Characterization Of Cellulose Acetate Research Articles

Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose Acetate from Pandanus tectorius via Microwave Irradiation

Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose Acetate from Pandanus tectorius via Microwave Irradiation

Production and characterization of cellulose acetate using olive tree pruning biomass as feedstock

AbstractOlive tree pruning (OTP) is one of the most abundant sources of biomass waste in the Mediterranean basin. This is especially relevant in southern Spain where olive oil production represents a large part of the economy. Olive tree prunings are mostly either burned or are spread in olive orchards as an organic amendment, or used for heat generation on a domestic scale. However, the lignocellulosic composition of OTP makes it a potential source of biopolymers, thus providing an excellent economic alternative for the olive oil sector. In this work, pretreated OTP fibers were subjected to an optimized alkaline treatment followed by a single‐step bleaching reaction with H2O2. Afterwards, the cellulose pulp was transformed chemically to obtain cellulose acetate. Noncellulosic components were removed effectively from OTP, thus obtaining a pulp highly purified in cellulose with 71% crystallinity and 355 °C maximum degradation temperature. Nevertheless, a very large amount of cellulose (ca. 50%) was eliminated throughout the process, especially during acid pretreatment, which was responsible for 38% solubilization. A similar level of acetylation and degree of substitution was obtained by using acetylation times in the range of 1 to 6 h. No large differences were observed in the infrared spectra and X‐ray diffractograms of the synthesized acetates. However, their thermal stability varied significantly with reaction time, evolving from a multistep degradation pattern to a single and sharp peak between 300 and 400 °C with increasing time. Thermogravimetric curves revealed that at least 5 h (preferably 6 h) were needed to obtain cellulose acetate from OTP with adequate thermal stability for further processing.

Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Acetate from α-Cellulose of Paper Waste

A cellulose derivative substance called cellulose acetate is frequently used in the manufacturing of photographic film, fiber, membranes, and bioplastics. However, the availability of sources for cellulose acetate's raw material does not support this demand. Paper waste has a high cellulose content. Therefore, the aim of this research is to synthesize cellulose acetate from α-cellulose waste paper. In order to separate alpha cellulose from waste paper in this study, the delignification process with NaOH solvent was used as a first step. After obtaining alpha cellulose, acetic anhydride was used to carry out the acetylation reaction. The yield of α-cellulose from paper waste is 51.8%. α-Cellulose is reacted with acetic anhydride through acetylation reactions and hydrolysis of acetyl groups. From this reaction, functional groups -OH, C=O ester, and C-O acetyl appeared from the FTIR spectra analysis which indicated that cellulose acetate had been successfully synthesized. The type of cellulose acetate produced is a type of cellulose monoacetate with an acetyl groups of 23% and a degree of substitution value of 1.17

Karakterisasi Selulosa dan Selulosa Asetat dari Limbah Cangkang Biji Pala (Myristica Fragransi) Aceh Selatan

Nutmeg seed shell waste contains 21.34% cellulose, 12.93% lignin, 53.67% crude fiber, 6.16% ash, 0.11% phenol, and 0.38% carbonyl. The content of cellulose and lignin in the nutmeg shell waste is quite large, so it can be used as something of value. Cellulose can be synthesized into cellulose acetate. The use of cellulose acetate is very diverse, such as in the film industry, biodegradable plastics, paper coatings, metals, and glass, as an adhesive for topographic films as the main raw material in membrane synthesis processes. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize cellulose and cellulose acetate from nutmeg shell waste (Myristica fragrance) in South Aceh. The method used is in the form of cellulose isolation using the soxhletation process, then bleaching and hydrolysis processes are carried out, then it is synthesized into cellulose acetate. Characterization of cellulose by determining % yield, cellulose content, ash content, moisture content, FTIR, XRD. Characterization of cellulose acetate by determining the acetyl content and FTIR. The characterization results obtained ash content of 3.04%, moisture content of 15.55%, yield of 35.36% and 5.29% cellulose content. XRD characterization obtained a diffractogram peak at an angle of 2θ = 22.2111o, a crystallinity of 96% and a crystal size of 0.5292 nm. Characterization of the functional groups of cellulose in the form of stretching O-H, C-H and C-O groups which are at wave numbers 3331.04 cm-1, 2871.29 cm-1 and 1024.96 cm-1. Functional groups of cellulose acetate in the form of O-H, C=O, acetyl C-O, bent C-H and C-O groups are at wave numbers 3348.82 cm-1, 1719.61 cm-1, 1227.23 cm-1, 1369.50 cm-1 and 1028.62. The acetyl content is 39.18% and the degree of substitution is 2.65%.

Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Acetate and Nanocellulose Acetate from Sengon Agroindustrial Waste (Paraserianthes falcataria)

Synthesis and characterization of cellulose acetate and nanocellulose acetate have been carried out. Cellulose was isolated from sengon wood powder waste using 6% NaOH solution and bleached with NaOCl. The cellulose was hydrolyzed with 60% formic acid to obtain nanocellulose. Cellulose and nanocellulose were then modified with acetic anhydride. The synthesized products were characterized by FTIR to identify organic functional groups, powder XRD to measure crystallinity, and SEM to observe surface morphology. Solubility tests in several types of solvents were also performed. The degree of substitution (DS) of cellulose acetate and nanocellulose acetate was carried out based on Indonesia’s SNI 0444:2009 method. The DS calculation show that the cellulose acetate and nanocellulose have DS of 2.9 and 2.1, respectively.

Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose Acetate and Cellulose Nitrate Prepared from Cellulose Extracted from Calamagrostis intermedia

The main purpose of this research work is to prepare and characterize cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate from cellulose extracted from Calamagrostis intermedia. Cellulose nitrate was prepared by nitration with a sulfonitric mixture, while cellulose acetate was prepared with acid and acetic anhydride. In both cases, an FTIR analysis was performed. Optical microscopy was applied to the prepared semi-synthetic compounds, showing crystalline networks corresponding to well-defined polymeric chains. Finally, the cellulose acetate was subjected to viscometry in order to determine the molecular weight of the prepared polymer, tending a value of 220.34 × 103 g/mol. The results highlighted the feasibility of preparation of such polymers from a non-conventional source and the strategies for characterization and preparation at laboratory level.

Synthesis and characterization of cellulose acetate from cellophane industry residues. Application as acetaminophen controlled-release membranes

Synthesis and characterization of cellulose acetate from cellophane industry residues. Application as acetaminophen controlled-release membranes

Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Acetate- Titanium (IV) Tungstomolybdate Nanocomposite Cation Exchangers for the Removal of Selected Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution

Novel Cellulose acetate titanium (IV) tungstomolybdate nanocomposite cation exchanger was synthesized by sol-gel method by incorporating cellulose acetate polymer into inorganic exchanger, titanium (IV) tungstomolybdate. Different techniques including FTIR, XRD, TGA SEM and BET were used to characterize the exchanger. The Cellulose acetate titanium (IV) tungstomolybdate (CATTM) behaved as a good cation exchanger with IEC of 1.64 meq g-1 for Na+ ions. The sequence of ion exchange capacity for alkali metal ions was found to be K+> Na+> Li+ and that for alkaline earth metal ions was Ba2+ > Ca2+ >Mg2+ .These orders revealed that the ions with smaller hydrated radii acquired larger ion exchange capacity. The pH titration curve indicated that the material obtained as such is a bi functional strong cation exchanger as indicated by a low pH (~2.25) of the solution when no OH- ion was added. Thermal analysis of the material showed that the material retained 55% of its ion exchange capacity up to 600°C. Adsorption behavior of metal ions in different solvents with varying concentration has also been explored and the sorption studies revealed that the material was selective for Cr(III) and Pb(II) ions. The analytical utility of the material was investigated by performing binary separations of selected metal ions in a column based on the distribution coefficients of the metals. Cr(III) and Pb(II) were selectively removed from synthetic mixtures of Cr(III)-Cd(II), Cr(III)-Fe(III), Pb(II)-Cd(II) and Pb(II)-Fe(III). Antimicrobial activity of the synthesized inorganic compound was evaluated and showed a considerable antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri. The inorganic counterpart has also exhibited a promising antifungal activity against Aspagilus niger and Fusarium oxysporim.Key Words; Binary separations, Cellulose acetate, Characterization, Nanocomposite, Sol-gel method.

Preparation and characterization of cellulose acetate from cotton

The preparation and characterization of cellulose acetate from cotton was conducted in this study. Cotton was hydrolyzed using various concentrations of sulfuric acid (10, 20, 30 and 40%). The bleaching process was performed by using H2O2 solution. The acetylation process was conducted using acetic acid solution. The obtained cellulose acetate was then characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in order to observe the functional groups, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to examine the surface morphology and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to observe the crystallinity of cellulose acetate. The results of FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of cellulose acetate. SEM images showed the irregular sizes of cellulose acetate. XRD patterns exhibited that the acetylation process increased the crystallinity of cellulose.

Synthesis and characterization of cellulose acetate from royal palm tree agroindustrial waste

This study provides a novel value‐added utilization of the agroindustrial waste of royal palm tree leaf sheath to produce cellulose acetate. One of the motivations of this work was the fact that Brazil is one of the largest heart of palm producers in the world. However, as a result of extraction and processing, tons of waste are generated and discharged to the environment. Such waste is rich in lignocellulosic material, which could be reused to obtain derivatives of interest and commercial value. The synthesis of cellulose acetate was performed through a homogeneous acetylation reaction. Three different conditions were tested for delignification of the raw material, which resulted in a reduction in lignin content from 17.75 to 7.72%. The highest yield of cellulose acetate reached 99.5%, with degree of substitutions ranging between 2.08 and 2.82, which indicates satisfactory conversion. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum showed that practically all hydroxyl groups were replaced by acetate groups; this was also confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that the cellulose acetate crystallinity index was 8.9%. This demonstrates the viable potential of cellulose acetate production with low cost and use of highly available agroindustrial waste. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:891–898, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers

Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Selulosa Asetat (CA)

Synthesis and characterization of cellulose acetate (CA) has been conducted. The cellulose used in this study was commecial a-cellulose in 92% content. All the CA products were analyzed by FTIR spectrometers. The determination of cellulose content was done using standart method of TAPPI T-203, while the determination of the degree of substitution (DS) was based on SNI 0444:2009 method. Conventional acetylation of cellulose was performed using gacial acetic acid, anhydride acetic acid, and sulfuric acid. The acetylation at 25 °C for 2.5 hours gave the DS of 1.482 and at 40 °C for 5 hours gave the higher DS 2.295.

Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Selulosa Asetat (CA)

Synthesis and characterization of cellulose acetate (CA) has been conducted. The cellulose used in this study was commecial a-cellulose in 92% content. All the CA products were analyzed by FTIR spectrometers. The determination of cellulose content was done using standart method of TAPPI T-203, while the determination of the degree of substitution (DS) was based on SNI 0444:2009 method. Conventional acetylation of cellulose was performed using gacial acetic acid, anhydride acetic acid, and sulfuric acid. The acetylation at 25 °C for 2.5 hours gave the DS of 1.482 and at 40 °C for 5 hours gave the higher DS 2.295.

Production and characterization of cellulose acetate – titanium dioxide nanotubes membrane fraxiparinized through polydopamine for clinical applications

The present paper introduces a study on the preparation and characterization of cellulose acetate – TiO2 nanotubes membrane. In order to be used as a hemodialysis membrane, fraxiparinized nanotubes have been incorporated into the cellulose matrix. Fraxiparine embedding was performed via strong binding ability of dopamine.Composite membrane was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and water contact angle measurement. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to correlate the morphology of composite membrane with its electrochemical properties. Mott-Schottky test proved titanium dioxide semiconductor incorporation in composite membrane.Permeation test was made to determine pure water flux. The obtained results showed that addition of nanotubes had a positive impact on membrane permeation compared with a control polymeric membrane.

Preparation and Characterization of CA−PEG−TiO2 Membranes: Effect of PEG and TiO2 on Morphology, Flux and Fouling Performance

Modified cellulose acetate (CA) membranes were prepared by dissolving the polymers in a mixture of acetone (AC) and N, N dimethylacetamide (DMAc) (70:30) solvent and deionized (DI) water was used in the coagulation bath. The introduction of polyethylene glycol (PEG) additive and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) into the casting solution has changed the structures of the resulting membranes during the phase inversion process. Effects of PEG additive and TiO2 NPs on the preparation of the phase-inverted CA ultrafiltration membrane were investigated in terms of morphology, equilibrium water content (EWC), pure water flux (PWF), hydraulic resistance, thermal stability, water contact angle (WCA) and anti-fouling performance. Improvements in average pore size, porosity, thermal stability, and the hydrophilic nature of the CA membranes was detected after the introduction of PEG and TiO2 simultaneously to the polymer matrix. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) results confirmed that the interaction between TiO2 and the degradation temperature of the CA membrane were significantly improved. The anti-fouling performance and the flux recovery potential of the membranes were investigated using the bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein. The M3 (CA-PEG-TiO2) membrane (10.5 Wt. % CA: 4 Wt. % PEG: 2 Wt. % TiO2) exhibited the highest BSA flux result and normalized flux recovery ratios (NFR) for the three fouling cycles.

Preparation and characterization of cellulose acetate and lithium nitrate for advanced electrochemical devices

Environmental research has the objective of finding solutions to environmental degradation. To this aim, an optimized solid bio-polymer electrolyte (BPE) based on cellulose acetate (CA) with lithium nitrate (LiNO3) has been developed to achieve the possible energy storage Li-ion batteries. CA is one of the natural polymers with very good film forming capacity. The widespread use of CA is attributed to the availability of renewable resources, non-toxic nature, low cost, and bio-compatible material. Here, we demonstrate an extremely simplest process of solution-casting technique for the development of BPE by incorporating various LiNO3 compositions (wt.%) with bio-polymer material CA. The crystalline nature of the CA with LiNO3 has been analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement. The bio-polymer-salt complex formation and the biopolymer-proton interactions have been investigated through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been used to examine the ionic conductivity of the BPEs at room temperature (303 K). The highest ionic conductivity of 1.93 × 10−3S/cm has been achieved for 50CA/50LiNO3 polymer electrolyte. Electrochemical studies show that highest BPE has high electrochemical stability windows. The conducting species is found to be Li+ ion, which has been confirmed by transference number measurement (TNM). Primary lithium battery with discharge profile has been constructed for 50CA/50LiNO3. This research will help to identify a new lithium ion membrane for battery technology and other electrochemical device applications.

Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose Acetate and PEG Ultrafiltation Membrane for Dextran and Sugar Cane Juice Purification

Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose Acetate and PEG Ultrafiltation Membrane for Dextran and Sugar Cane Juice Purification

Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Acetate from TCF Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Pulp

Cellulose acetate (CA) was successfully synthesized by the acetylation of TCF cellulose pulp from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) at room temperature, using acetic anhydride as the acetylating agent and acetic acid as the solvent in the presence of sulfuric acid/sodium bisulfate as catalysts. Degree of substitution (DS) was controlled by the variables of acetylation time and acetic anhydride to cellulose ratio, under the heterogeneous state. The product (CA) obtained was characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that the CA obtained has characteristics similar to commercial CA, and DS is significantly dependent on acetylation time and the acetic anhydride-to-cellulose ratio.

Synthesis and characterization of cellulose acetate from rice husk: Eco-friendly condition

Cellulose acetate was synthesized from rice husk by using a simple, efficient, cost-effective and solvent-free method. Cellulose was isolated from rice husk (RH) using standard pretreatment method with dilute alkaline and acid solutions and bleaching with 2% H2O2. Cellulose acetate (CA) was synthesized successfully with the yield of 66% in presence of acetic anhydride and iodine as a catalyst in eco-friendly solvent-free conditions. The reaction parameters were standardized at 80°C for 300min and the optimum results were taken for further study. The extent of acetylation was evaluated from % yield and the degree of substitution (DS), which was determined by 1H NMR and titrimetrically. The synthesized products were characterized with the help modern analytical techniques like FT-IR, 1H NMR, XRD, etc. and the thermal behavior was evaluated by TGA and DSC thermograms.

Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose Acetate Butyrate/Organoclay Nanocomposites Produced by Extrusion

Nanocomposite films based on cellulose acetate butyrate, modified montmorillonite (Cloisite® 30B), plasticizer (triethyl citrate) and antimicrobial compounds (carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde) were prepared by extrusion. The effects of the Cloisite® 30B content and antimicrobial compound types on the morphology of the nanocomposite films were investigated by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The thermal characteristics of films were analysed by thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry; oxygen and water vapour permeability and tensile strength were determined. The film's antimicrobial behaviour against Listeria innocua, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157:O7 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated and determined using a viable cell count method. Nanocomposites with a Cloisite® 30B content of 3 wt% showed better dispersion than nanocomposites with a 5 wt% content. For films with antimicrobial compounds, tensile strength and Young's modulus decreased and water vapour permeability increased (150%) because of the plasticization effect of the antimicrobial compounds (essential oils). The nanocomposites with carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde were effective against the tested Gram‐positive bacteria (reduction of at least 3.0 log CFU/ml) and yeast (reduction of at least 4.0 log CFU/ml). This study demonstrates that antimicrobial cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol can be successfully incorporated into cellulose acetate butyrate nanocomposites and that they have an inhibitory effect against microbial growth in solid medium. It shows the potential use of cellulose acetate butyrate for food packaging applications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Utilization of Cellulosic Wastes in Textile and Garment Industries: 2. Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Acetate from Knitted Rag

Cellulose acetate (CA) was synthesized from knitted rag, a cellulosic waste of Textile and Garment industries, in the glacial acetic acid, and subsequently acetic anhydride (Ac2O) in presence of concentrated H2SO4 reaction medium. A low to high substitution products were obtained from single step up to seven steps acetylation of cellulose. In this way, it was possible to produce low cost and different grades or substituted acetylation derivatives of cellulose. The synthesized CA was characterized and investigation of its physical characteristics was done. Solubility, acetyl content, acetic acid content, degree of substitution, and molecular weight of CA increased gradually with the increase of the number of reaction steps attaining optimum value at the fourth step. The acetyl and acetic acid content of CA were increased from 39.95 % to 44.25 %, and from 55.73 % to 61.73 % respectively. Similarly, degree of substitution and molecular weight of CA were increased from 2.47 to 2.94, and from 74,249 to 121,437 respectively.