Characteristics Of Synchronous Generator Research Articles

Identification of generator coherency in power systems with wind farm

In the context of the "dual carbon" goal, the penetration rate of new energy represented by wind power is gradually increasing. The large-scale grid connection of wind power makes the power system more complex and uncertain. The output of wind farms changes the system flow, indirectly affecting the power angle characteristics of synchronous generators, and thereby changing the coherence between generators. Affects synchronous generator homology identification. This paper proposes a generator homology identification method for power systems containing wind farms, in response to the problem that the existing methods for identifying unit homology have not taken into account the adverse effects of wind farms on identification results. Translate the influence of wind farms on the homology of synchronous generators into the contraction admittance matrix as a static electrical distance indicator; Select dynamic data reflecting the homology of synchronous generators after disturbance, and form four dynamic indicators to measure the power angle increment curve between each generator: Euclidean distance, Chebyshev distance, grey correlation, and correlation coefficient; By using the combination weighting method to determine the weights of each indicator, a comprehensive similarity matrix is formed, and the optimal clustering results are determined using fuzzy system clustering and F-statistical values. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method was verified using EPRI-9 node system, EPRI-36 node system, and IEEE68 node system as examples.© 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Frequency stability of new energy power systems based on VSG adaptive energy storage coordinated control strategy

A self-adaptive energy storage coordination control strategy based on virtual synchronous machine technology was studied and designed to address the oscillation problem caused by new energy units. By simulating the characteristics of synchronous generators, the inertia level of the new energy power system was enhanced, and frequency stability optimization was achieved. This strategy is integrated with the frequency response model of the new energy power system to improve the system's frequency regulation capability and achieve more stable and efficient operation. From the results, the damping of the system increased, the oscillation frequency decreased after a duration of about 15 s, and the system stability improved by 76.09%. The proposed strategy based on virtual synchronous generator adaptive energy storage coordination control strategy was improved by 83.25%. In addition, the proposed strategy has improved stability indicators and system completion efficiency by 40.57% and 22.21% respectively, both of which are better than the comparative strategies. As a result, this strategy significantly enhances the frequency regulation capability of the system, which has a positive effect on achieving efficient operation of the new energy power system and maintaining the stability of the power system.

Developing and Evaluating the Operating Region of a Grid-Connected Current Source Inverter from Its Mathematical Model

Grid-connected power inverters are indispensable in modern electrical systems, playing a pivotal role in enhancing the integration of renewable energies into power grids. Their significance, primarily when functioning as grid-forming inverters, extends to maintaining the grid’s inertia and strength—a distinct advancement over traditional grid-following operations. As grid-forming inverters, these devices emulate the characteristics of synchronous generators and can act as robust voltage sources, providing essential ancillary services. This behavior is particularly relevant when integrating energy storage systems on the converters’ direct current side. Among the various inverter topologies, the current source inverter (CSI) has emerged as a promising yet underexplored alternative for grid-forming applications. CSIs, when paired with their AC output filters, can effectively operate as voltage sources, utilizing control strategies that facilitate the integration of renewable energies into the electrical system. Their design inherently manages output current fluctuations, reducing the need for restrictive current limitations or additional protective measures. This paper examines the operational region of CSIs, obtained through detailed modeling, to explore their advantages, challenges, and potential for enhancing grid-connected systems. Analyzing the operating region from the converter model verifies the limits of where the converter can operate in a plane of active and reactive powers. For a small prototype model operating with 7 amperes in DC and 120 V in AC, it is possible to supply or absorb active power exceeding 1000 W and manage maximum reactive power values around 500 VAr, as determined by its operating region. Simulations also confirm that small changes in the control reference, as little as 5%, towards the region’s right limits cause significant oscillations in the dynamic control responses. This research aims to deepen our understanding of CSIs’ operational capabilities and highlight their unique benefits in advancing grid-connected systems and promoting the integration of renewable energy using this technology.

A Dynamic Equivalent Method for PMSG-WTG Based Wind Farms Considering Wind Speeds and Fault Severities

The dynamic security assessment of power systems needs to scan contingencies in a preselected set through time-domain simulations. With more and more wind power generation integrated into power systems, the complexity of simulation will increase greatly if wind farms are modeled in detail. Thus, it is critical to develop dynamic equivalent methods for wind farms. The dynamic response characteristics of permanent magnet synchronous generator-wind turbine generators (PMSG-WTGs) are not only influenced by their control strategies, but also by the operating wind speeds and the fault severities. Thus, this paper proposes a dynamic equivalent method for a PMSG-WTG based wind farm considering the wind speeds and the fault severities. Firstly, we propose a clustering method based on the operating wind speed and the terminal voltage of each PMSG-WTG at the end of the fault. Then, a single-machine equivalent method is introduced for each cluster of PMSG-WTGs. For the cluster of PMSG-WTGs with active power ramp recovery process, an equivalent model with segmented ramp rate limitation for active current is designed. In order to obtain the clustering indicators, a simulation-based iterative method is put forward. Eventually, the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method are verified by the simulation results.

An Extended Continuation Power Flow Method for Static Voltage Stability Assessment of Renewable Power Generation-Penetrated Power Systems

The continuation power flow method (CPF) has been extensively used for obtaining the static voltage stability limit of power systems, which provides important guidance for the stable operation. However, the conventional CPF cannot account for the dynamic characteristics of renewable power generation, thus resulting in prominent errors for renewable power generation-penetrated power systems. In this paper, we investigate the static voltage stability assessment (SVSA) of power systems with high penetration of rgb0,0,0renewable power generation (RPG). An extended Jacobian matrix is firstly established by considering the dynamic characteristics of synchronous generators (SG) and renewable power generation in constant AC voltage control mode (CVRPG). Based on the extended Jacobian matrix, an extended CPF method is proposed for SVSA of the power system and a reactive power sensitivity index is proposed to indicate the voltage support capability of nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed extended CPF method has higher accuracy than conventional CPF in assessing the static voltage stability of power systems with high penetration of RPG. It is also revealed that that the voltage support capability of each node rises as the proportion coefficient is increases.

A circulating current suppression strategy of VSG based on adaptive virtual complex impedance

By adding inertia and damping elements in droop control, virtual synchronous generators (VSG) can simulate the output characteristics of synchronous generators and effectively reduce the impact of power electronic equipment connected to the power grid. Since the capacity and spatial distribution of each VSG is random, the output impedance of VSG and line impedance are mismatched, which will cause circulating current between VSGs. Considering the influence of line resistance, the traditional dynamic virtual inductance control strategy can be enhanced. A circulating current suppression strategy based on adaptive virtual complex impedance is proposed after analyzing the composition and causes of the circulating current between VSGs. The proposed strategy compensates the line impedance adaptively according to VSG's output reactive power, thus to reduce the reactive power sharing errors and suppress the circulating current between VSGs. The scheme is reliable and robust under fault as there is no need for measurement of line impedance or communication modules. The simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

Enhancement of low-voltage ride-through capability for virtual synchronous generators based on virtual impedance voltage control

Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG)-based grid-forming converters (GFC) increasingly serve as interfaces between renewable energy resources and the power grids with high penetration. Although the emulation of the characteristics of Synchronous Generator (SG) enables GFC to provide virtual inertia and oscillation damping under the VSG control, it remains challenging to replicate the short-circuit behaviors of SGs under the grid voltage sag/recovery conditions. The existing technologies are limited and lack full functionalities in terms of power synchronization, overcurrent suppression and capability of dealing with asymmetric grid-faults. This paper presents a Virtual Impedance Voltage Control (VIVC) strategy to enhance the fault-ride-through capability of the converter under a variety of fault conditions. In the case of asymmetric faults, a negative-sequence current control is performed to mitigate the negative-sequence voltages and achieve the grid current balance. The fault current is restrained and the power synchronization is improved by the virtual reactance without oversizing the GFC. The simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategies.

Power-frequency admittance model of multi-VSGs grid-connected system considering power coupling

The high penetration of renewable energy decreases the inertia of power systems. The virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control technology has good inertia compensation effect and has attracted considerable attention because of the similar external characteristics of synchronous generators. However, the power and frequency oscillation of multi-VSG grid-connected systems seriously threatens the stability of power system. Existing multi-VSG power frequency admittance (PFA) models ignore the power coupling caused by the large line impedance ratio in medium- and low-voltage microgrids, and the accuracy of these models needs improvement. Thus, this study aims to establish a multi-VSG grid-connected PFA model considering power coupling. The influence of power coupling on model accuracy is analyzed, and the impacts of line impedance and reactive loop coefficient on the power-frequency response characteristics are investigated. Simulation results verify that the proposed model has higher accuracy over existing models.

Low Frequency Oscillation Suppression Strategy in New Power System Based on Virtual Synchronous Generator

With the blend of massive new energy into power network systems, the inertia and damping features of new power systems are reduced, which is prone to cause low-frequency oscillations (LFO) in the power systems. Virtual synchronous generators (VSG) have received widespread attention by simulating the external characteristics of synchronous generators (SG) to enhance the inertia of new power systems and help suppress low-frequency oscillations. By analyzing the mathematical model of VSG, the control links of each part of VSG are established, the traditional reactive power-voltage (Q-V) of VSG is improved, and the formulas of active voltage control and reactive power control droop coefficient are deduced.Finally, a simulation model of VSG is created by MATLAB/Simulink platform, and new methods for suppressing LFO in power systems are compared and analyzed. The correctness of the formula and the improvement effect of reactive power and voltage control are verified.

A new protection scheme for feeders of microgrids with inverter-based resources

Due to the unavailability of a suitable relay for microgrid protection, various utilities are fitting available IEDs for the protection of microgrids. At present, microgrid protection is achieved using a combination of conventional numerical relays. These numerical relays are not suitable for all kinds of microgrid architectures and do not provide complete protection with inverter-based generators. Since these relays were designed considering the fault characteristics of synchronous generators, they fail to respond to the fault characterized by inverter-based generators. This paper proposes a new protection technique that is independent of the type of generating sources, control philosophy of inverters as well as microgrid architecture. Simulations are performed using PSCAD/EMTDC and performance of the protection scheme is also evaluated in real-time using RTDS. Pertinent results are presented which demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Transient power equalization control strategy of virtual synchronous generator in isolated island microgrid with heterogeneous power supply

In the parallel supply system of synchronous generator and virtual synchronous generator, the physical structure and control structure of the two kinds of power supply are quite different, and it is difficult to distribute the transient power of the two kinds of power supply evenly when the load changes abruptly. Especially in the case of sudden load increase, virtual synchronous generator bears too much load in the transient process because of its fast adjustment speed, and even causes short-term overload, which makes the capacity of virtual synchronous generator can not be fully utilized. In view of this problem, firstly, the mechanism of transient power uneven distribution of two heterogeneous power sources is explained from the differences of frequency modulation, voltage regulation and output impedance. Secondly, virtual speed regulation, virtual excitation and dynamic virtual impedance are added to the traditional virtual synchronous generator control to simulate the speed regulation characteristics and electromagnetic transient characteristics of the synchronous generator, so as to realize the transient and steady-state power equalization between heterogeneous power supplies when the virtual synchronous generator and the synchronous generator run in parallel. Thirdly, in order to ensure the fast dynamic response characteristics of the virtual synchronous generator in independent operation mode, the traditional virtual synchronous generator control algorithm is still maintained in independent operation mode, and the mode switching control link based on state tracking is designed to realize smooth switching between the two working modes. Finally, the hardware in loop experiment results based on RT-LAB show that the proposed control method can realize the transient and steady-state power equalization when the virtual synchronous generator and the synchronous generator operate in parallel, it can keep the fast voltage regulation and frequency modulation ability when the virtual synchronous generator operates independently, and can realize smooth switching between independent and parallel operation modes.

Research on Virtual Synchronous Generator with Frequency Error Free Control

A virtual synchronous generator control strategy based on the power angle characteristics of synchronous generators is designed for the independent distributed generation system. The control strategy designed has good stability, and realizes the zero difference control of the virtual synchronous generator frequency. The virtual synchronous generators can coordinate the power output in real-time, and show good stability in single-machine operation and multiple parallel operations. Finally, the effectiveness of the designed control strategy is verified by Matlab/Simulink simulation.

Waveform differential based pilot protection for transmission line connected to renewable energy sources

Affected by the control objectives of the inverter, the short-circuit characteristics of renewable energy sources are quite different from those of traditional synchronous generators. As a result, the performance of traditional protection is degraded, and may lead to mis-operation and rejection, posing hazards for the safety of the power grid. In this research, the fault characteristics of renewable energy sources and traditional synchronous generators are analyzed and compared. Then, according to the difference between the fault transient current waveforms of two power sources, a pilot protection principle based on Canberra distance is proposed. Considering the phase angle error and amplitude error during normal operation, the protection constant is theoretically set to 0.35. Simulations and field experiments show that the protection principle reliably distinguishes the faults inside and outside the zone in different scenarios. The protection is less affected by short-circuit current amplitude and abnormal data, because the numerator of Canberra distance signifies the difference between the transient current waveforms and denominator normalizes the difference. In addition, the Canberra distance is 1 when the output of renewable energy sources is 0, so the proposed protection is also applicable to the scenario where the renewable energy sources output is 0.

Backup protection method based on multi-interval information in low voltage distribution network of high proportion of renewable energy system

With the large number of renewable energy power sources such as wind power and photovoltaic power connected to the grid, the power system is becoming more electronic. The fault characteristics of renewable energy power sources and synchronous generators are obviously different, mainly manifested as the characteristics of short circuit current amplitude limitation and frequency offset, etc. The traditional protection based on the fault characteristics of synchronous generators may have adaptability problems. For a high proportion of renewable energy system, the short circuit current in the low voltage distribution network is greatly affected by the operation state of the renewable energy power sources after the short circuit fault occurs, which leads to the difficulty of the traditional three-stage overcurrent protection setting and coordination. In order to ensure the safe and stable operation of the system, this paper proposes a new backup protection method for low voltage distribution network. This method uses the information of the electric parameters on the high voltage side and low voltage side of the transformer. Firstly, the modulus sum of the voltage sampling value, the equivalent distance between the fault point and the protection installation place, and the modulus sum of the current sampling value are calculated. Secondly, the direction is judged by the criterion of the voltage direction element and the criterion of the distance protection element based on the multi-interval information. Finally, the maximum current branch of the low voltage distribution network is selected as the fault branch by the overcurrent element based on multi-interval information, so as to trigger the circuit breaker trip and isolate the fault. The low voltage distribution network model of the high proportion of renewable energy system is built on the PSCAD/EMTDC electromagnetic simulation platform. The simulation results show that the proposed protection method can reliably achieve fault removal by using multi-interval information, and has strong adaptability to the high proportion of renewable energy system.

Nonlinear Force and Vibration Analysis of an Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator With Eccentricity Detection

In this article, an in-depth study on eccentricities and their resultant vibration characteristics of an interior permanent magnet synchronous generator (IPMSG) for portable power generation is proposed. Also, this article introduces the eccentricity detection through vibration tests, since the vibration patterns caused by eccentricities are unique. Three basic eccentricity cases are investigated, namely the static, dynamic, and elliptical. Air-gap radial flux density and radial force density profiles are theoretically analyzed through mathematical modeling. With the help of finite-element analysis, the unique force profiles are verified for IPMSG of different cases, and the tooth force chopping process is studied. With modal analysis and testing, the harmonic vibration responses are predicted. An IPMSG prototype is fabricated and an overall eccentricity evaluation is reported through vibration tests.

Virtual Synchronous Generator, a Comprehensive Overview

Renewable energy sources (RESs) are generally connected to the grid through power electronic interfaces, which generate electrical power instantaneously with little inertia. With the increasing penetration of RESs, the grid will gradually develop into a low inertia and underdamped power system, which results in serious grid frequency stabilization problems. The virtual synchronous generator (VSG) is an emerging technology that mimics the operation characteristics of traditional synchronous generators (SGs). Virtual inertia and damping are therefore introduced, which help to stabilize grid frequency. This paper gives a comprehensive overview of the VSG. The basic operation principle of VSG is introduced and analyzed in depth. The key issues related to VSG are summarized and discussed, including hardware configuration, software control strategies, energy supporting methods, and typical applications.

Research on the Brushless Excitation System with Linear Current Amplifier Characteristics

In terms of improving the dynamic response characteristics of brushless AC synchronous generators, the concept of integrated design of AC exciter and rotating rectifier and their electromagnetic characteristics are studied, and the conditions and judgment methods for determining their operating modes are obtained in theoretical design and simulation design, pointing out that when the brushless excitation system operates in or is close to mode III, i.e., the rectifier always has three or four diodes in each operating cycle. The linear current amplifier characteristics can be basically achieved when the brushless excitation system is operated in mode III or is close to mode III, i.e., the rectifier always has three or four diodes alternating in each operating cycle. The impact of the key parameters of the AC exciter at different rotational speeds and temperatures on the characteristics of the linear current amplifier was explored, and an engineering prototype was manufactured. The related test verified the correctness of the concept of integrated electromagnetic design and simulation calculation. This study provides an engineered design method for enhancing the dynamic response properties of the brushless AC synchronous generators.

A d-axis based current differential protection scheme for an active distribution network

The emergence of distributed generators has changed the operational mode and fault characteristics of the distribution network, in a way which can severely influence protection. This paper proposes a d-axis-based current differential protection scheme. The d-axis current characteristics of inverter-interfaced distributed generators and synchronous generators are analyzed. The differential protection criterion using sampling values of the d-axis current component is then constructed. Compared to conventional phase-based current differential protection, the proposed protection reduces the number of required communication channels, and is suitable for distribution networks with inverter-interfaced distributed generators with complex fault characteristics. Finally, a 10 kV active distribution network model is built in the PSCAD platform and protection prototypes are developed in RTDS. Superior sensitivity and fast speed are verified by simulation and RTDS-based tests.

Review on grid-forming converter control methods in high-proportion renewable energy power systems

Grid-forming (GFM) converters can provide inertia support for power grids through control technology, stabilize voltage and frequency, and improve system stability, unlike traditional grid-following (GFL) converters. Therefore, in future “double high” power systems, research on the control technology of GFM converters will become an urgent demand. In this paper, we first introduce the basic principle of GFM control and then present five currently used control strategies for GFM converters: droop control, power synchronization control (PSC), virtual synchronous machine control (VSM), direct power control (DPC), and virtual oscillator control (VOC). These five strategies can independently establish voltage phasors to provide inertia to the system. Among these, droop control is the most widely used strategy. PSC and VSM are strategies that simulate the mechanical characteristics of synchronous generators; thus, they are more accurate than droop control. DPC regulates the active power and reactive power directly, with no inner current controller, and VOC is a novel method under study using an oscillator circuit to realize synchronization. Finally, we highlight key technologies and research directions to be addressed in the future.

Microgrid Inverter Control Strategy Based on Virtual Synchronous Generator

Study the control strategy of distributed power supply grid-connected based on virtual synchronous generator. Establish the mathematical model of the inverter grid connection and the mathematical model of the virtual synchronous generator control scheme. Study the grid-connected active and reactive power regulation scheme, and analyze the influence of inertia and damping parameters on grid-connected power tracking in detail. A self-synchronous control strategy without phase-locked loop is designed, which simulates the characteristics of synchronous generator’s speed regulation system and excitation system and can seamlessly switch between two operating states of off-grid and on-grid, which is conducive to the improvement of micro-grid stability. Finally, a simple microgrid system is built on the Matlab/Simulink platform. It is verified that the proposed control strategy has good power tracking characteristics and can enable the distributed power supply to switch quickly in different operating modes.