclusionBased on the results of this study, it can be concluded that all tested root canal sealers exhibited properties that met the acceptable criteria outlined in the ISO 6876:2012 standardization.

Separation of Halogen Atoms by Sodium from Dehalogenative Reactions on a Au(111) Surface.

On-surface dehalogenative reactions have been promising in the construction of nanostructures with diverse morphologies and intriguing electronic properties, while halogen (X), as the main byproduct, often impedes the formation of extended nanostructures and property characterization, and the reaction usually requires high C-X activation temperatures, especially on relatively inert Au(111). Enormous efforts in precursor design, halogen-to-halide conversion, and the introduction of extrinsic metal atoms have been devoted to either eliminating dissociated halogens or reducing reaction barriers. However, it is still challenging to separate halogens from molecular systems while facilitating C-X activation under mild conditions. Herein, a versatile halogen separation strategy has been developed based on the introduction of extrinsic sodium (Na) into dehalogenative reactions on Au(111) as model systems that both isolates the dissociated halogens and facilitates the C-Br activation under mild conditions. Moreover, the combination of scanning tunneling microscopy imaging and density functional theory calculations reveals the formation of sodium halides (NaX) from halogens in these separation processes as well as the reduction in reaction temperatures and barriers, demonstrating the versatility of extrinsic sodium as an effective "cleaner" and "dehalogenator" of surface halogens. Our study demonstrates a valuable strategy to facilitate the on-surface dehalogenative reactions, which will assist in the precise fabrication of low-dimensional carbon nanostructures.

Shining Light in Mechanobiology: Optical Tweezers, Scissors, and Beyond.

Mechanobiology helps us to decipher cell and tissue functions by looking at changes in their mechanical properties that contribute to development, cell differentiation, physiology, and disease. Mechanobiology sits at the interface of biology, physics and engineering. One of the key technologies that enables characterization of properties of cells and tissue is microscopy. Combining microscopy with other quantitative measurement techniques such as optical tweezers and scissors, gives a very powerful tool for unraveling the intricacies of mechanobiology enabling measurement of forces, torques and displacements at play. We review the field of some light based studies of mechanobiology and optical detection of signal transduction ranging from optical micromanipulation-optical tweezers and scissors, advanced fluorescence techniques and optogenentics. In the current perspective paper, we concentrate our efforts on elucidating interesting measurements of forces, torques, positions, viscoelastic properties, and optogenetics inside and outside a cell attained when using structured light in combination with optical tweezers and scissors. We give perspective on the field concentrating on the use of structured light in imaging in combination with tweezers and scissors pointing out how novel developments in quantum imaging in combination with tweezers and scissors can bring to this fast growing field.

Nondestructive Evaluation of Nylon/carbon-Fiber Additively Manufactured Components Using Rotational Eddy Current Testing

ABSTRACT This work applies high-frequency rotational Eddy Current Testing (ECT) to characterize various material and manufacturing properties of fiber-filled fused filament fabrication (FFF) components. Using the FFF process, multilayer coupons were produced with varying filament feedstock materials, extrusion multipliers, and raster orientation patterns. With extrusion multiplier being used to adjust interlayer void content, these manufacturing variables were investigated given their significant influence on the mechanical performance of FFF samples. A custom 15 MHz transmit-receive (TR) ECT probe demonstrated sufficient sensitivity to visualize the phenomena of the swept variables. Furthermore, the extraction of simple features from the rotational ECT scans produced clustering and trendlines consistent with observations from X-Ray computed tomography (CT). Thus, this novel approach to nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of fiber filled FFF components is effective for detection and characterization of impactful AM material properties.

Impacts of physical parameterization scheme of snow and soil properties over the Tibetan Plateau on the simulation of summer rainfall in China

AbstractAccurate representation of soil and snow state variables in the land surface model is crucial for good simulation results. In order to investigate the potential impacts of the overestimated snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) on precipitation over China, we designed comparative experiments over TP with and without updated soil texture data, soil hydrological parameters, and the fresh snow density scheme to address this issue with the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF). The results show that snow cover fraction (SCF) and surface albedo in winter on the TP were overestimated in the WRF control experiment (CTL), with albedo bias exceeding 0.4 in the western TP. The SCF in the WRF improved experiment (WRFIM) is about 8% lower than that of the CTL, and the bias is decreased to 0.2–0.3 in the interior of the TP. The thermal and dynamic effects of the TP in winter have a significant impact on the weather and climate of East Asia during summer. Thus, the simulated summer rainfall bias is significantly reduced by WRFIM in North China, and the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River, along with the spatial correlation coefficient between the observed-based and WRF-simulated rainfall increased from 0.76 in CTL to 0.88 in WRFIM. The WRFIM-simulated reductions in snow cover and albedo cause a decrease in upward shortwave radiation and eventually increase net surface radiation. The horizontal temperature gradient of the atmosphere is increased in the WRFIM compared to the CTL, and the increased temperature in the lower and middle layers accommodates more water vapor, which is not conducive to precipitation formation. Correspondingly, the Western Pacific Subtropical High at 500 hPa in the middle troposphere weakened. The low-level anticyclonic circulation at 850 hPa also weakened to the east, affecting water vapor transport in eastern China. It leads to a decrease in the water vapor transported northward by southeasterly from the western Pacific Ocean and a decrease in the water vapor flux reaching North China. This work indicates that accurate characterization of soil properties and snow cover on the TP is crucial for improving the simulation bias of summer rainfall in China.

Mechanical Properties Characterization of Glass/Carbon Fiber Hybrid Multilayer Composite under Environmental Aging Condition

Metallic components in boating industry are being replaced with carbon fiber composites due to their light weight, excellent mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance. However, the carbon fiber cost has obstructed the substitution. Hybridization is suggested to merge carbon and glass fibers in cost-effective composites while maintaining the desired engineering properties. This study experimentally examines the impact of hybridization and seawater aging on the mechanical properties of glass and carbon fibers hybrid composites. A range of composites ([C]6, [CGC]s, [C]3[G]3, [GCG]s, and [G]6) are fabricated and aged in simulated seawater solution before their tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness properties are examined. The results revealed degradation in properties due to the ageing, the degree of degradation is influenced by the s hybridization configuration. The [G]6 sample shows the highest tensile strength reduction of 30% compared to 20% for the [C]6. The remaining samples exhibit reduction percentages falling between these two extremes. A similar behavior is observed in the flexural test, though the extremes values are smaller, 10.2%, and 12.5%. The impact and hardness tests showed an inverse relationship between the glass fiber content and impact strength degradation due to aging, while they exhibited a linear correlation for hardness degradation due to ageing.