Characterization Of Nylon Research Articles

Fabrication and Characterization of Nylon 6 Fiber via Wet Spinning Method for Application as a Reinforcing Material for a Direct Dental Bridge

Fabrication and Characterization of Nylon 6 Fiber via Wet Spinning Method for Application as a Reinforcing Material for a Direct Dental Bridge

Synthesis and Characterization of Nylon 6,6-Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Polyelectrolytic Membrane

This work presents the preparation and investigation of blended nylon (N)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based polyelectrolytic membranes that are modified with different concentrations of sulfuric acid (SA), chlorosulfonic acid (CSA), and sulfonated activated carbon (SAC) as a filler. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs illustrated good membrane homogeneity, and no cracks or phase separation were detected. Chemical interaction between N, PVA, and other membrane components was confirmed by Raman scattering spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). In addition, the molecular structure is verified by energy depressive X-ray (EDX). Furthermore, water and methanol uptake, gel fraction, and IEC were determined as functions of varied membrane modification components. The results revealed that increasing the portion of SA, CSA and SAC led to an increase in IEC and ionic conductivity values reached 2.12 meq/g–0.076 S/cm for (N/PVA-4.0% SA-4.0% SAC), respectively, and 2.71 meq/g–0.087 S/cm for (N/PVA-4.0% CSA-4.0% SAC), respectively, while the IEC and ionic conductivity value for non-modified N/PVA membrane was 0.02 meq/g and zero, respectively. Such results enhance the potential feasibility of modified N/PVA electrolytic membranes for fuel cell (FC) applications.

Fabrication and Characterization of Nylon 66/PAN Nanofibrous Film Used as Separator of Lithium-Ion Battery.

In recent years, portable electronic devices have flourished, and the safety of lithium batteries has received increasing attention. In this study, nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning using different ratios of nylon 66/polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and their properties were studied and compared with commercial PP separators. The experimental results show that the addition of PAN in nylon 66/PAN nanofibrous film used as separator of lithium-ion battery can enhance the porosity up to 85%. There is also no significant shrinkage in the shrinkage test, and the thermal dimensional stability is good. When the Li/LiFePO4 lithium battery is prepared by nylon 66/PAN nanofibrous film used as separator, the capacitor can be maintained at 140 mAhg−1 after 20 cycles at 0.1 C, and the coulombic efficiency is still maintained at 99%, which has excellent electrochemical performance.

A monolithic mixed matrix membrane based on silver nanoparticle/nylon‐6 nanocomposite: A novel coating for stir bar sorptive extraction of organophosphorus pesticides

AbstractIn this research, a novel monolithic mixed matrix membrane based on silver nanoparticles reinforced nylon 6 was prepared by in situ reduction of silver nitrate salt in a formic acid solution of nylon 6. The phase separation method was employed to deposit prepared nanocomposite onto a stainless steel substrate. The characterization of nylon 6 and silver nanoparticles/nylon 6 nanocomposite coated stir bars were conducted applying scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The prepared stir bar was employed for the stir bar sorptive extraction of organophosphorus pesticides such as ethion, phosalone, and chlorpyrifos in environmental water samples applying gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. The effect of the silver nanoparticles doping level in the nanocomposite on the extraction efficiency of the monolithic mixed matrix membrane was studied. Multivariate optimization based on the central composite design was employed to study and optimize essential parameters affecting the extraction and elution steps. The limits of detection were 0.2 and 0.3 ng/mL and the linear dynamic ranges were in the concentration range of 0.7‐1000 and 1–1000 ng/mL for all analytes. The method precision based on relative standard deviation by performing six replicates ranged from 2.4 to 7.4% for spiked distilled water (100 ng/mL).

Synthesis and characterization of nylon 6 polymer nanocomposite using organically modified Indian bentonite

In this present research work two different organic compounds are applied for the modification of Indian origin bentonite. One is with n-hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), intercalated with an interlayer of bentonite via cation exchange mechanism. Whereas, another with 3-Aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APTES) interlayer functionalization with bentonite –OH group. APTES and CTAB–intercalated bentonites samples were further cross modified with CTAB and APTES to obtain novel co-surfactant locked organo bentonite modeling (CLOM) like matrices. Original and modified bentonite samples were comparatively evaluated by advanced characterization techniques such as, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Moreover, the applicability of the developed CLOM like materials were investigated in nylon 6 nanocomposite preparation by melt compounding method using a micro twin co-rotated extruder. Additionally, CLOM-nylon-6 polymer nanocomposites were characterized by wide angle X-ray diffraction, TGA, differential scanning calorimetry, atomic force microscopy and tensile strength measurement. The observed thermograph results confirmed no significant difference in the thermal properties of the developed composites. Whereas, the significant variation observed in the tensile strength results particularly for developed composite 5% of N6-OAMSB and N6 AMOSB 5 showed 111.5 and 76.6% respective enhancement in tensile strength results when compared with a bare nylon-6 polymer.

Fabrication and Characterization of Nylon 6/ MWCNTs Conductive Polymer by Electrospinning Technique

Fabrication and Characterization of Nylon 6/ MWCNTs Conductive Polymer by Electrospinning Technique

Reliability study of an emerging fire suppression system

Self-contained fire extinguishers are a robust, reliable and minimally invasive means of fire suppression for gloveboxes. Plutonium gloveboxes are known to present harsh environmental conditions for polymer materials, these include radiation damage and chemical exposure, both of which tend to degrade the lifetime of engineered polymer components. The primary component of interest in self-contained fire extinguishers is the nylon 6-6 machined tube that comprises the main body of the system. Thermo-mechanical modeling and characterization of nylon 6-6 for use in plutonium glovebox applications has been carried out. Data has been generated regarding property degradation leading to poor, or reduced, engineering performance of nylon 6-6 components. In this study, nylon 6-6 tensile specimens conforming to the casing of self-contained fire extinguisher systems have been exposed to hydrochloric, nitric, and sulfuric acids. This information was used to predict the performance of a load bearing engineering component comprised of nylon 6-6 and designed to operate in a consistent manner over a specified time period. This study provides a fundamental understanding of the engineering performance of the fire suppression system and the effects of environmental degradation due to acid exposure on engineering performance. Data generated help identify the limitations of self-contained fire extinguishers. No critical areas of concern for plutonium glovebox applications of nylon 6-6 have been identified when considering exposure to mineral acid.

Preparation and characterization of nylon 6 compounds using the nylon 6-grafted GO

Nylon 6 compounds were prepared using master batch (MB) chips containing nylon 6-grafted graphene oxide (GO graft ), which was prepared using an in situ polymerization method with GO dispersed in an ɛ-caprolactam monomer with 6-aminocaproic acid as the initiator. The MB chips were well compounded with the virgin nylon 6 chips with good processibility. The GO graft showed good dispersion in m-cresol, formic acid, and sulfuric acid compared to the pure reduced GO, indicating that the nylon 6 chains were grafted successfully on the GO sheets, which was also confirmed by atomic force microscopy. This GO graft improved the modulus of the compound by 139% by incorporating 0.015 wt% of the GO in the polymer matrix. However, the elongation at break decreased. The increase in modulus by incorporating small amounts of GO might have been due to the good dispersion of the GO in the polymer matrix and the strong interactions between them.

Polyamides based on the renewable monomer, 1,13-tridecane diamine II: Synthesis and characterization of nylon 13,6

Nylon 13,6 was successfully synthesized and its chemical composition, thermal properties, crystal structure, and moisture absorption characterized. Melting temperature and glass transition temperature were determined to be 206 °C and 60 °C, respectively, while the equilibrium melting temperature was determined to be 248 °C. Characterization of the crystallization kinetics showed that nylon 13,6 exhibits very fast crystallization compared to the industrially important nylons, nylon 6 and nylon 6,6. In addition, the moisture absorption of nylon 13,6 was dramatically lower than nylon 6 and nylon 6,6 which is consistent with the much lower amide content of nylon 13,6. The crystal structure was determined to be different from the expected γ-form, which possess a pseudohexagonal unit cell. Instead, the x-ray scattering pattern was more similar to the α-form. A similar result has been obtained for other odd–even nylons including nylon 5,6, nylon 5,10, nylon 9,2, nylon 11,10, and nylon 11,12.

Preparation and Characterization of Nylon 6/Nylon 6 Clay Fibers

The drawing, tenacity and thermal properties of nylon 6 (NY6)/nylon 6 clay (NYC) composite fiber specimens prepared at varying NYC contents and drawing temperatures were investigated. The achievable draw ratio (Dra) values of NY6x(NYC)y as-spun fiber specimens initially increase in conjunction with NYC content, and then approach a maximum value, as their NYC contents and drawing temperature approach the 0.5 wt% and 120 oC, respectively. The percentage crystallinity (Xc) values of NY6x(NYC)y as-spun fiber specimens increased significantly, as their NYC contents increased from 0 to 2 wt%. The thermal property were performed on NY6x(NYC)y resins and/or fiber specimens to determine the optimum NYC content and possible deformation mechanisms accounting for the interesting drawing properties found above.

Nylon 6/clay nanocomposite filaments and their cords

AbstractThe present study focuses on the preparation and characterization of nylon 6/clay nanocomposite filaments and their cords. Two different organo modified clays: the ditallodimethyl ammonium salt with bentonite clay (Claytone HY), a commercially available clay from M/S Southern Clay products, USA and silane modified montmorillonite clay (Silane‐MMT), synthesized in the laboratory were used to prepare nylon 6/clay nanocomposite filaments. The nanocomposite filaments were tested for tensile and creep properties and compared with nylon 6/sodium montmorillonite (Na‐MMT) nanocomposite filaments as well as neat nylon 6 filaments. The clay dispersion within the nanocomposite filaments was analyzed by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The creep resistant property of all the nanocomposite filaments showed 10–19% improvement over the neat nylon filament. However, there is a marginal improvement in tenacity in case of nylon 6/silane MMT nanocomposite filament as compared to the neat nylon filament. All the nylon 6/clay nanocomposite filaments were converted into the cords and tested for various tire cord related properties such as tensile strength, rubber to cord adhesion, and fatigue resistance. The nanocomposite cords showed a significant improvement in tensile property (7–21%) as well as cord to rubber adhesion strength (34–55%) over the neat nylon cords, however, the fatigue resistance was inferior in case of nanocomposite cords. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

Characterization of nylon 6/11/montmorillonite nanocomposites prepared by in situ copolymerization

AbstractA novel nylon 6/11/montmorillonite nanocomposite was prepared by in situ copolymerization of prepolymer of caprolactam with aminoundecanoic acid in the presence of organoclay, and characterized in terms of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), transmission electron micrograph (TEM), intrinsic viscosity as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was found that the addition of organoclay had great influence on the intrinsic viscosity and melting behavior but not on the crystal transition of nylon 6/11 matrix. Intercalated/exfoliated and stacked silicates layers were observed for various nanocomposites.

Characterization of nylon 6/ABS blends with and without a maleated polybutadiene as compatibilizer

The physical properties of nylon 6/poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) terpolymer (ABS) blends using a maleated polybutadiene (denoted PB-g-MA) as compatibilizer were investigated. The morphology results reveal that ABS domain sizes decrease with an increasing compatibilizer content, suggesting the good interaction between the nylon 6 matrix and the ABS dispersed phase. Cooling conditions and compatibilizer contents strongly affect the crystalline structure of nylon 6, as determined from X-ray diffraction and non-isothermal crystallization thermal analyses. The coexistence of α- and predominantly γ-form crystals for the 10 phr compatibilized blends was observed. Isothermal crystallization kinetics suggests that the introduced compatibilizer impeded the growth rate of the crystals, especially for the higher compatibilizer content. The compatibilizer was beneficial in enhancing the thermal stability of the blends.

Preparation and characterization of nylon 6/graphite composite

A nylon 6/graphite composite was synthesized using ɛ-caprolactam monomer polymerization blended with graphite oxide (GO). Absorptions at 3300 cm−1 due to the N–H group, at 2900 cm−1 due to the C–H, at 1640 cm−1 due to the CO, and at 1545 cm−1, due to stretching vibration of the C–N because of an amide group were observed in the infrared (IR) spectrum. This agrees with the IR absorption of nylon 6, suggesting the successful synthesis of a nylon 6/graphite composite. Moreover, the diffraction peaks of GO shifted from 26.6° to 10–15° in X-ray diffraction (XRD), suggesting the successful oxidation of NG and effective enlargement of the space between each of the graphite layers. After thermal reduction of GO, the electrical conductivities of the composites were examined. The results showed that as the concentration of GO increased from 0.25 to 3 wt%, the electrical conductivity increased from 2.5 × 10−14 to 6.5 × 10−3 S cm−1. In addition, the effects of composite molecular weight, such as reaction atmosphere, catalyst, reaction time, and reaction temperature were also investigated in detail.

Unique Shear Flow Rheological Characterization of Nylon 6 and Its Nylon 610-Based Blends

Unique observations on the shear flow rheological characterization of nylon resins, especially in the high-shear-rate region, nylon 6 and its nylon 610 blends in particular, are reported. The main aims of our study were to deal with a deviation of nylon melt from the Ostwald-de Wale equation, well accepted for polymers to date. It was found that rheological data of nylons fit well with the logarithmic law. Such unique results, in contrast to those for polyethylene and polypropylene, were tentatively attributed to the rupture of H-bonding in nylon melts.

Preparation and characterization of nylon 6/organoclay nanocomposite filament fibers

AbstractA series of nylon 6 (NY6)/organoclay nanocomposites were prepared via in situ polymerization of ε‐caprolactam in the presence of 1,2‐aminododecanoic acid‐intercalated montmorillonite (ADA‐MMT) organoclay (1–5 wt%) using 6‐aminocaproic acid as polymerization catalyst. The extent of organoclay dispersion in NY6 matrix was analyzed using WAXD and SEM measurements. DSC studies revealed marginal shift in melting and melt‐crystallization peaks toward lower temperature with increasing clay content. Melt viscosity studies for NY6/ADA‐MMT exhibited higher shear‐thinning behavior than neat NY6 probably due to the slip between NY6 matrix and exfoliated organoclay platelets during shear flow. The prepared nanocomposites were melt‐spun and studied for their property improvements against varying clay content, draw ratios, and annealing conditions. Birefringence and sonic velocity values increased initially at lower draw ratios (≤2.5) due to increased orientation of molecular chains along the drawing direction but saturated at higher draw ratio (3.0) for all the samples. At the same draw ratio; compared to neat NY6, NY6/organoclay fibers showed increased chain orientation along the drawing direction which can be attributed to the “tethering effect” of organoclay on NY6 matrix. The initial modulus and stress at break were sensitive to factors such as draw ratio, clay content, and annealing conditions. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers

Synthesis and characterization of nylon 6/clay nanocomposites prepared by ultrasonication and in situ polymerization

AbstractNylon 6 nanocomposites were prepared by the in situ polymerization of ε‐caprolactam with ultrasonically dispersed organically modified montmorillonite clay (Cloisite 30B®). Dispersions of the clay platelets with concentrations in the range 1–5 wt % in the monomer were characterized using rheological measurements. All mixtures exhibited shear‐thinning, signifying that the clay particles were dispersed as platelets and forming a “house of cards” structure. Samples with Cloisite concentrations above 2 wt % showed a drop in viscosity between the initial shearing and repeated shearing, indicative of shearing breaking down the initial “house of cards” structures formed on sonication. DMTA measurements of the samples showed an increase in the β‐relaxation temperature with increasing clay concentration. The bending modulus, at temperatures below Tg, showed an increase with increasing clay concentration up to 4 wt %. X‐ray diffraction measurements showed that all nylon 6/Cloisite 30B samples were exfoliated apart from the 5 wt %, which showed that some intercalated material was present. The nylon crystallized into the α‐crystalline phase, which is the most thermodynamically stable form. Preference for this form may be a consequence of the long time associated with the postcondensation step in the synthesis or the influence of the platelets on the nucleation step of the crystal growth. DSC measurements showed a retardation of the crystallization rate of nanocomposite samples when compared with that of pure nylon 6, due to the exfoliated clay platelets hindering chain movement. This behavior is different from that observed for the melt‐mixed nylon 6/clay nanocomposites, which show an enhancement in the crystallization rate. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008

Preparation and characterization of nylon 6 11 copolymer

A new copolyamide, nylon 6 11, was prepared by hydrolytic polymerization and melt polycondensation and characterized by means of intrinsic viscosity, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in this paper. It was found that the intrinsic viscosity of nylon 6 11 copolymer was influenced by the caprolactam content as well as the copolymerization time under vacuum. However, the incorporation of caprolactam into nylon 11 chains did not transform the crystal phase of nylon 11. The results of DSC demonstrated that a random copolyamide was formed during copolymerization of aminoundecanoic acid with caprolactam.

Fabrication and characterization of nylon 6/foliated graphite electrically conducting nanocomposite

AbstractIn this study, the nylon 6/foliated graphite (FG) electrically conducting nanocomposites with a low percolation threshold of less than 0.75 vol % have been prepared via an in situ polymerization approach in the presence of FG nanosheet filler. Based on laser counting, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction characterization techniques, the structures and morphologies of the nanoscale filling particles and the resulting nanocomposites were examined. Using percolation theory, the conductivity behavior of the nanocomposite samples were modeled and analyzed. Through the use of mean‐field and excluded volume approaches, it was demonstrated that the experimentally observed percolation threshold values could be approximately estimated, and a correlation between the percolation threshold and the aspect ratio of FG particles could be quasi‐quantitatively established. Also, preliminary studies on the effects of FG nanosheets on the thermal properties of the host nylon 6 were performed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2844–2856, 2004

Preparation and characterization of nylon�6/Cu2+-exchanged and Fe3+-exchanged montmorillonite nanocomposite

Nylon 6/Cu2+-exchanged and Fe3+-exchanged montmorillonite nanocomposites have been prepared by a melt intercalation technique directly from Cu2+-exchanged and Fe3+-exchanged montmorillonite. Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide was chosen as the clay/matrix reactive compatibilizer. The intercalation spacing and the degree of dispersion were determined by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Also the thermal character of the nanocomposites prepared was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis.