Features Of Such Interactions Research Articles

A numerical 3D fluid-structure interaction model for blood flow in an atherosclerotic carotid artery

Compelling evidence shows the association of inflammation with atherosclerosis diseases, one of the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Recent research indicated that the inflammatory process of atherosclerotic lesions is involved in the progression of atherosclerotic plaques in specific regions, such as the carotid bifurcation, which represents a risk for ischemic stroke as a result of the interaction between the blood and the plaque. We start modeling using 3D idealized geometry in order to capture the most important features of such interactions. Then, we proceed to a partly patient-specific computational domain representing an atherosclerotic artery. Understanding such interactions is of paramount importance preventing the risk of the plaque rupture. The numerical results comparisons have shown that, qualitatively, there is an agreement between idealized atherosclerotic artery and patient-specific atherosclerotic carotid artery. The idealized carotid geometry will be useful in future FSI studies of hemodynamic indicators based on medical images.

Enduring Relationships: Social Aspects of Perceived Interactions with the Dead

Is it possible to interact with the dead? Belief in such encounters is more widespread than we might think. Yet sociologists, unlike other disciplines, have not fully engaged the question. Here, I review both long-standing theoretical objections to such research and recent theories that encourage attention to the issue. Leaning on the latter, I use closed- and open-ended survey data collected from 535 Americans to explore what I call “living-deceased perceived interaction.” My data show that nearly half of my study participants report meaningful and regular interactions with deceased relatives and friends who were important in their lives. I examine the characteristics of such interactions—how and when they are performed and what these experiences mean to respondents. I also investigate the role of one’s social location in initiating interactions with the dead. Finally, I explore the social benefits, if any, these interactions provide for individuals who engage in them.

The International Maritime Organization’s Contribution to Regime Interaction: Past, Present, and Future

On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of The Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, this article revisits the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) contribution to regime interaction in the fields of air pollution, climate change, ship waste management and rescue of migrants at sea. Particular attention is given to cooperation arrangements between international organizations and how their day-to-day activities contribute to or hinder legal development among legal regimes. These interactions are studied through the theoretical lenses of ‘relational interactions’ and ‘regime complexes’. The paper focuses on iterative and forward-looking cooperation arrangements and the characteristics of such interactions ranging from collaborative to conflictive. I illustrate how the IMO has made substantial contributions (beyond maritime law) to the law of the sea and international environmental law, but the contribution to refugee law has been more modest. While the IMO will continue to engage in regime interaction, legal scholarship should pay closer attention to institutional congestion in international law. Since the international legal system has no pre-established hierarchy, governance is horizontal and may be prone to conflicts. It is time to devise mechanisms that allow relational interactions while avoiding legal fragmentation and forum shifting risks.

Collaborative Interorganizational Relationships in a Project-Based Industry

The project-based construction industry finds itself in a paradoxical situation: while it weighs heavily in the world economy, it does have a history of low productivity. One important issue that plagues the industry is related to the challenges that stem from collaborative efforts (or lack thereof) between actors. The objective of this paper is to explore how actors of the construction industry organize their inter-firm relationships while examining the characteristics of such interactions and the elements affecting them (drivers, barriers, facilitators, outcomes). These interactions and elements were uncovered using a systematic literature review. A qualitative content analysis was carried out to categorize these elements and to generate dimensions describing the forms. The 139 articles retrieved depicted 12 relational forms established between construction companies (in descending order of citation): partnering, alliancing, project delivery methods, supply chain integration, joint ventures, integrated project delivery, joint risk management, collaborative design, contingent collaboration, quasi-fixed network, resource sharing, and collaborative planning. A multitude of drivers, barriers, facilitators, and outcomes were found. An analysis of the results led to the conceptualization of a multidimensional profile, which allows for a practical and flexible identification of the relationship form potential partners in the construction sector intend to establish. To provide guidelines for the implementation of this profile, a three-step framework was developed.

Impact of concurrent remifentanil on the sedative effects of remimazolam, midazolam and propofol in cynomolgus monkeys

Drug-drug interactions can substantially change pharmacological effects of the individual substances involved. For the use of sedatives or anaesthetics, having knowledge of the extent and characteristics of such interactions is crucial for ensuring the proper protection of patients undergoing any kind of sedation.Remimazolam is a new ultra-short acting benzodiazepine that is currently under development for intravenous use in procedural sedation and general anaesthesia. It exhibits a fast onset and fast offset which enables a more rapid recovery than currently available drugs in that class, such as midazolam. The purpose of this study was to more closely investigate the sedative properties and pharmacodynamic drug-drug interaction potential of remimazolam with the opioid analgesic remifentanil and compare it with other commonly used sedatives - midazolam and propofol. For this purpose, six Cynomolgus monkeys received escalating doses of remimazolam, propofol, and midazolam intravenously without or with concurrent remifentanil. Sedation was evaluated using a general sedation scale that included monitoring exploratory and avoidance behaviour, responses to sensory stimuli, posture and gait, and eyelid position as endpoints. Based on the results, sedative doses were calculated to allow evaluation of pharmacological drug-drug interaction with remifentanil.Remimazolam induced dose-dependent and consistent sedative effects in each endpoint tested and showed a high degree of synergism with remifentanil. Midazolam showed a comparable synergism while the interaction between propofol and remifentanil was less pronounced.

Pnictogen, chalcogen, and halogen bonds in catalytic systems: theoretical study and detailed comparison.

Although halogen bond (XB), a typical σ-hole noncovalent interaction, has been widely exploited in organocatalysis within the last two decades, only very recently has its sister σ-hole interactions, such as chalcogen bond (ChB) and pnictogen bond (PnB), begun to be explored for potential applications in catalysis. Herein, a detailed comparison investigation of PnB, ChB, and XB interactions in catalytic systems was performed from a theoretical point of view. Owing to the excellent properties of the pentafluorophenyl moiety (C6F5) in catalysis, the complexes of (C6F5)3Pn, (C6F5)2Ch, and C6F5X with chloride ion were firstly studied. Then, we successively substituted C6F5 by phenyl groups, to examine the influence of substituents on the characteristics of such interactions. In addition, several halogen-bonded complexes between the donor 1,3,5-trifluoro-2,4,6-triiodobenzene (C6F3I3) and heavier Pn and Ch species as acceptors were also investigated. Our calculations showed that the interactions become gradually stronger upon going from row 3 to 5 and from main group VII to V, which correlates well with the experimental observations. As the strength of the interactions enhances, the contribution of electrostatics to the attraction increases, while the orbital term contribution becomes smaller. Particularly, the significant differences between the three types of σ-hole interactions found in catalysis and anion transport were clarified.

Numerical modeling of the immune response to human papillomavirus infection

In this work, we develop mathematical models describing the interactions between Human papillomavirus (HPV)‐infected cells and the immune system. We start with simple models in order to capture the most important features of such interactions. Then, we proceed to consider fundamental immunological characteristics for the models. For the numerical counterpart, we develop and implement efficient numerical discretizations of our models in order to illustrate the behavior of the schemes using different initial conditions, which represent the degree of infection of the disease. Understanding such interactions is of paramount importance for the prevention and the potential eradication of the infection. One main goal of this research is to analyze how and under what circumstances the immune system succeeds in eliminating HPV‐infected cells.

Verbal Interaction Types in Science Inquiry Activities by Group Size

The extant research on linguistic interactions in scientific inquiry has focused solely on the quantitative analysis of the verbal interactions among the students and poses limitations to investigating the internal characteristics of such interactions. This paper presents connections among the members of a student group based on its interaction patterns and size to find out the ideal size of a student group in order to allow the student to have optimum participate in the group interactions. In this regard, this study sought to analyze the patterns of verbal interaction that occur during inquiry activities using social network analysis (SNA). 144 first-grade middle school students in science class in South Korea were participated and organized into small groups with three to six members each, and the language network of the 32 small groups that were thus formed was analyzed. The conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) the groups of students formed in school for learning activities should consist of only three members each to avoid alienation among the members, and (2) in student groups with four or more members each, there are many participation-type interaction structures that can be used if there is a group leader. The interactions among students within small learning groups can allow them to fully understand other students’ opinions which may otherwise not be very clear, and to solve a problem after considering all the opinions students have expressed, and support the effective learning by positive interactions among the members.

Interfaces Between Alpha-helical Integral Membrane Proteins: Characterization, Prediction, and Docking

Protein-protein interaction (PPI) is an essential mechanism by which proteins perform their biological functions. For globular proteins, the molecular characteristics of such interactions have been well analyzed, and many computational tools are available for predicting PPI sites and constructing structural models of the complex. In contrast, little is known about the molecular features of the interaction between integral membrane proteins (IMPs) and few methods exist for constructing structural models of their complexes. Here, we analyze the interfaces from a non-redundant set of complexes of α-helical IMPs whose structures have been determined to a high resolution. We find that the interface is not significantly different from the rest of the surface in terms of average hydrophobicity. However, the interface is significantly better conserved and, on average, inter-subunit contacting residue pairs correlate more strongly than non-contacting pairs, especially in obligate complexes. We also develop a neural network-based method, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.75 and a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.70, for predicting interface residues and their weighted contact numbers (WCNs). We further show that predicted interface residues and their WCNs can be used as restraints to reconstruct the structure α-helical IMP dimers through docking for fourteen out of a benchmark set of sixteen complexes. The RMSD100 values of the best-docked ligand subunit to its native structure are <2.5 Å for these fourteen cases. The structural analysis conducted in this work provides molecular details about the interface between α-helical IMPs and the WCN restraints represent an efficient means to score α-helical IMP docking candidates.

Interactions Between Autistic Individuals and Law Enforcement: a Mixed-Methods Exploratory Study

A significant number of individuals are being diagnosed with autism in the United States. Autism characteristics have direct implications for how law enforcement officers conduct investigations, make arrests, and respond to the physical and mental needs of autistic individuals. Despite these implications, little is known about what kinds of interactions law enforcement has with autistic individuals and the characteristics of such interactions. The present research is a mixed-methods approach to analyzing media reports involving law enforcement and autistic individuals/autism to uncover what interactions law enforcement has with autistic persons and the characteristics of such interactions. Findings have direct implications for law enforcement media relations and policy.

Study of the peculiarities of multiparticle production via event-by-event analysis in asymmetric nucleus-nucleus interactions

In this work the study on the peculiarities of multiparticle production in interactions of asymmetric nuclei to search for unusual features of such interactions, is performed. A research of long-range and short-range multiparticle correlations in the pseudorapidity distribution of secondary particles on the basis of analysis of individual interactions of nuclei of 197 Au at energy 10.7 AGeV with photoemulsion nuclei, is carried out. Events with long-range multiparticle correlations (LC), short-range multiparticle correlations (SC) and mixed type (MT) in pseudorapidity distribution of secondary particles, are selected by the Hurst method in accordance with Hurst curve behavior. These types have significantly different characteristics. At first, they have different fragmentation parameters. Events of LC type are processes of full destruction of the projectile nucleus, in which multicharge fragments are absent. In events of mixed type several multicharge fragments of projectile nucleus are discovered. Secondly, these two types have significantly different multiplicity distribution. The mean multiplicity of LC type events is significantly more than in mixed type events. On the basis of research of the dependence of multiplicity versus target-nuclei fragments number for events of various types it is revealed, that the most considerable multiparticle correlations are observed in interactions of the mixed type, which correspond to the central collisions of gold nuclei and nuclei of CNO-group, i.e. nuclei with strongly asymmetric volume, nuclear mass, charge, etc. Such events are characterised by full destruction of the target-nucleus and the disintegration of the projectile-nucleus on several multi-charged fragments.

Three-Dimensional Characterization of Mechanical Interactions between Endothelial Cells and Extracellular Matrix during Angiogenic Sprouting.

We studied the three-dimensional cell-extracellular matrix interactions of endothelial cells that form multicellular structures called sprouts. We analyzed the data collected in-situ from angiogenic sprouting experiments and identified the differentiated interaction behavior exhibited by the tip and stalk cells. Moreover, our analysis of the tip cell lamellipodia revealed the diversity in their interaction behavior under certain conditions (e.g., when the heading of a sprout is switched approximately between the long-axis direction of two different lamellipodia). This study marks the first time that new characteristics of such interactions have been identified with shape changes in the sprouts and the associated rearrangements of collagen fibers. Clear illustrations of such changes are depicted in three-dimensional views.

Problems for the cognitive-depletion model of religious interactions

Schoejdt, Sorensen, Nielbo, Xygalatas, Mitkidis and Bulbulia put forward a new cognitive model of religious interactions, which we depict in Figure one. The model stresses three common features of such interactions: the requirement to suppress emotion expression, the exposure to ritualized behavior and the presence of a charismatic authority (1). These features have different cognitive effects involving different sorts of cognitive-resource depletion (2). The regulation of emotion expression drives one’s attention to inward phenomena, compromising one’s ability to form episodic memories of the external, observable aspects of rituals. Ritualized behavior precludes the ordinary, means-end analysis of action and demands low-level action parsing. These two effects impede the interpretation of ritualized behavior or other observable aspects of rituals (3), which makes one susceptible to authoritative interpretive discourses (4), which in turn promote collective religious-symbolic interpretations (5). The presence of a charismatic authority has a third cognitive effect involving cognitive-resource depletion—lack of error monitoring concerning the evidence disconfirming an authoritative interpretation. Since a charismatic authority is an authority, it can play two roles: a conjoint one, by adding another force for the establishment of collective religious-symbolic interpretations (4-1→2→5); an independent one, by persuading individuals to align their interpretations of a ritual with the authoritative one (1→2→5). Thus, via cognitive-resource depletion, the three features contribute to the same effect, which constitutes their social function—to

Managing peer relationships online – Investigating the use of Facebook by juvenile delinquents and youths-at-risk

While extensive research has been conducted on young people’s peer interaction via online communication, the focus has been on mainstream youths, with marginalized youth communities being understudied. To help address this inadequacy, the current study conducted interviews with Singaporean male juvenile delinquents (n=36) to understand the role of online communication in their peer interactions and the salient characteristics of such interactions. Our findings show that Facebook was the principal tool of online peer interaction. However, given the particular circumstances of juvenile delinquents, online social networking presents issues that may compromise efforts to rehabilitate them. These include extending the time and opportunities for unstructured and unsupervised peer socialization, peer endorsement of delinquent acts and the pressure of having to display group loyalty in the online space. Even after rehabilitation, youths who attempt to distance themselves from their delinquent peers are challenged by the persistence of their online social networks.

The dynamics of asymmetric interactions: Some insights from formal theory and Richardson models

Sometimes a large power attempts to influence the actions of one or more smaller agents that may be influenced by other small agents. This situation gives rise to amixed system of symmetric and asymmetric interactions and each case of this kind seems to have unique characteristics. This article asks, can a formal approach bring out some general features of such interactions? We extend a well-known model of the dynamics of arms races in new directions, and produce some counterintuitive results that may have interest for policy debates.

Interaction modes at protein hetero-dimer interfaces

Hetero dimer (different monomers) interfaces are involved in catalysis and regulation through the formation of interface active sites. This is critical in cell and molecular biology events. The physical and chemical factors determining the formation of the interface active sites is often large in numbers. The combined role of interacting features is frequently combinatorial and additive in nature. Therefore, it is important to determine the physical and chemical features of such interactions. A number of such features have been documented in literature since 1975. However, the use of such interaction features in the prediction of interaction partners and sites given their sequences is still a challenge. In a non-redundant dataset of 156 hetero-dimer structures determined by X-ray crystallography, the interacting partners are often varying in size and thus, size variation between subunits is an important factor in determining the mode of interface formation. The size of protein subunits interacting are either small-small, largelarge, medium-medium, large-small, large-medium and small-medium. It should also be noted that the interface formed between subunits have physical interactions at N terminal (N), C terminal (C) and middle (M) region of the protein with reference to their sequences in one dimension. These features are believed to have application in the prediction of interaction partners and sites from sequences. However, the use of such features for interaction prediction from sequence is not currently clear.

Monovalent Ion Dependence of Neomycin B Binding to an RNA Aptamer Characterized by Spectroscopic Methods

Understanding the interactions of small molecules like antibiotics with RNA is a prerequisite for the development of novel drugs. In this study we address structural and thermodynamic features of such interactions by using a simple model system: the binding of the highly charged antibiotic neomycin B to a short hairpin RNA molecule. Nucleotide A16, which acts as a flap over the neomycin B binding pocket, was substituted by the fluorescent adenine analogue 2-aminopurine (2-AP). Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements were complemented by UV-melting and circular dichroism studies. The binding of neomycin B at three sites was found to have a strong inverse correlation with Na(+) concentration. For the highest-affinity site, both fluorescence and UV absorption experiments were consistent with a model assuming at least three neomycin NH(3) (+) groups participating in addition to hydrogen bonds in electrostatic interactions with the RNA. The variation of fluorescence intensity and lifetime upon neomycin B binding indicated unstacking of 2-AP16 from neighbouring bases as it flipped over the binding pocket. RNA conformational changes upon binding of the antibiotic were confirmed by circular dichroism. The two weaker binding sites were characterized as unspecific binding to the aptamer, while the high-affinity binding event was shown to be highly specific even at high ionic concentration. In addition, 2-AP was confirmed to be a noninvasive fluorescent probe; it serves as a sensitive spectroscopic tool to investigate details of the interactions between small molecules and RNA.

Organic anions in layered double hydroxides: An experimental investigation of citrate hydrotalcite

The nature of the chemical interactions between organic species and mineral surfaces and interlayers has significant implications for many geochemical processes and for medical and materials applications, but the molecular-scale characteristics of such interactions are poorly understood. Here we describe an experimental investigation of citrate-hydrotalcite (HT) that is designed to investigate the structural environments and dynamical behavior of carboxylic species interacting with the protonated surfaces of positively charged materials such as layered double hydroxides (LDHs). X-ray diffraction, compositional analysis, and thermal analysis confirm successful intercalation of trivalent citrate anions into the interlayers of the Mg/Al hydrotalcite using an ion-exchange method. The basal spacing changes from 8.9 Å at relative humidity (R.H.) = 0% to 11.3 Å at R.H. = 75%, to 18.9 Å at 100% R.H., consistent with reorientation of the citrate from parallel to the hydroxide layers at low water contents to perpendicular to them at higher water contents. At the largest water contents, the citrate may lose contact with one of the hydroxide layers, in contrast to the behavior of LDHs containing small, inorganic species. The similarity of the 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts for citrate-HT and sodium citrate solution demonstrates the absence of grafting (covalent bond formation) between the citrate molecules and the metal hydroxide layers, and the dominance of Coulombic and H-bond interactions in stabilizing the structure. Decreasing 13 C NMR peak widths, decreasing signal/noise ratios in the 1 H- 13 C CPMAS NMR spectra, and increasing basal spacing with increasing R.H. are consistent with increasing dynamical disorder of the interlayer citrate sites in a progressively more water-rich interlayer

Weakly two-dimensional interaction of solitons in shallow water

Nonlinear interactions of long-crested solitonic waves travelling in different directions in shallow water may serve as a possible mechanism of freak waves in certain sea areas. Several features of such interactions of equal amplitude Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) solitons in the framework of the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation are reviewed. In certain cases, nonlinear coupling produces a particularly high and steep wave hump. Interactions of equal amplitude solitons may lead to water surface elevations up to four times as high as the amplitude of the counterparts and the slope of the wave front may encounter eightfold increase. Exact expressions for the maximum slope in the case of interactions of unequal amplitude solitons are derived. The slope amplification for a certain class of interactions in the limiting case is twice as intense as the amplitude amplification. In the limiting case of exact resonance the interaction pattern is a new KdV soliton as in the case of the Mach stem. This feature allows to directly establish the extreme properties of the humps excited by nonlinear coupling. Evidence of such interactions and their possible consequences in realistic conditions are discussed.

Attachment of 80S ribosome to lipid monolayers at air/water interface: An electron microscopy study

The adsorption of 80S ribosome from rat liver to the surface of lipid monolayers at the air/water interface was examined by electron microscopy (EM) using a negative staining method. The results showed that, a large number of 80S ribosomes can be adsorbed to the lipid monolayers containing positively charged octadecylamine (SA), whereas the adsorption of ribosomes to the surface of neutral or negatively charged lipid monolayers was negligible. There existed a proper ratio of SA to complemented neutral lipids which facilitated the maximum binding of ribosomes. Increasing the subphase pH value will enhance the adsorption of ribosome, but when raising the subphase concentrations of K +, Mg 2+ and glycerol, the adsorption of ribosomes can be weakened, suggesting that the driving forces of the adsorption mainly come from the electrostatic interactions between the ribosome and the lipids. The important characteristics of such interactions between the 80S rat liver ribosomes and the lipid membranes, as revealed by this new technology, which may help in the further understanding of the protein biosynthesis is discussed.