Characterization Of SnO2 Research Articles

Tin Oxide Nanoparticles: A Review

Abstract: The aim of this review article is an overview of the tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles, and the literature addresses the existing research related to the various modifications and characterization of SnO2 nanoparticles with their physicochemical investigations. Among various metal-oxide nanoparticles, SnO2 nanoparticles are considered one of the potential candidates for electronic and electrical device fabrication, sensors, display devices, gas sensing, photovoltaic devices, LIBs (Lithium-ion batteries), photocatalysis and optoelectronic devices, supercapacitors, SnO2 nanowires would provide electrolyte channels for effective transport, catalyst, and anode materials. Apart from their technological supremacy, SnO2 nanoparticles have demonstrated their compatibility with human cervical cancer cells and have successfully achieved hyperthermia temperature when subjected to an alternating current magnetic field. Doping with some of the potential rare-earth dopants via various synthesis methods such as Chemical co-precipitation, sol-gel, polymeric precursor method, and nebulizer spray pyrolysis method is the major highlight of this review article. As per the requirement of the system, SnO2 nanoparticles can be tuned by size, shape, and functionality.

Modulating the Properties of SnO2 Thin Film by Post-Deposition UV-Ozone Treatment

AbstractTin(IV) oxide (SnO2) is a metal oxide renowned for its excellent optoelectronic properties. With the use of simple post-processing methods, the characteristics of SnO2 may be easily modified. In the current work, SnO2 thin films were prepared using the spray pyrolysis technique and were subjected to post-UV-ozone (UVO) treatment for different durations. Characterization techniques including x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy were employed to assess the effects of UVO treatment. It was found that UVO treatment had no significant impact on the film's structural characteristics. However, after exposure to UVO, the bandgap was seen to decrease from 3.04 eV to 2.84 eV. Also, photoluminescence investigations revealed that UVO treatment increased the defects in the films with a decrease in the ratio between band-to-band emission and defect emissions. The results indicate that UVO treatment is an effective strategy for tuning the optical properties of SnO2 thin films by precisely managing the bandgap.

Green synthesis and characterization of SnO2, CuO, Fe2O3/activated carbon nanocomposites and their application in electrochemical hydrogen storage

The goal of this study is to produce environmentally friendly nanomaterials that have a high hydrogen storage capacity. The researchers in this study used inexpensive natural bitumen to produce activated carbon (substratum) and a green solution synthesis combustion method to produce CuO, Fe2O3, and SnO2 nanoparticles using a Mint extract as the source material. Metal oxides such as CuO, Fe2O3 and SnO2 are used to increase hydrogen storage capacity and Columbic efficiency. AC and AC/SnO2, AC/CuO, and AC/Fe2O3 nanocomposites have been confirmed via XRD (X-ray diffraction), TEM (transmission electron microscopy), EDX (energy-dispersive X-rays), FT-IR (fourier transform infrared), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and adsorption and desorption analysis of N2 (BET). In terms of discharge capacity, AC/CuO, AC/Fe2O3, and AC/SnO2 display respective capacities of 2250, 2500, and 3600 mAh/g after 20 cycles, respectively. Of all the sample materials, the AC/SnO2 nanocomposite with the highest hydrogen storage capacity has the lowest Columbic efficiency. This implies that a sample with 54% Columbic efficiency, such as AC/CuO nanocomposite, is a more suitable specimen.

Characterization of SnO 2/TiO 2 with the Addition of Polyethylene Glycol via Sol-Gel Method for Self-Cleaning Application

Characterization of SnO 2/TiO 2 with the Addition of Polyethylene Glycol via Sol-Gel Method for Self-Cleaning Application

Facile Synthesis and Structural, Microstructural, and Dielectric Characteristics of SnO2-CeO2 Semiconducting Binary Nanocomposite

Polycrystalline (1-x)SnO2-xCeO2 nanocomposites, where x = 0, 0.05, and 0.10, were synthesized using conventional co-precipitation method without any traces of impurities. Structural characterization revealed that the composition with x = 0 exhibited single-phase tetragonal rutile symmetry, whereas for x = 0.05 and 0.10 compositions showed both tetragonal and cubic phase coexistence as confirmed by Rietveld refinement studies. HRTEM micrographs showed nanoscale formation of nanocomposites and also displayed fringes depicting d spacing (110) = 0.34 nm belonging to SnO2 crystal matrix and d spacing (111) = 0.31 nm for cubic CeO2 crystal lattice. Dielectric properties of host SnO2 nanoparticles were improved by CeO2 addition in the SnO2. The increment in the real part of dielectric permittivity was observed for CeO2 modification of SnO2 matrix.

Investigation of Electrical and Optical Properties of Low Resistivity Indium Oxide Thin Films

Indium Oxide (In2O3) is a wide bandgap (~3.6eV) n-type transparent conducting oxide (TCO) semiconductor with high conductivity and good transparency in the visible region [1]. In2O3 finds several applications such as photovoltaic devices, transparent windows in liquid crystal displays and heterojunction solar cells [2]. The electrical and optical properties of In2O3 films vary depending on the partial pressure of the reactive gas used for the specific deposition technique, target to substrate distance, temperature at which the substrate is exposed during heat treatment following deposition, and the ambience in which it is treated [3]. In2O3 films has been deposited using vacuum evaporation, sputtering [4], chemical vapor deposition [5], spray pyrolysis [6], ion assisted deposition [7], spin coating [8] and atomic layer epitaxial growth [9].In this work, In2O3 films are deposited on glass substrates by reactive sputtering of In2O3 target in presence of oxygen gas. The deposition was carried out under different flow rates of oxygen. The influence of oxygen gas flow on electrical and optical characteristics of the films are studied. Influence of oxygen gas flow on electrical resistivity of In2O3 thin films is investigated. Transmission characteristics of the deposited films are studied using UV-visible spectrophotometer. Absorption coefficient is calculated from the transmission values and optical bandgap is extracted from Tauc-plot. Min-Suk Lee, Won Chel Choi, Eun Kyu Kim, Chun Keun Kim, Suk-Ki Min, Characterization of the oxidized indium thin films with thermal oxidation, Thin Solid Films, Volume 279, Issues 1–2, 1996, Pages 1-3, ISSN 0040-6090.Abbas bagheri khatibani, Seyed Mohammad Rozati, Z. Bargbidi (2012). Preparation, Study and Nanoscale Growth of Indium Oxide Thin Films. Acta Physica Polonica Series a. 122. 220. 10.12693/APhysPolA.122.220.Radhouane Bel Hadj Tahar, Takayuki Ban, Yutaka Ohya, and Yasutaka Takahashi, Tin doped indium oxide thin films: Electrical properties, Journal of Applied Physics 83:5, 2631-2645.Sundaram, K.B. and Bhagavat, G.K. (1981), Preparation and properties of indium oxide films. phys. stat. sol. (a), 63: K15-K18.Cheng, G., Stern, E., Guthrie, S. et al. Indium oxide nanostructures. Appl. Phys. A 85, 233–240 (2006).Memarian, N., Rozati, S.M., Elamurugu, E. and Fortunato, E. (2010), Characterization of SnO2:F thin films deposited by an economic spray pyrolysis technique. Phys. Status Solidi (c), 7: 2277-2281.S. Cho, K. H. Yoon, S. K. Koh, J. Appl. Phys. 89, 3223 (2001).Gurto, M. Ivanovskaya, A. Pfau, U. Weimer, W. Gopel, Thin Solid Films 307, 288 (1997)Aikainen, M. Ritala, W. M. Li, R. Lappalainen, M. Leskele, Appl. Surf. Sci. 112, 231 (1997).

Preparation and Characterization of SnO2 / AC as a Novel High Surface Area Nanocatalyst

A new solid nanoparticle sorbent (SnO2 / AC) could serve as high surface area and inexpensive nanocatalyst was prepared. Many properties were characterized by SEM and UV spectroscopy. High surface area, large micro pore volume and total pore volume were found to be 571 m2 g−1, 0.4785 cm3 g−1 and 0.7267 cm3 g−1 respectively even with very high loaded ratio (60 %) of tin dioxide to Activated Carbon (SnO2 / AC). Taguchi factorial design method was used to get the maximum MB dye adsorption on the surface of SnO2 / AC nanoparticle sorbent. Contact time (60 min), initial dye concentration (5 mM) and solution temperature (293 K) were found to be the best conditions for the more effective absorption process.

Physicochemical characterization of SnO2 grafted Poly p-phenylenediamine hybrid Nanocomposites and their enhanced antibacterial properties

Physicochemical characterization of SnO2 grafted Poly p-phenylenediamine hybrid Nanocomposites and their enhanced antibacterial properties

Fabrication and Characterization of SnO–Cu2O Mixed Metal Oxide Thin Films for Photoelectrochemical Applications

Herein, we report the synthesis of SnO, Cu₂O and SnO-Cu₂O mixed oxide thin films on fluorinedoped tin oxide (FTO) substrate by Aerosol-Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition (AACVD) process using [Cu (dmae)₂(H₂O)] and [Sn (dmae) (OAc)]₂ as molecular precursors for SnO and Cu₂O, respectively at 400 °C. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern can be ascribed to the tetragonal phase of SnO crystals with space group P4 and cubic phase of Cu₂O crystals with space group Pn- 3m/nmm, respectively. The surface morphology characteristics of SnO, Cu₂O and SnO-Cu₂Omixed oxide have been investigated using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) which revealed that the SnO was grown homogeneously in cubical shape while Cu₂O possess nano balls shaped morphologies. The UV band gap values of SnO-Cu₂O mixed oxide thin film was found to be 2.6 eV appropriate for photoelectrochemical (PEC) applications. The synthesized material was proposed for PEC applications and has shown enhanced catalytic performance in the presence of light.

The preparation and characterization of SnO2/rGO nanocomposites electrode materials for supercapacitor

The ultrafine tin oxide (SnO2) nanorods/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composites are synthesized by a two-step hydrothermal method. The prepared nanocomposites are characterized by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, and Fourier transform infrared spectra. The results of electrochemical performance show that specific capacitance of the composite can reach 262.2 F g−1 at the current density of 100 mA g−1 in the 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte. An initial capacitance retention of the composite is 96.1% after 6000 cycles, indicating its excellent electrochemical performance.

Synthesis and Characterization of SnO2 and SnO2/ZnO Nanoparticles by Electrochemical Method: Evaluation of their Performance in Photodegradation of Indigo Carmine Dye and Antibacterial Activity

SnO2 and SnO2/ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by the electrochemical method. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, UV-VIS, IR, FE-SEM and EDAX techniques. The X-ray diffraction revealed that the average crystalline size to be 79.78 and 22.84 nm. The band gap of SnO2/ZnO nanoparticle from Tauc′s plot was found to be 2.196 eV. The photocatalytic degradation of Indigo carmine dye follows the first order reaction. The antibacterial activity of SnO2 and SnO2/ZnO nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was investigated.

Aspects of the Formation of Tin Oxide under Annealing of Nanopowders Obtained by Pulsed Laser Ablation of Metallic Tin in Aqueous Media

Nanocolloids, obtained by pulsed laser ablation (Nd:YAG laser, 1064 nm, 7 ns, 150 mJ) of metallic Sn in distilled water and also in solutions of hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid, were dried and subjected to heat treatment at different temperatures up to 800°С. It has been shown that addition of H2O2 or HNO3 has an effect not only on the size characteristics and structure of the initial nanoparticles, but also on the process of formation and the final characteristics of SnO2 under annealing. By the method of powder x-ray diffraction it was established that in the case of pulsed laser ablation in water and in a solution of nitric acid, the initial particles contain the phase SnO, but for annealed sample obtained by ablation in HNO3, an intermediate orthorhombic phase of SnO2 is formed. Additional studies using Raman spectroscopy and thermal analysis made it possible to determine the presence of tin hydroxide in the initial samples and formation of intermediate forms of its oxides, SnOx, upon annealing.

Deposition and characterization of SnO2:Sb thin films fabricated by the spray pyrolysis method

Deposition and characterization of SnO2:Sb thin films fabricated by the spray pyrolysis method

Preparation and characterization of SnO2−x/GO composite photocatalyst and its visible light photocatalytic activity for self-cleaning cotton fabrics

Sn2+ self-doped SnO2 (SnO2−x) nanocrystal and SnO2−x/graphene oxide (SnO2−x/GO) composite photocatalyst were prepared by hydrothermal method and characterized by transmission electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, photocurrent and photocatalytic activity. SnO2−x/GO was hydroxylated with 3,4-dihydroxy phenyl acetic acid to obtain the carboxylated SnO2−x/GO. Cotton fabrics were cationically modified by 3-chloro-2 hydroxy propyltrim ethylammonium chloride and then finished with the carboxylated SnO2−x/GO composite photocatalyst. Cotton fabrics were characterized by SEM, XPS and self-cleaning activity. Photocatalytic activity of SnO2−x/GO composite photocatalyst and self-cleaning activity of cotton fabrics were evaluated by photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange solution and methylene blue solution under the visible light, respectively. Photocatalytic activity of SnO2−x/GO composite photocatalyst firstly increased and then decreased with the increasing molar ratio of Sn4+/Sn, and the GO concentration in SnO2−x/GO. The optimal molar ratio of Sn4+/Sn and GO concentration were 1:4 and 5%, respectively. The SnO2−x/GO finished cotton fabrics exhibited highly efficient and durable self-cleaning activity. In addition, the mechanism for SnO2−x/GO photocatalytic activity, and the mechanism and possible reactions for the chemically binding of SnO2−x/GO composite photocatalyst with cotton fabrics were proposed.

Effect of Sb, Tb3+ Doping on Optical and Electrical Performances of SnO2 and Si Based Schottky Diodes

(Sb, Tb3+)-doped SnO2 thin films were deposited on monocrystalline silicon (Si) and on porous silicon (PS) layer from sol-gel spin coating method. The photoluminescence spectrum shows that Tb3+ ions presents higher emission with the PS layer. The fabricated junctions are treated as a metal-semiconductor (MS) Schottky diodes. The current–voltage (I-V) characteristics of SnO2:Sb/p-Si (D1), SnO2:Sb:Tb3+/p-Si (D2) and SnO2:Sb:Tb3+/PS (p) (D3) were measured for these diodes at room temperature. Electronic parameters such as ideality factor, barrier height and series resistance were calculated and compared for the main junctions. Based on the thermoionic emission model, it appears that the contacts presents non-ideal I-V behaviour with a relatively high values of ideality factor (n = 12 for Si based diode, and n = 24 for PS based diode) and a relatively large values of series resistance RS (RS = 2 103 Ω for D3). After the incorporation of Tb3+, the junction characteristics show that the formed diode exhibits high forward current density and a decrease in the series resistance RS (RS = 600 Ω for D2). The non-ideality character of the elaborated MS junctions seems to be principally due to the effects of the interface. The relatively high values of the ideality factor was attributed to the sharing of the applied voltage V by a diffusion potential (VD) across the semiconductor space charge region and a potential (Vi) devoted to the interfacial layer formed between the silicon and the tin oxide. The trapped-limited current was found to dominate the current transport mechanisms through the fabricated junctions. The above results highlight the role of the interfacial layer and interface states in the determination of the electrical performance of Sb-doped SnO2/p-Si, (Sb, Tb3+) co-doped SnO2/p-Si and (Sb, Tb3+) co-doped SnO2/PS(p). They show that the simultaneous presence of Tb3+ ions and porous silicon layer allows an obvious enhancement of both optical and electrical properties of the main junction increasing then the applicability of SnO2/silicon based devices.

Synthesis and characterization of SnO2/(NH4)2‐SnCl6 nanocomposites loaded on activated carbon and its application for adsorption of methylene Blue and Orange G

The present study deals with the synthesis and characterization (FE‐SEM, particle size distribution, XRD and point of zero charge) SnO2/(NH4)2‐SnCl6 nanocomposites loaded on activated carbon (SnO2/(NH4)2‐SnCl6‐NCs‐AC) and its subsequent application for the simultaneous removal of Methylene Blue (MB) and Orange G (OG) from aqueous solution. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) give trend of influencing responses with respect to five parameters such as contact time (X1), OG concentration (X2), MB concentration (X3), adsorbent mass (X4) and pH (X5). In later stage following recognition of significant variables and interaction, quadratic model generated which are able to predict the dyes removal in different conditions. Justification and selection of significant terms was conducted based on analysis of variance and Fisher's F‐test Optimal value of contact time, OG concentration, MB concentration, adsorbent mass and pH were set at 4.0 min, 10 mg l−1, 20 mg L−1, 0.015 g and 6.0, respectively, which lead to achievement of best experiment removal percentage of 97.0 and 99.5% OG and MB respectively, from their binary solutions. The whole experimental data follow pseudo‐first‐order and pseudo‐second‐order rate equations. The fitting experimental data to more available conventional model like Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin‐Radushkevich isotherm models revel more ability of Langmuir model (with R2 > 0.997) for explanation of system in equilibrium. The adsorption efficiency remained high even after the five cycle of reuse (99.76% and 95.56% for MB and OG, respectively).

Synthesis and Characterization of SnO2 on Porous Silicon for Photoconversion

A photoconversion device was fabricated based on SnO2 film prepared by a chemical spray pyrolysis technique. The SnO2 nanofilms were grown on the porous silicon (PS) nanosurface. Various affecting parameters were studied such as different current densities 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mA/cm2 with 16% HF concentration for 10 min at a substrate temperature of 400 °C. The structural, morphological and detector properties were measured. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of porous silicon and the crystal size was reduced toward the nanometric scale of the face centered cubic structure, while the diffraction peaks of other SnO2 peaks were found to be much weaker compared to standard SnO2NPs. The Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) investigation showed the sponge-like structure of PS, the width of surface pits and surface roughness increased to a specific value then decreased with etching current density. This could be attributed to the different filling process depending on the pore sizes and homogenous distribution of PS. From the found photodetector measurements, the spectral responsivity and quantum efficiency curves included two regions; the first region was due to the absorption of UV light by SnO2NPs. The second region corresponded to the visible light absorption with the PS layer and strongly depended on fabrication conditions.

Effect of Modification/Doping on Gas Sensing Properties of SnO2

Modification and doping are both terms which used to display improvement of sensory characteristics of materials, particularly their selectivity. But these processes are different in the way how they influence on material’s properties. This review concentrates on differences between modification and doping and their impact on parameters of sensitive materials for semiconductor gas sensors, in particular on characteristics of SnO2 as one of the most promising sensor material.

Synthesis and characterization of SnO2, TiO2 and Ti0.5Sn0.5O2 nanoparticles as efficient materials for photocatalytic activity

This work reports the synthesis of polydispersible SnO2, TiO2 and Ti0.5Sn0.5O2 nanoparticles via microwave-assisted polyol as an efficient method using diethylene glycol (DEG) and triethylene glycol (TREG) as solvent. The properties of as-prepared samples were investigated by X-ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy, diffuse reflectance and FTIR spectrophotometery, photoluminescence spectroscopy and N2 physisorption. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples were indexed on the anatase phase of TiO2 and cassiterite phase of SnO2 and Ti0.5Sn0.5O2. The TEM images show uniform isotropic morphologies with average sizes close to10 nm. The band gap is reduced for Ti0.5Sn0.5O2 and enhances visible light absorption, a shift resulting in the absorption threshold towards the visible spectral range, compared to pure titania and tin. Slight shifts to longer wavelength are attributed to the change in the acceptor’s level induced by the mixture of both oxides. The evaluation of the photocatalytic activity is carried out using indigo carmine (IC) as model of chemical pollutants in UV irradiation conditions. The photocatalytic decolorization of the dye follows a pseudo-first-order kinetics and the constant apparent rate was increased with the increase of the tin oxide content up to 50%.

Characteristics of SnO2:Sb Films as Transparent Conductive Electrodes of Flexible Inverted Organic Solar Cells.

Antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) films were deposited on polyethersulfone (PES) substrates by means of a radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering method, using a SnO2 target mixed with 6 wt% Sb at room temperature and using various RF powers; these films were used as transparent electrodes in inverted organic solar cells (IOSC). We investigated the structural, optical, and electrical properties of the resulting films by means of various analyses, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy, and Hall effect measurements. The crystallinity and conductivity of the ATO films were increased by increasing the RF power used. Based on the experimental data acquired, we fabricated IOSCs based on ATO electrodes deposited by using various conditions. Each IOSC device was composed of an ATO electrode, a ZnO buffer layer, a photoactive layer (P3HT:PCBM), and an Al cathode. The IOSC based on an ATO electrode fabricated at the RF power of 160 W exhibited good device performance due to the electrode's high conductivity and crystallinity.