Characterization Of Biosurfactant Research Articles

Characterization of biosurfactants’ micelles formation using fluorescence measurements: sodium taurocholate as case of study

Background and purpose: The evaluation of micellization parameters of surfactants that aggregate gradually, such as bile salts, is not trivial. In this work, different probes and data treatment models are tested to set up an analytical method based on fluorescence measurements to determine the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and micellization range (DC) of biosurfactants. Sodium taurocholate (NaTc) is used as example. Experimental approach: The fluorescence intensity of five fluorophores has been monitored upon the addition of a concentrated NaTc solution in two different media: water and a biorelevant buffer (maleic buffer pH 6.5, I = 120 mM). Four different data treatment methods have been tested. Key results; The micellization process can be evaluated satisfactorily using fluorescent probes such as propranolol and tetracaine, and also monitoring directly the intrinsic fluorescence of NaTc. However, the results obtained with nonpolar probes (pyrene and naphthalene) are more complex to evaluate due to the presence of confluent processes. Although the four models tested for the data treatment are commonly used for this purpose, Carpena’s method is the most appropriate as it provides the most accurate CMC and ΔC values. The micellization process is faster in a biorelevant buffer than in water. Conclusion: The study of the micellization of bile salts is not an evident process. After the selection of adequate probes and data treatment methods, the CMC values for NaTC in water and maleic buffer reveal that the biorelevant conditions favour micellization, which in turn may allow faster solubilization of ingested compounds.

An Insightful Overview of Microbial Biosurfactant: A Promising Next-Generation Biomolecule for Sustainable Future.

Microbial biosurfactant is an emerging vital biomolecule of the 21st century. They are amphiphilic compounds produced by microorganisms and possess unique properties to reduce surface tension activity. The use of microbial surfactants spans most of the industrial fields due to their biodegradability, less toxicity, being environmentally safe, and being synthesized from renewable sources. These would be highly efficient eco-friendly alternatives to petroleum-derived surfactants that would open up new approaches to research on the production of biosurfactants. In the upcoming era, biobased surfactants will become a dominating multifunctional compound in the world market. Research on biosurfactants ranges from the search for novel microorganisms that can produce new molecules, structural and physiochemical characterization of biosurfactants, and fermentation process for enhanced large-scale productivity and green applications. The main goal of this review is to provide an overview of the recent state of knowledge and trends about microbially derived surfactants, various aspects of biosurfactant production, definition, properties, characteristics, diverse advances, and applications. This would lead a long way in the production of biosurfactants as globally successful biomolecules of the current century.

Isolation and characterization of bio-prospecting gut strains Bacillus safensis CGK192 and Bacillus australimaris CGK221 for plastic (HDPE) degradation.

The present work reports the application of novel gut strains Bacillus safensis CGK192 (Accession No. OM658336) and Bacillus australimaris CGK221 (Accession No. OM658338) in the biological degradation of synthetic polymer i.e., high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The biodegradation assay based on polymer weight loss was conducted under laboratory conditions for a period of 90days along with regular evaluation of bacterial biomass in terms of total protein content and viable cells (CFU/cm2). Notably, both strains achieved significant weight reduction for HDPE films without any physical or chemical pretreatment in comparison to control. Hydrophobicity and biosurfactant characterization were also done in order to assess strains ability to form bacterial biofilm over the polymer surface. The post-degradation characterization of HDPE was also performed to confirm degradation using analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electronic microscopy (FE-SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Interestingly strain CGK221 was found to be more efficient in forming biofilm over polymer surface as indicated by lower half-life (i.e., 0.00032day-1) and higher carbonyl index in comparison to strain CGK192. The findings reflect the ability of our strains to develop biofilm and introduce an oxygenic functional group into the polymer surface, thereby making it more susceptible to degradation.

Production, characterization, and application of Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis biosurfactant: a green chemical for microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR)

Biosurfactants, as microbial bioproducts, have significant potential in the field of microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR). Biosurfactants are microbial bioproducts with the potential to reduce the interfacial tension (IFT) between crude oil and water, thus enhancing oil recovery. This study aims to investigate the production and characterization of biosurfactants and evaluate their effectiveness in increasing oil recovery. Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis was cultured on SMSS medium to produce biosurfactants. Crude oil was found to be the most effective carbon source for biosurfactant production. The biosurfactants exhibited comparable activity to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at a concentration of 400 ppm in reducing IFT. It was characterized as glycolipids, showing stability in emulsions at high temperatures (up to 120 °C), pH levels ranging from 3 to 9, and NaCl concentrations up to 10% (w/v). Response surface methodology revealed the optimized conditions for the most stable biosurfactants (pH 7, temperature of 40 °C, and salinity of 2%), resulting in an EI24 value of 64.45%. Experimental evaluations included sand pack column and core flooding studies, which demonstrated additional oil recovery of 36.04% and 12.92%, respectively. These results indicate the potential application of P. taiwanensis biosurfactants as sustainable and environmentally friendly approaches to enhance oil recovery in MEOR processes.

Valorization of waste engine oil to mono- and di-rhamnolipid in a sustainable approach to circular bioeconomy.

This study aims to valorize waste engine oil (WEO) for synthesizing economically viable biosurfactants (rhamnolipids) to strengthen the circular bioeconomy concept. It specifically focuses on investigating the influence of key bioprocess parameters, viz. agitation and aeration rates, on enhancing rhamnolipid yield in a fed-batch fermentation mode. The methodology involves conducting experiments in a stirred tank bioreactor (3 L) using Pseudomonas aeruginosa gi |KP 163922| as the test organism. Central composite design and response surface methodology (CCD-RSM) are employed to design the experiments and analyze the effects of agitation and aeration rates on various parameters, including dry cell biomass (DCBM), surface tension, tensoactivity, and rhamnolipid yield. It is also essential to determine the mechanistic pathway of biosurfactant production followed by the strain using complex hydrophobic substrates such as WEO. The study reveals that optimal agitation and aeration rates of 200rpm and 1 Lpm result in the highest biosurfactant yield of 29.76g/L with minimal surface tension (28 mN/m). Biosurfactant characterization using FTIR, 1H NMR, and UPLC-MS/MS confirm the presence of dominant molecular ion peaks m/z 543.9 and 675.1. This suggests that the biosurfactant is a mixture of mono- and di-rhamnolipids (RhaC10C10, RhaRhaC10C12:1, RhaRhaC12:1C10). The findings present a sustainable approach for biosurfactant production in a fed-batch bioreactor. This research opens the possibility of exploring the use of pilot or large-scale bioreactors for biosurfactant production in future investigations.

Utilization POME as growth substrate for local indigenous bacteria Bacillus sp. ALP D1 in producing biosurfactant

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is a liquid palm oil waste that has beneficial value because of the nutritional content it contains. This research aim to obtain biosurfactant by using POME as a growth substrate. The methods used include biosurfactant production, extraction using acid precipitation, and characterization using TLC, FTIR, and LC-MS. The results showed that the local indigenous bacteria Bacillus sp. ALP D1 can produce biosurfactant under conditions of growth of POME 3%, NaNO3 3%, pH 6, salinity 7% with an IE24 of 69.44%, diameter of oil spreading test at 8.5 cm, and positive at drop collapse test. The extraction stage produces a brownish-yellow crude extract of 0.068 g/L. Biosurfactant characterization using TLC showed pink spots with ninhydrin reagent indicating the presence of nitrogen groups from peptide in the biosurfactant. This is supported by the results of FTIR analysis with the presence of an N-H peak from the peptide group in the absorption area 3384 cm-1. The results of the LC-MS analysis showed that the biosurfactant obtained had Rt 14.64 minutes and 332.22 m/z. Based on the results, it is suspected that the biosurfactant produced by Bacillus sp. ALP D1 is a lipopeptide.

Extraction, Antibiofilm Activity and Characterization of Biosurfactant Produced by Limosilactobacillus reuteri IDCC 3701

Aims: This study aimed to extract and characterize a biosurfactant produced by Limosilactobacillus reuteri IDCC 3701, assess its emulsifying activity against crude oil, and investigate its antibiofilm properties against major foodborne pathogens.
 Methodology: The biosurfactant, named I-BS, was extracted from the cell-free supernatant of Limosilactobacillus reuteri IDCC 3701 using acid precipitation. The emulsification index, emulsifying activity, oil spreading test, drop collapse test, and microplate distortion assay were performed to evaluate the surfactant properties of I-BS. The antibiofilm activity of I-BS against foodborne pathogens was assessed using the Calgary Biofilm Device. Finally, the cell-free supernatant of Limosilactobacillus reuteri IDCC 3701 was subjected to GC-MS analysis.
 Results: I-BS demonstrated an emulsification index of 49.4% and emulsifying activity of 400.67, indicating its potential as an effective emulsifier for oils. Positive results were observed in the oil spreading test and microplate distortion assay, confirming its surfactant properties. Additionally, I-BS exhibited significant antibiofilm activity against foodborne pathogens. GC-MS analysis of the I-BS structure revealed the presence of octanoic acid, a surfactant compound.
 Conclusion: The biosurfactant I-BS, derived from Limosilactobacillus reuteri IDCC 3701, displayed promising emulsifying activity and demonstrated notable antibiofilm properties against foodborne pathogens. These findings suggest that I-BS holds potential as a lead compound for the development of novel anti-biofilm agents and additives in the food industry.

Methods of Purification and Characterization of Biosurfactants: An Overview

Biosurfactants are amphiphilic molecules produced by several microorganisms including bacteria, filamentous fungi and yeasts. They are classified according to their chemical composition (glycolipids, lipopeptides, glycoproteins, glycolipopeptides, phospholipids) and their molecular weight (low and high molecular weight). Biosurfactants are currently used in several industrial fields (food industry, pharmacy, medicine, detergents, agriculture, cosmetics, oil recovery and bioremediation) owning to some of their specific properties such as their low toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, environmentally-friendly, stability under extreme conditions (temperature, pH and salinity), structural diversity, production using renewable low-cost substrates, agreement with green chemistry and sustainability. Despite the properties of biosurfactants, there are few studies leading to their structural characterization. The most reported structures are from biosurfactants produced by Bacillus spp. (surfactins, fengycins, lichenysines) and Pseudomonas spp. (rhamnolipids). The majority of researches performed on biosurfactants emphasized their functional groups characterization. These biosurfactants have yet to be fully characterized at structural level. Hence, in this review, we highlight the different purification and structural characterization techniques which can be combined to provide information on the structure of the biosurfactants independently of its complexity. This will lead to enhance their application in some highly pointed industrial fields such as medicine and pharmacy.

Production, characterization, and kinetic modeling of biosurfactant synthesis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa gi |KP 163922|: a mechanism perspective.

Kinetic studies and modeling of production parameters are essential for developing economical biosurfactant production processes. This study will provide a perspective on mechanistic reaction pathways to metabolize Waste Engine Oil (WEO). The results will provide relevant information on (i) WEO concentration above which growth inhibition occurs, (ii) chemical changes in WEO during biodegradation, and (iii) understanding of growth kinetics for the strain utilizing complex substrates. Laboratory scale experiments were conducted to study the kinetics and biodegradation potential of the strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa gi |KP 163922| over a range (0.5-8% (v/v)) of initial WEO concentration for 168h. The kinetic models, such as Monod, Powell, Edward, Luong, and Haldane, were evaluated by fitting the experimental results in respective model equations. An unprecedented characterization of the substrate before and after degradation is presented, along with biosurfactant characterization. The secretion of biosurfactant during the growth, validated by surface tension reduction (72.07 ± 1.14 to 29.32 ± 1.08 mN/m), facilitated the biodegradation of WEO to less harmful components. The strain showed an increase in maximum specific growth rate (µmax) from 0.0185 to 0.1415h-1 upto 49.92mg/L WEO concentration. Maximum WEO degradation was found to be ~ 94% gravimetrically. The Luong model (adj. R2 = 0.97) adapted the experimental data using a non-linear regression method. Biochemical, 1H NMR, and FTIR analysis of the produced biosurfactant revealed a mixture of mono- and di- rhamnolipid. The degradation compounds in WEO were identified using FTIR, 1H NMR, and GC-MS analysis to deduce the mechanism.

Optimization and Chemical Characterization of Biosurfactant Produced from a Novel Pseudomonas guguanensis Strain Iraqi ZG.K.M.

Microbial surfactants are widely used in medical, pharmaceutical, agricultural, industrial, food, and cosmetics applications. In the present study, 85 indigenous bacteria were isolated from petroleum-contaminated soils of the Al Dourah refinery, electric power station, and electric generators in Baghdad, Iraq. Twenty nine isolates gave positive results in both blood agar and blue agar medium and were secondarily screened. One isolate was selected as a potent biosurfactant producer and molecularly identified and recorded in the NCBI GenBank nucleotide sequence database as Pseudomonas guguanensis strain Iraqi ZG.K.M. In optimized conditions, this strain can produce about 3.01 g/l of biosurfactant. The product could reduce the surface tension from 72 to 38 ± 0.33 mN/m and have E24% of 52 ± 0.33%. This biosurfactant was preliminarily specified to be a glycolipid and characterized as a rhamnolipid with anionic nature, usually to be a monorhamnolipid as evident from TLC, FTIR, and GC-MS analyses.

Production of rhamnolipid biosurfactants in solid-state fermentation: process optimization and characterization studies

BackgroundRhamnolipids are a group of the extracellular microbial surface-active molecules produced by certain Pseudomonas species with various environmental and industrial applications. The goal of the present research was to identify and optimize key process parameters for Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1074s synthesis of rhamnolipids utilizing soybean meal in solid state fermentation. A fractional factorial design was used to screen the key nutritional and environmental parameters to achieve the high rhamnolipid production. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the levels of four significant factors.ResultsThe characterization of biosurfactant by TLC, FT-IR and H-NMR showed the rhamnolipids presence. In the optimum conditions (temperature 34.5 °C, humidity 80%, inoculum size 1.4 mL, and glycerol 5%), the experimental value of rhamnolipid production was 19.68 g/kg dry substrate. The obtained rhamnolipid biosurfactant decreased water's surface tension from 71.8 ± 0.4 to 32.2 ± 0.2 mN/m with a critical micelle concentration of nearly 70 mg/L. Additionally, analysis of the emulsification activity revealed that the generated biosurfactant was stable throughout a broad pH, temperature, and NaCl concentration range.ConclusionsThe current study confirmed the considerable potential of agro-industrial residues in the production of rhamnolipid and enhanced the production yield by screening and optimizing the significant process parameters.

Multi-method biophysical analysis in discovery, identification, and in-depth characterization of surface‐active compounds

Synthetic surfactants are used in several industries, including manufacturing, pharmaceutical and cosmetic’s, food and feed, agriculture, petroleum and environmental remediation for their ability to adsorb to fluid and solid-water interfaces. However, their widespread use and their synthetic preparation through environmentally unfavorable processes counterbalances the value of this class of reagents. This fact has stimulated new efforts to exploit natural sources of surfactants, such as new classes of bacterial systems or manipulation of existing biological systems, that may produce, through an environmentally friendly process, new biodegradable surfactants and emulsifiers of high commercial value. A downside of microbial production of biobased chemicals such as these types of chemicals, is that their fermentation often yields crude materials consisting of several bioproducts with complex physical and chemical properties. Extraction, identification, and efficient characterization of biosurfactants from a crude mixture of biomolecules requires carefully designed, and detailed analytical processes using state-of-the-art methods. The purpose of this review article is to present the current state-of-the-art and future outlook on the various multidisciplinary biophysical methods applied in the discovery, extraction identification, and in-depth characterization of microbially-produced surface‐active compounds.

Synthesis and Characterization of Biosurfactants from Non‐edible Feedstocks: Comparative Assessment and Their Applications in Biodiesel

AbstractSurfactants are one of the versatile products of the chemical industry owing to their inherent nature to lower the surface and interfacial tension and interface layer stabilization but restricted due to non‐degradability issues and hazardous effects. For combating such problems, bio‐based surfactants (Biosurfactants) could be potential alternative. The biosurfactants are an integral part of life as they have been explored in pharmaceutical sectors, therapeutics, health, food products, health and beauty products, and agriculture, creating sustainable economics and promoting sustainable development goals. Therefore, researchers have been interested in producing, optimizing, and utilizing biosurfactants for various applications. In the present work, biosurfactants were prepared from three different feeds, namely Jatropha carcus, Sapium sebiferum, and used cooking oil (UCO) using sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) as sulfonating reagent and alumina (Al2O3)as the heterogeneous catalyst to yield 70 %, and comparative assessment was done. The biosurfactant production involved a two‐step process viz. biodiesel production and biosurfactant production thereof. The biodiesel produced in the first step met all the BIS 15607 : 2016 specifications and both products were confirmed through analytical techniques like Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Further, the produced biosurfactants were employed to reduce the biodiesel‐glycerol layer separation time, and a significant time reduction in the biodiesel‐glycerol separation was found.

Isolation, Screening and molecular characterization of bio surfactant producing microbes from hydrocarbon polluted soil

Biosurfactants are ampliphlic compounds which can reduce the surface and interfacial tension between the compounds and have multiuses in various industries and agriculture. The isolated lipopeptides and lipoprotein producing microbes are useful in removal of heavy metals from industrial effluents using bioremediation, pesticides and hydrocarbon contaminated sites. Lipopeptides and lipoproteins used as bio-control agent to protect plant against different diseases, leads in increases crop yield. The objective was to isolate potential bio surfactant producing microbes from hydrocarbons contaminated soil. Initially 21 microbes were isolated amidst them ten bio surfactant producers were screened based on the surface tension, emulsification index, drop collapse method and oil displacement method. The isolate KLEF21 was the most successful bio surfactant producer as it showed the minimum surface tension (32.12 dyne/cm) with an emulsification index of 68.97% and oil displacement activity 3.5 mm. The microbe was identified based on the partial sequence of 16S rRNA and it belongs to Alcaligenes and was indicated as Alcaligenes sp.KLEF21.The stain was also competent of employ polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings as the highest microbes biomass was produced by this strain in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon alter MSM media compared to other isolates.

Screening and Characterization of Lipopeptide Biosurfactant Producing Bacteria from Various Natural Sources

Abstract: Surface-active chemicals, secreted extracellular by microorganisms are known as biosurfactants. In present study, biosurfactant production and typically lipopeptide surfactant production was studied. By various screening procedures five potent biosurfactant-producing strains (PS1, PS2, M1, M2, and L1) from natural sources were identified. Biosurfactant characterization was done by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. In the FTIR spectra of carbonyl groups, peptides, alkyl bonds, N-H and C-H stretching vibrations were observed that indicated the presence of lipopeptides. Further partial molecular identification by 16S rRNA gene sequencing was made for most potential strain-PS1. The isolate was identified as a novel Klebsiella quasipnemoniae subsp. similipnemoniae strain (GenBank accession number: ON384439). To determine potential applications of our biosurfactant, we studied its diverse activities, such as antibacterial activity, foaming activity, and plant growth promoting activities. Keywords: Biosurfactant, Lipopeptide, FTIR, antibacterial activity

Isolation and chemical characterization of the biosurfactant produced by Gordonia sp. IITR100.

Biosurfactants are amphipathic molecules produced from microorganisms. There are relatively few species known where the detailed chemical characterization of biosurfactant has been reported. Here, we report isolation and chemical characterization of the biosurfactant produced by a biodesulfurizing bacterium Gordonia sp. IITR100. Biosurfactant production was determined by performing oil spreading, drop-collapse, Emulsion index (E24), and Bacterial adhesion to hydrocarbons (BATH) assay. The biosurfactant was identified as a glycolipid by LCMS and GCMS analysis. The chemical structure was further confirmed by performing FTIR and NMR of the extracted biosurfactant. The emulsion formed by the biosurfactant was found to be stable between temperatures of 4°C to 30°C, pH of 6 to 10 and salt concentrations up to 2%. It was successful in reducing the surface tension of the aqueous media from 61.06 mN/m to 36.82 mN/m. The biosurfactant produced can be used in petroleum, detergents, soaps, the food and beverage industry and the healthcare industry.

Isolation and characterization of Biosurfactants from Bacterial strains found in marine oil polluted water samples

Isolation and characterization of Biosurfactants from Bacterial strains found in marine oil polluted water samples

Biosurfactant Production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain LTR1 and its Application

On the circumstances of the growing market of biosurfactants all over the globe, the presented study focused on the characterization of biosurfactants produced by newly isolated and reported as biosurfactant producer strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa LTR1. Additionally, production media and physiological factors are optimized using a one factor at a time (OFAT) approach for maximum biosurfactant production. Its efficacy for antimicrobial and emulsification activities was determined. P. aeruginosa LTR1 utilized all the carbon sources provided, and a maximum of 9.5 g/L of biosurfactant was produced in soybean oil supplemented minimal salts medium (MSM). The critical micelle concentration (CMC) was determined as 12 mg/L and can reduce the surface tension of the medium from 72 mN/m to 31 mN/M. The biosurfactant was characterized by biochemical analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and was not a protein in nature, possibly a glycolipid type of biosurfactant. It has shown the good emulsification activities for various hydrocarbon tested here. In addition, it acts as an antibiofilm agent with the minimum inhibitory concentration required for 50 % biofilms reduction was 30.95 µg/mL suggesting the antimicrobial potential. The biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain LTR1 has shown good surface-active properties, good emulsification, and antimicrobial activities, demonstrating its potential for application in various areas like the oil industry, especially in tank cleaning, bioremediation of spills at sea or soil, and candidates as antimicrobial.

Production and characterization of biosurfactant produced by Lactobacillus lactis grown in media containing Crude Palm Oil (CPO)

Biosurfactants are surface-active compounds produced by a wide variety of diverse microorganisms. The structural diversity of biosurfactants depends on microorganisms and growth conditions (such as substrate and pH). The unique structure of biosurfactants provides unique properties for specific applications. Biosurfactant production still needs to be explored using a variety of microorganisms and growth conditions for producing the diversity of biosurfactant structures. Production and characterization of biosurfactant by Lactobacillus lactis using Crude Palm Oil (CPO) as an additional carbon source has been conducted. The optimization condition of biosurfactant production by L. lactis using media containing various concentrations of CPO was evaluated. Optical density, surface tension, and emulsification index were observed daily for 12 days. Optimal biosurfactant production condition was achieved when L. lactis was grown on media Nutrient Broth containing 10% (v/v) of CPO and incubated for 8 days. Biosurfactants were obtained for 80 mg/L media. Based on Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, produced biosurfactant was identified as a glycolipid biosurfactant containing functional groups of hydroxyl, ester, carboxylic, methyl, and methylene. Produced biosurfactants exhibited the Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) value of 1 g/L with a surface tension value of 49.46 mN/m. The emulsion system of produced biosurfactant was water in oil (w/o). The produced biosurfactant showed an emulsification index of 41-71% with soybean oil, palm oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, and lubricant oil. The stable emulsion was reached up to 30 days when soybean oil, olive oil, and lubricant oil were used as the water-immiscible compound.

Isolation And Characterization Of Biosurfactant Producing Bacteria From Different Environmental Soil Samples

Isolation And Characterization Of Biosurfactant Producing Bacteria From Different Environmental Soil Samples