Slurry Characteristics Research Articles

Experimental and Computational Analysis of Slurry‐Based Manufacturing of Solid‐State Battery Composite Cathode

The rheological properties of the electrode slurry significantly influence the manufacturing process of solid‐state batteries, affecting coating quality and the resulting cathode microstructure. The correlation between slurry attributes and final electrode characteristics is analyzed using particle size and solid content as key metrics. The performed coarse‐grained molecular dynamics simulations of LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 and Li6PS5Cl composite electrodes closely fit experimental viscosity, indicating the model's suitability for predicting slurry behavior. Then the microstructural properties of the dry and calendered electrodes are calibrated with the experiments. The simulation workflow is fitted completely using only two sets of force fields, one for the slurry and the other for the dry state of the electrode. The effective electronic conductivities are contingent on the particle size, without showing significant limitation on cathode rate capabilities. This comprehensive study highlights the intricate interplay between slurry solid content, microstructure design, and manufacturing processes in optimizing solid‐state battery performance. Consistent slurry characteristics are crucial for uniform electrode coating while optimizing particle size and solid content improves electrode porosity. The findings provide valuable insights for enhancing solid‐state battery design and manufacturing processes for the adaptation of already established scaling up technologies.

Effect of silver morphology on rheology and photopolymerization characteristics of Silver-Hydroxyapatite slurry for Vat Photopolymerization-based 3D printing process

The present work deals with the processing of HA-silver photocurable slurry to make composites using the Vat-photopolymerization process. Slurries with increasing amount of silver addition in the HA-Ag (0, 5, 10, 15%) slurry have been prepared using monomers with photo-initiators and printed successfully. Silver powder used in this study is in the form of flakes and spheres. A shear thinning behaviour of all the compositions of the slurries has been observed which is essential to fabricate defect-free parts. With increase in silver addition to 15 wt%, the viscosity decreased by around 60 % however curing depth was compromised. From SEM micrographs it was observed that HA with silver flakes showed better sintering with sintering density of 95% compared to only HA and HA with spherical silver samples.

Prediction of permeability characteristics of mine slurries and sediments using finite-strain framework by optimisation algorithms

Determining the permeability characteristics of mine tailing slurries through laboratory finite-strain consolidation tests is costly due to the extensive testing required. An alternative approach involves back-predicting hydraulic conductivities from settling column test data. This study employed settlement and excess pore pressure data as inputs in optimising the permeability parameters using the finite-strain consolidation (FSC) framework. The proposed approach used the finite difference method to solve the governing equation for FSC in the forward analysis. Two novel variants of the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm, namely the Modified Artificial Bee Colony (MABC) and the Hybrid Artificial Bee Colony (HABC) algorithms, were used to back-predict the hydraulic conductivity function parameters from the FSC test data. These models predicted the permeability characteristics using the temporal variation of the settlements for six slurries and excess pore pressure dissipation data for four slurries. The performance of the proposed algorithms along with Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimisation (HPSO) was compared with the conventional optimisation algorithms, viz., PSO, ABC, and Quantum PSO (QPSO). The HABC and HPSO exhibited remarkable stability, consistently converging to identical solution sets across multiple iterations, thereby outperforming other algorithms in this study. Despite its higher time complexity by HABC relative to the other evaluated methods, this complexity is warranted for enhanced robustness. The current study is helpful in brining practical and reliable methodologies for estimating the hydraulic conductivity function from field-scale conductivity (FSC) data, providing critical insights for the safe and efficient management of slurry wastes.

The effect of high-energy ball milling on enhancing the mechanical properties, light transmittance, and thermal shock resistance of bone china porcelain

A bone china grouting slurry was prepared using two different milling methods: low-energy ball milling (Named LBC) for 24 h and high-energy ball milling (Named HBC) for 1 h. Bone china green bodies were formed by grouting, and the dried green bodies were calcined at different temperatures points in the temperature range from 1235 °C to 1255 °C. The slurry characteristics, as well as the structure and properties of the calcined samples, were analyzed and evaluated. The particle sizes of LBC and HBC slurry D50 are 5.819 μm and 3.571 μm, respectively, accounting for 80.4% and 98.7% of their respective proportions. The particle size distribution range of HBC samples was relatively concentrated, and the viscosity of the two slurries was 1040 mPa·s and 2800 mPa·s, respectively. The ball milling method significantly influenced the formation of product phases. The content of calcium feldspar and β-TCP phases in HBC samples calcined at 1245 °C was higher than that in their LBC counterparts, while the quartz content in LBC was higher than that in HBC samples. The water absorption and porosity of the HBC samples were lower than those of the LBC samples, with a flexural strength of 205 MPa, heat shock temperature difference of 190 °C, and light transmittance of 5.18%/3.73 mm, which were 22.4%, 26.7%, and 4.2% higher than those of the LBC samples, respectively. These results indicate that bone china prepared using the high-energy ball milling method exhibits excellent performance.

Particle Dynamics Study on Influencing Factors of Ice Slurry Flow Characteristics in District Cooling Systems

In district cooling systems, substituting the conventional cooling medium with ice slurry represents an ideal approach to achieve economical operation. During pipeline transportation, ice slurry exhibits heterogeneous flow characteristics distinct from those of pure fluids. Consequently, investigating the flow field characteristics of non-homogeneous ice slurry, quantitatively analyzing the rheological variations and flow resistance laws due to the uneven distribution of ice particles, and standardizing the comprehension and depiction of flow patterns within ice slurry pipes hold significant theoretical importance and practical value. This study analyzes the heterogeneous isothermal flow characteristics of ice slurry in a straight pipe by employing particle dynamics and the Euler–Euler dual-fluid model. Taking into account the impact of ice particles’ non-uniform distribution on the rheological properties of ice slurry, a particle concentration diffusion equation is incorporated to develop an isothermal flow resistance model for ice slurry. The flow behavior of ice slurry with initial average ice particle fractions (IPFs) ranging from 0% to 20% in DN20 horizontal straight and elbow pipes is examined. The findings reveal that the degree of heterogeneous flow in ice slurry is inversely proportional to the initial velocity and directly proportional to the initial concentration of ice particles. When the flow velocity is close to 0.5 m/s, the flow resistance of ice particles exhibits a linear positive correlation with changes in flow velocity, whereas the flow resistance of the fluid-carrying phase displays a linear negative correlation. As the flow rate increases to 1 m/s, the contribution of each phase to the total flow resistance becomes independent of the initial velocity parameter. Additionally, the drag fraction of the ice particle phase is positively associated with the initial concentration of ice particles. Furthermore, the phenomenon of “secondary flow” arises when ice slurry flows through an elbow, enhancing the mixing of ice particles with the carrier fluid. The extent of this mixing intensifies with a decrease in the turning radius and an increase in the initial velocity.

Spray combustion characteristics of boron slurry fuel in high particle loading conditions

Enhancing the energy density of hydrocarbon fuels is indeed crucial, especially in the context of addressing energy needs. Incorporating energetic particles as additives into conventional liquid fuels garners increased attention due to its potential to enhance energy density. Due to its high energy potential, boron is the most promising additive in several energetic particles. However, the study focusing on the boron-loaded slurry fuels are limited. Therefore, the present work focuses on the effect of boron loading on the spray combustion of boron-loaded slurry fuel, especially at higher loadings (10%, 20% & 30% boron + Jet A-1 fuel) using a swirl-stabilized spray combustor. The research scrutinizes the feed and exhaust particles' surface morphology, chemical composition and active boron content through diverse particle characterization techniques. Furthermore, the study investigates the influence of boron loading on the combustion characteristics of slurry fuel using methods such as colour flame imaging, spectroscopy, and BO2* Chemiluminescence imaging. The impact of boron loading on the positive thermal contribution of the slurry was examined by analyzing temperature measurements at various locations within the combustor. The BO2* chemiluminescence imaging and spectroscopy results indicate that the intensity of BO2 emission increases with a rise in particle loading. The temperature results reveal an increase in temperature compared to pure Jet A-1 for all the boron-loaded cases. In particular, JB10 and JB20 achieved nearly 90% and 85% of the theoretical temperature increase. The diffractogram and thermogravimetric results of the burnt particles collected show that the particles were burnt thoroughly for the boron-loaded cases.

Study on the Rheological Behaviors, Thixotropy, and Printing Characteristics of Screen Printing Slurry for Nd-Fe-B.

The rheological behavior and printing characteristics of the screen-printing slurry for Nd-Fe-B grain boundary diffusion are key factors that determine the quality of printing and magnetic performance. However, few studies have focused on the organic medium, a crucial material for slurry. In this paper, the rheology, thixotropy, and thermal decomposition behavior of the organic vehicle in Nd-Fe-B screen printing slurry were studied. The results show that the organic vehicle formed by terpineol and polyvinyl butyral (PVB) exhibits typical non-Newtonian fluid characteristics, with excellent rheology and thixotropy, ensuring that the slurry prepared from it has excellent static stability and printing consistency. Additionally, the carbon residue of the organic vehicle formed by terpineol and PVB is less than 0.1% at 900 °C, avoiding excessive carbon entering the magnet during the diffusion process. Moreover, studying the rheology and thixotropy of the organic vehicle through a rheometer can quickly screen the slurry system. This work provides valuable guidance for designing an organic vehicle for screen-printing slurry for Nd-Fe-B grain boundary diffusion in future research.

Development of cement slurries with additives of nanoclay particles for the construction of oil wells at elevated temperatures

Relevance. Strength decrease is a phenomenon that becomes more pronounced as the temperature rises above 110°C. It is characterized by significant chemical and microstructural changes that Portland cement undergoes at high temperatures. Adding silica particles (SiO2) to cement can significantly increase cement resistance to strength reduction when the temperature exceeds 110°C. Nanoclays are currently used in the cement industry to increase the strength of the cement matrix due to their ability to fill capillary micropores and due to their relatively small particle size. Aim. To investigate the effect of adding nanoparticles (nanoclay) to Saudi grade G cement on compressive and tensile strength, and cement stone permeability under high temperature conditions (300°С). Objects. Six samples of cement mortars with different concentrations of nanoclay, cement stones from, tested after 7 and 28 days of hardening at 25 and 300°C. Methods. Cement chemical composition was evaluated by the X-ray fluorescence method with the WORKSTN-V Olympus Vanta X-ray fluorescence analyzer. Cement physical composition was evaluated by the method of ray diffraction on the Mastersizer 2000 laser particle size analyzer. The test of the grouting stone samples was carried out in accordance with ISO 10426-2:2003 on a hydraulic press 65-L1132. The tensile strength of the samples by the Brazilian method was tested in accordance with ASTM D 3967-08 standard on a hydraulic press 65-L1132. The permeability of the samples was determined by single-phase stationary filtration at a facility for studying the filtration and capacitance properties of the PIK-OFP-UCH core in accordance with ISO 10426-2:2003. Results. The data obtained showed that cement destruction at extremely high temperatures can be avoided by using nanoclay (up to 3% by weight of cement). The microstructure of the cement matrix was significantly affected due to the aggregation of nanoparticles when more than 3% of nanoclay was added. All rheological characteristics of the cement slurry were improved by the addition of nanoclay particles.

Characteristics of Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) Ash as Carbon Dioxide Storage Medium and Development of Construction Materials by Recycling Carbonated Ash.

This study validates the attributes of the mineral carbonation process employing circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) ash, which is generated from thermal power plants, as a medium for carbon storage. Furthermore, an examination was conducted on the properties of construction materials produced through the recycling of carbonated circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) ash. The carbonation characteristics of circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) ash were investigated by analyzing the impact of CO2 flow rate and solid content. Experiments were conducted to investigate the use of it as a concrete admixture by replacing cement at varying percentages ranging from 0% to 20% by weight. The stability and setting time were subsequently measured. To produce foam concrete, specimens were fabricated by substituting 0 to 30 wt% of the cement. Characteristics of the unhardened slurry, such as density, flow, and settlement depth, were measured, while characteristics after hardening, including density, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity, were also assessed. The findings of our research study validated that the carbonation rate of CFBC ash in the slurry exhibited distinct characteristics compared to the reaction in the solid-gas system. Manufactured carbonated circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) ash, when used as a recycled concrete mixture, improved the initial strength of cement mortar by 5 to 12% based on the 7-day strength. In addition, it replaced 25 wt% of cement in the production of foam concrete, showing a density of 0.58 g/cm3, and the 28-day strength was 2.1 MPa, meeting the density standard of 0.6 grade foam concrete.

Study of the effect of glycine on the growth and mobility of CO2 hydrate slurries in the loop

The stability of CO2 hydrate slurry mobility is essential for the progression of diverse potential Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) applications, while also playing a critical role in maintaining the safety of gas–liquid two-phase flow transportation pipelines. In this study, the effect of glycine on the growth and flowing characteristics of CO2 hydrate slurry was investigated for the first time using a high-pressure recirculating flow loop. A comprehensive analysis of the hydrate growth, morphology, and rheological behavior was performed. The results show that the induction time of CO2 hydrate formation could be effectively prolonged by the presence of glycine in the loop, but it cannot inhibit its rapid formation in the rapid growth period. Meanwhile, agglomeration of the slurry and adsorption on the pipe wall during the flow process were observed with the presence of glycine. The flow pattern of pure CO2 hydrate slurry was gradually transitioned from expansion flow to pseudoplastic flow with the increase of hydrate amount, and shear thinning was observed when the slurry content was not less than 7.6%. The addition of glycine significantly increases the viscosity of the slurry, which makes the slurry behave as an expanding fluid in a wider range. The tendency of shear thickening and the range of shear thickening of the slurry were enlarged. This study raises mobility security concerns for the potential application value of glycine as an LDHI. It also serves as a valuable reference for furthering the advancement of CO2 slurry as a potential application for CCUS.

Study on slurry forming performance and slurry combustion characteristics of diesel modified coal

In this study, modified low rank coal water slurry (M-LRCWS) was prepared by using diesel modified low rank coal (LRC) and compared with low LRC water slurry (LRCWS) to investigate the slurry formation mechanism and combustion characteristics of coal water slurry. Meanwhile, the combustion kinetics of coal-water slurry was investigated using kinetic methods to probe the combustion reaction mechanism. The results showed that the slurry formation concentration of LRC was 70 %, while the slurry formation concentration of M-LRCWS was 72 %, which was an increase of 2 %. The diesel modification positively affected the stability of CWS. The comprehensive combustion characteristics index of the same slurry deteriorated with increasing heating rate. At the same heating rate, M-LRCWS has better combined combustion performance, higher flammability and more stable ignition performance. Combustion kinetics calculations showed that the reaction activation energies were 105.50 kJ/mol for M-LRCWS and 99.59 kJ/mol for LRCWS using the FWO method, and 93.48 kJ/mol for M-LRCWS and 92.68 kJ/mol for LRCWS using the Starink method. The activation energy of M-LRCWS is slightly higher than that of LRCWS, which indicates that the diesel fuel is encapsulated in the coal particles and it is difficult to activate the substance. As a result, the dispersion system is more stable and favorable for storage and transportation. The physical functions of LRCWS and M-LRCWS were calculated using the Achar differential equation and the Coats-Redfern integral equation, and the results showed that both LRCWS and M-LRCWS followed the tertiary reaction (F3) mechanism.

Strength characteristics of cement slurry in high geothermal tunnel environment

The early-age strength of grouting material is crucial for tunnel support under high geothermal temperatures. Grouting materials (such as the most commonly used cement slurry) hydrate and solidify under the condition of variable-temperature curing after entering the real stratum. However, the development process of the early strength of cement paste under the condition of variable-temperature curing is still unclear. This aim of this study was to elucidate the environmental effects of high-ground-temperature tunnels on the early strength development of cement stone. Cement slurry was subjected to variable-temperature curing under three different temperatures (T = 40°C, 60°C and 80°C) and two different relative humidities (H = 5% and 95%) through design experiments. Compressive strength tests were conducted, along with microscopic analysis using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. The results indicate that the strength of cement stone under variable-temperature curing was lower than that under constant-temperature curing at the same temperature. The influence of variable-temperature curing conditions on the strength variation of samples with a high water/cement ratio at later age was greater for curing at 80°C. The research results are helpful to understand the influence of environmental effects of high-ground-temperature tunnels on the properties of grouting materials.

Diffusion mechanism of quick-setting slurry in water-rich fractured rock mass based on circle-outburst diffusion model

Grouting is the most commonly used methods in dealing with water inrush issue in mine and tunnel engineering. In order to better predict the grouting effect, research on slurry diffusion mechanism became a hotspot for scholars. At present, the mainstream theoretical model used to study the slurry diffusion mechanism are the circle diffusion model and the modified ones in plane plate fracture. However, these models cannot explain the “contradiction” between the rapid setting characteristics of quick-setting slurry and the continuous long-term injection of slurry in grouting engineering, which cannot accurately predict the grouting pressure or grouting diffusion range. Therefore, a “circle-outburst diffusion model” which can explain the above “contradiction” was proposed in this paper. Based on the new model, stepwise algorithms were developed to predict the grouting pressure and slurry diffusion range. By means of conducting fracture grouting simulation test and collecting grouting pressure data in an actual grouting project, the new model was verified and the slurry diffusion mechanism was studied. Comparison results indicate that the new model can reveal the intrinsic reason for the irregular diffusion phenomenon of the slurry and forecast the outburst moment accurately. The circle diffusion stage and outburst diffusion stage elaborated in the new “circle-outburst diffusion model” were consistent with the staged characteristics of the grouting process presented in the grouting simulating test. Differences between theoretical and experimental pressure value were within 10 %, indicating a high degree of consistency. The number and distribution of outburst diffusion points determine slurry diffusion form and significantly influence the diffusion range. The grouting pressure and the length of slurry flow path increase nonlinearly with time in each diffusion stage. It is hoped that the new model can provide a theoretical basis for the study of diffusion mechanism of quick-setting slurry.

Thermal characteristics of nanofluid ice slurry flowing through a spiral tube: A computational study

Nanofluid ice slurry (NICS) has recently attracted significant attention in the field of thermal engineering as an alternative refrigerant, offering a cost-effective, stable, and environmentally friendly cold storage solution. To maximize its potential, a thorough understanding of its heat transfer characteristics is crucial. Unfortunately, this information is not available for spiral tubes which are commonly used in thermal systems due to their superior heat transfer performance. This may hinder further development and implementation of this technology. Hence, the present investigation aims to analyze the flow characteristics and heat transfer mechanisms of a graphene oxide hybrid NICS within a spiral tube employing a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology. More specifically, an interphase heat and mass transfer model, derived from the Euler–Euler model, is formulated to accurately represent the phase transition phenomena occurring within the nanofluid. The results indicate that the spiral tube structure enhances ice crystal accumulation inside the tube, leading to lower outlet temperatures and improved heat transfer without causing ice blockage. The NICS shows a 3% higher pressure drop compared to pure water ice slurry. Increased nanoparticle concentrations enhance thermal conductivity, benefiting heat transfer, but also raise viscosity, resulting in greater internal friction. A Nusselt correlation based on Prandtl and Dean numbers is formulated to aid future studies and the design of NICS systems. When the Reynolds number increases from 3600 to 6600, the Nusselt number rises by approximately 21% for pure water ice slurry and 22% for nanofluid ice slurry.

Atomization and desulfurization characteristics of limestone slurry in a non-uniform electric field

Electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA) of limestone slurry is anticipated to significantly enhance desulfurization efficiency and reduce desulfurization wastewater discharge. In this study, a visual electrospray experimental system is established to obtain the characteristics of EHDA. Initially, the breakup modes of the slurry are investigated, identifying three distinct modes: dripping mode, microdripping mode, and oscillating microdripping mode. The electric field shortens the liquid thread, reducing secondary droplet formation in the oscillating microdripping mode. Furthermore, it is found that a slight increase in droplet size and an initial decrease followed by stabilization in generation frequency with voltage increasing in the oscillating microdripping mode. In addition, the nondimensionalized droplet size prediction formulas for each breakup mode are provided. Subsequent desulfurization characteristic experiments in an absorption tower reveal optimal desulfurization efficiency in the oscillating microdripping mode. The relationship between desulfurization efficiency and droplet size is discussed, highlighting the pivotal role of the gas-liquid contact area in determining desulfurization efficiency. The present work is expected to provide theoretical guidance for efficient desulfurization.

Study on the Flow Velocity of Safe and Energy-Saving Transportation of Light-Particle Slurry

In order to determine the recommended flow velocity for the safe and energy-saving transport of ice-slurry-type light particle slurries, it is necessary to study the flow characteristics of light particle slurries, especially the critical flow velocity. Therefore, in this paper, a numerical simulation method based on the mixed turbulence model with the RANS (Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes) equation is used, and a new concentration distribution method is proposed for the first time to derive the critical flow velocity, as follows: the flow velocity of the light particle slurry when the ratio of the solid volume fraction vf at the position of 0.08D above the bottom of the pipeline to that at the center of the pipeline, vf/vf(y) = 0.75, is taken as the critical flow velocity. The flow changes in the slurry (polyethylene particles with a density of 922 kg/m3 and water) under 0.1–1.0 m/s (at intervals of 0.1 m/s) were investigated experimentally, and the pressure drop data obtained from the experiments were used to determine the recommended flow rate for safe and energy-saving transportation of the light particle slurry. The pipe diameter used for the experiments and simulations was 28 mm, and the solid-phase particle sizes were 0.3 mm, 0.4 mm, and 0.5 mm, with solid-phase contents of 5 vol%, 10 vol%, 15 vol%, and 20 vol%. In addition, the experimental and numerical simulation results show that an increase in solid-phase content and particle size leads to an increase in critical flow velocity.

Experimental investigation on sedimentation characteristics of coastal slurry by flocculation

Coastal waste slurry has a negative impact on the environment due to its slow, natural settling characteristics. In this study, the organic, inorganic, and composite flocculants were applied to improve the mud-water separation performance. A series of experiments with sedimentation columns and particle size analysis were conducted to investigate the effects of flocculant type, dosage and combination on slurry settling rates and its associated mechanisms. The experimental results show that different types of flocculants varied in improving the settling efficiency of slurry, while the flocculation effect of inorganic flocculants is relatively poor. The settling efficiency of organic polymer flocculants on slurry is in order of anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) > cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) > nonionic polyacrylamide (PAM), with their optimal dosage 0.2%, 0.1%, and 0.1%, respectively. Moreover, the combination of APAM and Solid Polymeric Ferric Sulfate (SPFS) can further improve the efficiency of mud-water separation by enhancing electro-neutralization and net sweeping capability. Subsequently, the change in the particle size distribution of the slurry demonstrates that flocculation causes the aggregation of fine particles in slurry to form coarse particles. These findings have implications for improving the sedimentation characteristics of waste slurry to reduce environmental pollution.

Solid waste slurry grouting transformation mechanism of loose sand layer based on slurry-water replacement effect

During coal mining, when loose water-bearing sand layers are exposed and connected, it is extremely easy to cause water and sand inrush accidents, threatening the lives and properties in mines. Because of the intricate and tortuous internal structure of the sand layer, the diffusion pattern of grouting slurry within the loose sand layer has not been accurately characterized. Improving the efficiency of grouting and reducing the cost of grouting are common difficulties faced by industrial and mining enterprises in the grouting renovation of loose water-bearing sand layers. This paper innovatively proposes the mechanism of slurry-water displacement effect based on the diffusion characteristics of grouting slurry within the water-bearing sand layer. It studies the power-law fluid seepage and diffusion mechanism of porous media tortuosity effect and slurry-water displacement effect and derives the spherical diffusion equation of power-law fluid seepage grouting considering the coupling of porous media tortuosity effect and slurry-water displacement effect. At the same time, an indoor experimental device considering the slurry-water displacement effect is designed to verify the rationality of the spherical seepage grouting diffusion equation considering the superimposed effects of the two. Furthermore, relying on the COMSOL Multiphysics platform, a three-dimensional numerical calculation model of the power-law fluid spherical seepage grouting mechanism considering the porous media tortuosity effect and slurry-water displacement effect is constructed. It analyzes the seepage and diffusion characteristics of power-law grouting slurry in water-bearing sand layers, and studies the influence of different porosity of loose water-bearing sand layers, spacing between slurry and water holes, grouting pressure, and slurry viscosity on the volume of loose water-bearing sand layers. The key factors affecting the volume of loose water-bearing sand layers are grouting pressure > spacing between slurry and water holes > porosity of sand layer > slurry viscosity. Compared with previous grouting technologies and processes, the slurry-water displacement grouting technology can solve the problems of small grouting diffusion range and poor grouting effect in high-pressure underwater water-bearing sand layers to a certain extent.

Comparing, slurry infiltration characteristics between calcareous and silica sands based on slurry infiltration column tests and CT scanning

Calcareous sand, also known as bioclastic deposits, has distinct composition and morphological characteristics compared to siliceous sand. The exploration of the South China Sea has revealed a high potential for slurry pressure balanced (SPB) shield tunnelling in coastal areas that pass through calcareous sand strata. However, the impact of the differences between calcareous sand and siliceous sand on filter cake formation remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the slurry infiltration characteristics of calcareous sand and siliceous sand (with Fujian sand as a representative) with the same permeability coefficient through micro slurry infiltration column tests. The macroscopic differences in slurry infiltration between the two media were observed. The sand columns were scanned before and after slurry infiltration using a CT scanner, allowing for the reconstruction of both the original particles’ topology and the pore network of the sand column. A pore network model was established, and the Dijkstra algorithm was used to identify the dominant particle infiltration paths, with flow resistance serving as the weight criterion for evaluating pore connectivity performance. The study found that the differences in particle topology and connectivity of the pore network were the fundamental mechanisms underlying the macroscopic slurry infiltration behaviors between different types of sands. These differences also explained the influence of particle size on the slurry infiltration characteristics for the same type of sand. The findings shed light on the fundamental mechanisms driving the differences in slurry infiltration behaviors and provide insights into the influence of particle size on slurry infiltration characteristics within the same type of sand.

Effect of wax on hydrate formation and aggregation characteristics of water-in-oil emulsion

In recent years, the formation and aggregation of wax and hydrate under the condition of coexistence has become a hot spot in the safety assurance of deep-water pipeline flow. In order to clarify the influence mechanism of wax and hydrate in deep-sea crude oil under coexistence conditions, the effects of different wax-containing conditions on the nucleation, growth and aggregation characteristics of hydrate in oil–water emulsion were studied by macroscopic and microscopic experimental equipment. The results show that low wax content (0–3.wt%) provides nucleation sites for hydrate formation and thus promotes hydrate formation. High wax content (>3.wt%) inhibits hydrate formation by preventing water droplets from contacting gas molecules. Low wax content (0–3.wt%) significantly reduces hydrate interparticle aggregation. High wax content (>3.wt%) promotes hydrate interparticle aggregation, which changes the flow characteristics of the hydrate slurry. In addition, through further analysis by PVM and high-speed camera, a wax-containing hydrate aggregation mechanism model was established.