Characterization Of Polythiophene Research Articles

Synthesis and Characterization of Polythiophene and Polypyrrole

Polythiophene and polypyrrole are two well-known conducting polymers with diverse properties and several potential applications in sectors such as electronics, sensors, and energy storage. This paper delves further into the synthesis and analysis of polythiophene and polypyrrole. Polypyrrole and polythiophene were synthesized using chemical oxidative polymerization with suitable oxidizing agents. The methods employed to analyze these polymers included spectroscopy (UV-Vis, FTIR), thermal analysis (TGA, DSC), microscopy (SEM, TEM), and electrochemical analysis (cyclic voltammetry). Several features of polypyrrole and polythiophene production were investigated and linked to their electrochemical, thermal, morphological, and structural properties. We also discuss how these conducting polymers may be employed in electrical devices, sensors, and energy storage systems due to the unique properties revealed by their characterization. Polythiophene and polypyrrole may now be employed in a wide range of high-tech applications since their synthesis and properties are better known.

Synthesis and Characterization of Polythiophene with Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanocomposites for Energy Storage

Synthesis and Characterization of Polythiophene with Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanocomposites for Energy Storage

Synthesis and characterization of polythiophene containing side chain electron acceptor for OPV

The two new semiconducting polymers, poly((sexithiophene-5,5'''''-diyl)bis(tridecan-1-one))(PSTTO) and poly((sexithiophene-5,5'''''-diyl)bis(tridecan-1-one)bithiophene) (PSTTOBT), are synthesized and characterized. PSTTO and PSTTOBT have backbone donor and side chain acceptor structure. Compare to poly(3-hexylthiophene), both polymers had deep HOMO levels of 5.15 and 5.14 eV, respectively, due to intramolecular repulsing between the main chain and side chain as well as the introduction of electron withdrawing side chains. In addition, the introduction of bithiophene into the repeating unit of PSTTOBT showed increased long wave absorption and better intermolecular interaction. PSTTO and PSTTOBT based cell showed power conversion efficiencies of 1.1% and 1.6%, respectively.

Polythiophene/graphene/zinc tungstate nanocomposite: Synthesis, characterization, DC electrical conductivity and cigarette smoke sensing application

Herein, we are reporting the synthesis and characterization of polythiophene (PTh) and its novel nanocomposites with zinc tungstate (ZT) and graphene/zinc tungstate (G/ZT) hybrid for Direct current (DC) electrical conductivity based cigarette smoke sensing at room temperature. X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared, Raman, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis techniques were used for the characterization of the as-prepared materials. The results showed that the DC electrical conductivity and sensing performance of PTh significantly improved by incorporation of ZT and G/ZT into it. PTh/G/ZT-3 (i.e. PTh/G/ZT nanocomposite containing 15 wt% G/ZT) was found to be the best sensor in terms of sensing response (81.5%) and reversibility (90.55%) along with the most stable semiconductor under isothermal and cyclic ageing conditions. Sensing response of PTh/G/ZT-3 was also tested in the exposure to various components of cigarette smoke (namely ammonia, carbon dioxide, ethanol, formaldehyde, acetone, benzene, toluene, phenol) and the highest sensing response was observed in the exposure to ammonia. The significant increase in conductivity of PTh/G/ZT nanocomposites was explained by the transfer of polarons from PTh to graphene, that is, creation of a hole in graphene where they achieved rapid mobility along with the extended π-conjugated system. Finally, a sensing mechanism was proposed through adsorption–desorption of cigarette smoke on the surface of PTh/G/ZT where electronic interactions between polarons of PTh and various components of cigarette smoke (mainly ammonia and ethanol) affected the change in DC electrical conductivity.

Electrosynthesis and Characterization of Polythiophene and Corrosion Protection for Stainless Steel

Electrosynthesis and Characterization of Polythiophene and Corrosion Protection for Stainless Steel

Synthesis and characterization of polythiophenes bearing diphenyl groups in the conjugated chain

4,4′-dibromo-2-nitro-biphenyl and 4,4′-dibromo-2,3′-dinitro-biphenyl have been synthesized via nitration reaction with 4,4′-dibromobiphenyl as the raw material. Three novel thiophene derivatives, 4, 4′-di(4-hexyl-thiophen-2-yl)biphenyl, 4,4′-di(4-hexyl-thiophen-2-yl)-2-nitro-biphenyl and 4,4′-di(4-hexyl-thiophen-2-yl)-2,3′-dinitrobiphenyl were synthesized through Stille coupling reaction, followed by polymerization in the presence of FeCl3, respectively. UV-vis absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra, photoluminescence spectra and electrochemical properties of the polymers were investigated. And the band-gap (E g), HOMO orbital energy (E HOMO), and LUMO orbital energy (E LUMO) of the polymers were calculated. Among the polymers, polymer PBTN and PBTD show lower band-gap (2.67 and 2.63 eV), lower HOMO energy level (−5.38 and −5.4 eV) and broader wavelength (432 and 438 nm) than that of polymer PBTB (2.69 eV, -5.36 eV and 424 nm) with incorporation of one nitro group or two nitro groups in the main chain, respectively.

Synthesis and Characterization of Polythiophene / SBA-15 Composite

A new nanocomposite, semiconducting polythiophene (PT) confined in mesoporous silica (SBA-15) was synthesized. PT was formed in the pores of SBA-15 by subsequent oxidative polymerization with FeCl3. Different techniques were used to characterize the nanocomposite formation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and N2 adsorption/desorption analysis showed that the nanocomposite possesses mesoporous structure, and the residual pore volume of nanocomposite was significantly lower than that of pure empty SBA-15. Scan electron micrographs confirmed the presence of polythiophene inside pore channels of the host, and thermogravimetric analysis proved confinement effect in the channel system.

Synthesis and Characterization of Polythiophene With Liquid Crystalline Azobenzene as Side Chains

In this study a series of azobenzene-functionalized liquid crystalline (LC) polythiophene derivatives: poly{2-[N-ethyl-N- [4-[4′-(nitrophenyl)azo]phenyl]amino]ethyl-3-thiophene acetate}, Poly(Th3AA-RedI), poly{2-[N-ethyl-N-[4-[4′-(nitrophenyl)azo]-phenyl]amino]ethyl-3-thiophene acetate-co-thiophene}, Poly(Th3 AA-RedI-co-Th), poly{2-[N-ethyl-N-[4-[4′-(nitrophenyl)azo]-phenyl]amino]ethyl-3-thiophene acetate-co-pyrrole}, Poly(Th3 AA-RedI-co-py) were synthesized. Novel 3-substituted thiophene with liquid crystalline side chain (Th3AA-RedI) was synthesized by the direct reaction of thiophene -3-acetic acid with 2-[N-ethyl-N-[4-[4′-(nitrophenyl)azo]-phenyl]amino]ethanol (RedI). Chemical polymerization of (Th3AA-RedI), and its copolymerization with thiophene and pyrrole were carried out, by using ferric perchlorate as oxidation agent. The composition, structure and thermal property of these LC polythiophene derivatives were fully characterized by FTIR, 1H,13C-NMR, and UV-Visible spectroscopic methods, and its LC behavior and photoresponsive property were also investigated by polarized optical microscope and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The results show that Poly(Th3AA-RedI) exhibited the smecticC (SC) and nematic (N) liquid crystalline behavior. Conclusion shifted phase transition temperatures of the poly(Th3AA-RedI) in the heating process are as follows: C → Sc (108°C), Sc → N (200°C), and N → I (261°C). Electrical conductivity of polymer [poly(Th3AA-RedI)] and of two its copolymers [poly(Th3AA-RedI-co-Th) and poly(Th3AA-RedI-co-Py)], has been studied by four probe methods and produced 3.6 × 10−6, 4.9 × 10−3, and 7.5 × 10−3 Scm−1 conductivities, respectively.

Electro-synthesis and characterization of polythiophene nano-wires/platinum nano-particles composite electrodes. Study of formic acid electro-catalytic oxidation

The successful electro-synthesis of a composite made of polythiophene nano-wires and platinum nano-particles is reported. The nano-wires were prepared on a Pt electrode previously modified with a mesoporous silica thin film. The silica film modified electrode was also prepared and characterized by electrochemical means. For the electro-polymerization the working solution was 1.0×10−3molL−1 thiophene and 1.0×10−1molL−1 tetrabuthylammonium hexafluorophosphate in anhydrous acetonitrile. The nano-structured electrode was characterized and subsequently modified by dispersing platinum nano-particles employing an experimental method based on polymer doping properties. Also, electro-catalytic activity of the composite with respect to formic acid electro-oxidation was verified. The results were outstanding and compare well with those obtained employing a bare polycrystalline platinum electrode. The nano-wire deposit and the composite were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, confirming the expected morphology and crystalline degree. All these results are of the utmost importance since only simple electrochemical preparative methods were utilized, allowing more control of the process and lowering production cost.

Synthesis and Characterization of Polythiophenes Having Phosphonate Ester Groups

Polythiophene derivatives containing a phosphonate ester group, poly [3-(3-diethyl-phosphonate) propoxythiophene] (PEPPT), were synthesized by Rieke and oxidative polymerization methods. These PEPPTs were soluble in polar organic solvents such as methanol, DMF, and chloroform. Thehead-to-tailratio of PEPPT (Rieke) was estimated to be 98 % by1H NMR spectroscopy, while that of PEPPT (Oxidative) was estimated to be 53 %. The maximum absorption peak of PEPPT (Rieke) was observed at 596 nm, which was 46 nm longer than that of PEPPT (Oxidative) in CHCl3solutions. This result suggests that the planarity of PEPPT (Rieke) is higher than that of PEPPT (Oxidative) due to the high regioregularity of the side chains. The estimated band gap of PEPPT was 1.60 eV for Rieke-synthesized derivatives. The XRD peak of PEPPT(Rieke) was observed at 5.14º (17.2 Å) and that of PEPPT (Oxidative) was not clearly observed, suggesting that PEPPT(Rieke) has self-organized properties to form a layered structure.

Synthesis and characterization of polythiophenes with alkenyl substituents

Synthesis of polythiophenes with alkenyl side chains is reported for the first time. The alkenyl side chains are versatile functional groups, allowing facile chemical modification to generate novel materials with tunable opto-electronic properties. Poly(3-pentenylthiophene), poly(3-undecenylthiophene), poly(3-hexylthiophene-ran-3-pentenylthiophene) and poly(3-hexylthiophene-ran-3-undecenylthiophene) were synthesized by a nickel mediated cross-coupling polymerization. Poly(3-alkenylthiophene) homopolymers and random copolymers were prepared from 2-bromo-5-chlorozinc-3-alkenylthiophene monomers using Ni(dppp)Cl2 as catalyst. The field-effect mobilities and photovoltaic response in bulk heterojunction solar cells were measured for poly(3-hexylthiophene-ran-3-pentenylthiophene) and poly(3-hexylthiophene-ran-3-undecenylthiophene).

Synthesis and Characterization of Polythiophene and Poly (3-methylthiophene) Nanotubes and Nanowires

We synthesized nanotubes and nanowires of π-conjugated polythiophene (PT) and poly (3-methylthiophene) (P3MT) by using nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (A1 2O 3) template through electrochemical polymerization method From SEM and TEM photographs, we observed the formation of nanotubes with diameters of 100 ∼ 200 nm and wall thicknesses of 5 ∼ 10 nm. The length of PT and P3MT nanotubes and nanowires was up to ∼40 μm. To discern the structural and optical properties of the systems, we measured UV/Vis absorbance and FT-IR spectra. We observed that the doping level, the π-π * transition peak, and bipolaron peaks in P3MT nanotubes varied with synthetic temperature. Based on measured I-V characteristic curves with gate bias for a single strand of PT nanotube, the systems should be considered to exhibit p-type nature.

Synthesis and characterization of polythiophenes with liquid crystalline azobenzene as side chains

A series of azobenzene-functionalized liquid-crystalline (LC) polythiophene derivatives: poly[4-((4-(phenyl)azo)phenoxy)alkyl-3-thienylacetate] (alkyl=hexyl, octyl and undecyl) (P6EtO, P8EtO and P11EtO) were synthesized. The composition, structure and thermal property of these LC polythiophene derivatives were fully characterized, and their LC behavior and photoresponsive property were also investigated by means of POM and UV source. The results have shown that PnEtO exhibited the nematic (N) phase when the azobenzene moiety was in the trans form while no LC phase was observed when the azobenzene was in the cis form. Photoirradiation of these polymers with UV light brings about the trans–cis isomerization of the azobenzene pendants and results in disappearance of the nematic phase.

Poly(alkyl thiophene-3-carboxylates). Synthesis and Characterization of Polythiophenes with a Carbonyl Group Directly Attached to the Ring

Polythiophenes with electron-withdrawing ester groups attached at the 3-position, namely poly(hexyl thiophene-3-carboxylate) (1a) and poly(octyl thiophene-3-carboxylate) (1b), have been synthesized using the Ullmann reaction with copper powder in DMF. Characterization of the polymers includes IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR, and UV-vis spectroscopy as well as TGA and molecular weight studies. The polymers also show red-orange and red fluorescence, respectively. The same polymers prepared using Ni(0) instead of Cu gave polymer with comparable molecular weights but higher polydispersity, which was not as uniform as shown by NMR spectroscopy and which had shorter conjugation lengths, as shown by blue-shifted UV-vis absorption and fluorescence maxima.

Electrochemistry of conductive polymers XVII. Preparation and characterization of polythiophene in aqueous solutions

Polythiophene has been prepared in aqueous solutions by repeatedly cycling potentials between −0.25 ∼ 1.75 V vs. the Ag/AgCl, saturated KCl reference electrode. The polymer films thus prepared were denser and more stable than those prepared in nonaqueous solutions. The film could be doped both anodically and cathodically depending on the solution pH. The films were not destroyed even when they are anodized at +2.5 V in 0.2 M LiCl solution at pH 3.0 The polymer films have their maximum absorbances observed between 350 nm and 420 nm depending on the electrolytes used, indicating the band gaps, and therefore chain lengths, of the polymers could be significantly different in different electrolyte solutions. The impedance values of the polymer were affected strongly by the pH and applied potential.