Parent-child Relationship Characteristics Research Articles

Взаимосвязь детско-родительских отношений и использования цифровых устройств старшими дошкольниками

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective. </strong>The study of the relationship between the position of parents in relation to the mental development of the child, attitudes in relation to the influence of digital devices, parenting style and screen (active and passive) time of the child. <br><strong>Background. </strong>Modern digital devices are becoming an integral part of the life of a modern child. An adult, primarily parents, becomes an intermediary between a digital device and a child. In this connection, the study of child-parent relationships, parental position, attitudes and time that the child spends interacting with digital devices (screen time) becomes relevant. <br><strong>Study design. </strong>The study is of a correlational nature. The presence and nature of the relationship is checked using a path analysis (structural equation modeling) performed in the IMB Statistics v. 23 AMOS. <strong>Participants. </strong>The study involved 318 parents of older preschool children attending kindergartens in Moscow and the Moscow Region (237 women and 81 men, mean age 28,5 years). <br><strong>Measurements</strong>. To study the screen time of children and the attitudes of parents regarding the impact of digital devices on the development of the child, a modified methodology “Regulations for the use of gadgets” by M.V. Bortsova and S.D. Nekrasov. To study parent-child relationships, the questionnaire “Analysis of family relationships” by E.G. Eidemiller and V.V. Yustickis in the children's version (3-10 years old). To study the parental position, the questionnaire “Position of parents in relation to the mental development of children” by E.L. Porotskaya and V.F. Spiridonov. <br><strong>Results.</strong> The parents did not demonstrate any pronounced tendency to one parenting style. However, such styles as "Hyperprotection" and "Indulgence" are most common. Parents are aimed at accelerating children's development and take a moderately active position in relation to the development of preschoolers. Most parents are ambivalent about the impact of digital technologies on children, but they talk about them more often with negative connotations. Children's media activity ranges from 5,2 to 8,9 hours per week. <strong>Conclusions. </strong>The study shows that the time an older preschooler spends in front of a screen of digital devices is associated with such characteristics of parent-child relationships as parenting style, attitudes towards the influence of digital devices, and position on the acceleration of child development. At the same time, different ways of using digital devices are associated with different characteristics of the parent-child relationship. Watching cartoons and videos (passive screen time) is associated with indulgent hyperprotection and the desire of parents to satisfy the needs of the child as much as possible. The use of applications and video games (active screen time) by a child is associated with positive expectations of parents from digital devices in the field of development and a position on the acceleration of child development.</p>

ВЫЯВЛЕНИЕ НАРУШЕНИЙ ПСИХИЧЕСКОГО ЗДОРОВЬЯ ПРИ ЮВЕНИЛЬНОМ ИДИОПАТИЧЕСКОМ АРТРИТЕ С ХРОНИЧЕСКИМ БОЛЕВЫМ СИНДРОМОМ

Mental health disorders in pediatric rheumatologists’ practice are often unrecognized and insufficiently taken into account by pediatric rheumatologists when managing patients suffering from juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The chronic pain syndrome, which complicates the course of JIA, largely has a psychosomatic basis and is associated both with the severity of mental disorders in the patients themselves and with the characteristics of parent-child relationships. The purpose of the research was to study the severity of manifestations of mental disorders, emotional regulation and parent-child relationships in pediatric patients with JIA with chronic pain syndrome in comparison with patients with acne. Materials and methods used: a single-center simultaneous study of adolescents aged 11 to 17 y/o was conducted in Oct.-Dec. 2022. Using a visual analogue scale, the severity of pain was assessed separately by the participants in the study and their parents; patients assessed their general condition, whilst the physician determined the overall assessment of the current activity of the disease. All of the participants had completed the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Parental bonding instrument (PBI) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) questionnaires. Results: the main group consisted of 30 suffering from JIA with chronic pain syndrome. The comparison group consisted of 40 with acne. In patients with JIA, the values in the scales “Behavioral problems” (p=0.001), “Hyperactivity” (p=0.001), “Problems with peers” (p=0.001), “Emotional detachment” (assessment of mothers and fathers, p=0.001) and “Hyper care” (assessment of mothers and fathers, p=0.001) were statistically significantly lower, whilst higher in the values for “Prosocial behavior” (p=0.026), “Awareness of own emotions” (p=0.001), “Emotional warmth” (assessment of mothers and fathers, p=0.001) and “Encouraging independence” (assessment of mothers and fathers, p=0.001). Conclusion: JIA patients with chronic pain syndrome demonstrated more favorable mental health outcomes compared to patients with acne, which is traditionally considered as a factor in the mental adjustment disorder of adolescents that negatively affects the emotional state, self-esteem and the quality of life.

Parent-child relationship and family system characteristics in families of adolescents with multiple sclerosis

The incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) is increasing in all age groups, including children and adolescents. Due to the severity and clinical presentations of the disease in children, sociopsychological aspects, including parent-child relationships (PCR), is the focus of attention.Objective: to study of the characteristics of PCR in families of children with MS.Patients and methods: Ten families of MS adolescents (a study group), and 10 families of healthy adolescents (a control group) were examined. The exclusion criteria were depression in a child and intellectual incapacity. The Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale, a family sociogram, and the parenting relationship questionnaire were used to assess PCR.Results and discussion. The families of children with MS showed symptoms of mild or moderate depression in the mothers; a predominantly unbalanced type of the family structure; the needs of mothers and children to change the distance with all family members equally; low self-esteem of the child and parent; the desire of the latter to cooperate with the child.Conclusion. PCR in families of children with MS requires further investigations.

Thanks but No Thanks? Gratitude and Indebtedness Within Intergenerational Relations After Immigration

ObjectiveTo explore how 1.5‐generation immigrant adolescents' feelings of gratitude and indebtedness toward their parents are manifested and shape their intergenerational relations after migration.BackgroundThe emotions of gratitude and indebtedness result from experiences of receiving and are central to the process of reciprocity. Although closely connected, gratitude and indebtedness are distinct and may have different consequences for intergenerational relations. The contextual nature of gratitude and indebtedness becomes particularly evident in immigration context.MethodSemistructured interviews were conducted with 80 adolescents who were 1.5‐generation immigrants. Data analysis was guided by the grounded theory approach.ResultsResults comprise an evolving theory of adolescents' gratitude and indebtedness in intergenerational relations after family migration. In immigrant families, intergenerational relations are strained by a sense of indebtedness and bolstered by a sense of gratitude. That said, gratitude and indebtedness are also associated with ambivalence and intersect to affect intergenerational relations concurrently.ConclusionEmotions of gratitude and indebtedness toward parents are often experienced by immigrant adolescents after migration regardless of their cultural or ethnic background. These emotions shape intergenerational communication in immigrant families.ImplicationsSocial workers, teachers, integration services, and anyone working with immigrant families with teenagers may benefit from better understanding how adolescents experience gratitude and indebtedness within intergenerational relations and how these emotions are associated with parent–child relationship characteristics after migration.

Maternal Mental Representations of the Child and Mobile Phone Use During Parent-Child Mealtimes.

Qualities of the parent-child relationship have not been explored as predictors of parent mobile device use during parent-child activities. In 195 mother-child dyads enrolled in an ongoing cohort study, maternal mental representations of their child (ability to reflect on their child's characteristics, emotional state, and their parenting role) were evaluated through the Working Model of the Child Interview (WMCI), a validated semistructured interview. WMCI scale scores were examined as predictors of active maternal mobile device use during parent-child eating encounters (videotaped home mealtimes and a structured laboratory-based protocol) in multivariate logistic regression models. Children were aged 5.9 years (SD: 0.7), mothers were aged 31.5 years (SD: 7.4), and 73.3% of mothers were of white non-Hispanic race/ethnicity. During the family mealtime, 47 (24.1%) mothers actively used a mobile device at least once, whereas during the structured eating protocol, 44 (22.6%) mothers used a device. Controlling for maternal race/ethnicity, education level, and child's sex, WMCI subscales were associated with device use during home mealtimes (higher Child Difficulty) and the eating protocol (higher Child Difficulty and lower Richness of Perceptions and Caregiving Sensitivity). Maternal mental representations of their child were significantly associated with using mobile devices during eating encounters. More research studies are needed to understand directionality and longer-term associations between mobile device use and parent-child relationship characteristics.

Parental Support of Adult Children and Middle-Aged Couples' Marital Satisfaction.

Middle-aged adults commonly provide support to grown offspring. Yet little is known about how parental support may be related to parents' marital quality at midlife. This study explored couple patterns of support given to adult children and their implications for marital satisfaction. In a sample of 197 middle-aged couples from Wave 2 of the Family Exchanges Study, we estimated actor-partner interdependence models to evaluate the links between each spouse's reports of tangible and nontangible support given to adult children and their marital satisfaction. Wives and husbands were more satisfied with their marriage when they and their partner gave more frequent nontangible support to adult children. By contrast, wives and husbands were less satisfied with their marriage when they gave more frequent nontangible support to adult children and their partner gave low levels of this support. Findings shed light on the conditions under which support given to adult offspring may enhance or undermine marital quality. This study highlights the value of considering both individual and couple-level characteristics of parent-child relationships and their potential consequences for midlife couples.

Associations among parent–child relationships and cognitive and language outcomes in a clinical sample of preschool children

Objective: To examine associations among parent–child relationship characteristics and child cognitive and language outcomes. Methods: Preschool children (n = 72) with early neurological insult completed assessments of cognitive and language functioning and participated in a parent–child semi-structured interaction. Results: Quality of the parent–child relationship accounted for a significant amount of unique variance (12%) in predicting children’s overall cognitive and language functioning. Impact of neurological insult was a significant predictor. Conclusions: Caregiver–child interactions that are harmonious and reciprocal as evidenced by affective and/or verbal exchanges support children’s cognitive and language development. Observations of interactions can guide providers in facilitating child- and family-centered interventions.

Родительский контроль в современном обществе: приоритеты и формы реализации

The problem of parental control as one of the basic characteristics of parent-child relationships is considered. The authors believe that the singularity of the modern era is determined by the dominance of prefigurative culture society with its characteristic fracture of patterns of behaviour established in previous generations. The results of empirical study of parental control in modern society are presented. The main spheres of its application and methods of implementation are characterized. It is shown that the priority sphere of control of today’s parents is the child’s state of health. The authors note that at the same time many parents underestimated the importance of control in the sphere of children’s interaction with the Internet and other modern means of mass communication. It is emphasized that in the present context “trust” control in these areas is tantamount to acquiescence and failure to take responsibility for the child. It is shown that in the information society one cannot apply to the former, traditional forms of parental control, which characterize the society of postfigurative culture. The obtained data indicate a lack of understanding of the parents the global changes of the whole sphere of social interaction related to the formation of fundamentally new communication culture of the modern society. The question of the elaboration of new methods of parental control that meet the requirements of the modern era is raised.

The Association Between Reflective Functioning and Parent–Child Relationship Quality

Research consistently links adult and infant attachment styles, yet the means by which attachment is transmitted is relatively elusive. Recently, attention has been directed to the psychological underpinnings of caregiver sensitivity—originally thought to be the mechanism of transmission—as indicated by caregivers’ ability to keep in mind children’s mental states when interpreting children’s behavior, or reflective functioning. Unfortunately for researchers, extant measures of reflective functioning are time-consuming and require extensive observation and coding. A self-report measure could help facilitate the study and assessment of reflective functioning in research and clinical settings. This study investigated the relationship between parental reflective functioning and multiple aspects of the parent–child relationship, by using a new, self-report measure of reflective functioning. Participants were 79 caregivers (M age = 31.8 years) who completed self-report measures assessing reflective functioning, parent–child relationship characteristics, perceived rejection in early relationships, attachment anxiety and avoidance in current close relationships, depression, and substance use. The results indicated that reflective functioning is a strong predictor of parent–child relationship quality (i.e., parental involvement, communication, parent satisfaction, limit setting, and parental support), independent of other potential indicators. Findings support parental reflective functioning as a contributor to the quality of parent–child relationship and suggest that a parent’s capacity to reflect on the mental states of his or her child in parent–child interactions may provide a key target for interventions that aim to improve parent–child relationships.

ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP OF PROTECTIVE REFLECTION OF RATIONALIZATION BY CIRCUMSTANCES OF MOTHER AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF CHILD

The article shows the relationship of protective reflection of rationalization by circumstances of mother and psychological well-being of the child. Particular attention is paid to the peculiarities of parent-child relationship, the mother causes the protective reflexes that promote the appearance of certain indicators of psychological distress of the child. The article points out that it is on the extent to which manifested a protective reflex to rationalize the circumstances of mothers with projective character. The scientific novelty of the research is to what extent a manifestation of character accentuations closest to the child rearing adults - mothers, manifested in a protective reflex to rationalize the circumstances and characteristics of parent-child relationships, cause indicators of psychological distress of children. Relevance of the research in the article content is determined by studying the significance of this aspect in connection with the need to create a family and educational institution environment conservation psychological well-being of the child. Baseline confidence in the world, to themselves and people around the child is formed in early childhood with significant adults bringing up and, to a greater extent - the mother. The study has been confirmed the assumption that the psychological disadvantage preschool children, manifested in the form of insecurity, aggression and increased impulsiveness, a substantial originality in the affective, cognitive and behavioral areas. The mechanism that triggers a psychological disadvantage of the child, are not constructive relationship with the child bringing up an adult (in the family - mother), due to safety (pathogenic) reflection. Protective strategies of the Child expressed its cautious and defensive, or aggressive and offensive position, arising in response to the non-constructive attitude towards him adult, contribute to the manifestation of insecurity, aggressiveness, impulsivity, isolation, and other indicators of psychological distress developing the child's personality. These studies have confirmed the dependence of protective reflexes rationalization circumstances of mothers with high and low rates of projective character, the manifestation of them in the parent-child relationship and the impact on the psychological well-being of children.

Language Brokering and Parental Praise and Criticism Among Young Adults from Immigrant Families

Undergraduate college students (N = 139; M age = 20.92, SD = 2.43; 74 % female) from Asian (n = 76), Latino (n = 27) and non-Hispanic White (n = 36) backgrounds participated in an online survey about frequency of language brokering and parent–child relationship characteristics. We found that higher frequency of language brokering for mother was associated with lower levels of regard for and perceived support from mother. However, this negative relationship was explained by maternal praise. Additionally, we found that higher frequency of language brokering for father was associated with lower levels of perceived support from father and this relationship was also mediated by paternal praise. These results further suggest that parenting contexts can shape the parent–child outcomes associated with language brokering.

Corrélats cognitifs et relationnels associés aux troubles de l’attention avec/sans hyperactivité

Objective To retrospectively examine visual attention performances and early parent–child relationship characteristics in an OPD clinical sample of ADHD youths. Method The sample included 20 hyperactive drug naïve youths consecutively referred for attention evaluation to a Child & Adolescent Psychiatry OPD between 2004 and 2006. Demographic and clinical data were collected through a chart review process whereas attentional performances were independently assessed using the Conners's Continuous Performance Task device (CPT-II). Early parent–child relationships data were ascertained through the team consensus best-estimate procedure with respect to Berger's psychoanalytically-derived classification. Results Sixty percent of the sample presented with a DSM-IV-TR inattentive ( n = 1) or mixed ( n = 11) ADHD subtype whereas others participants displayed ADHD nos. Reaction Time (RT) variability was negatively correlated with age and was significantly associated with the DSM–IV-TR ADHD group. Taken separately, none of the Berger's correlates was correlated with either the clinical picture or the CPT performances. However, a composite score of early mother–child adversity was significantly associated with the DSM IV-TR ADHD group and not with the RT variability. Conclusion Our results are consistent with current literature which shows that a high variability in RT is associated with ADHD. However, no association was found between those early nurturing disturbances and cognitive variables such as RT overvariability.

Mother-adolescent physiological synchrony in naturalistic settings: Within-family cortisol associations and moderators.

In this study, the authors examined parent-adolescent cortisol associations in 45 families with adolescent children (24 girls; M age = 15.78 years, SD = 1.44 years). Family members' salivary cortisol levels were measured seven times a day on 2 typical weekdays. Family members provided reports of demographic and health variables, and adolescents rated parent-child relationship characteristics. After accounting for the effects of time of day and relevant demographic and health control variables on cortisol levels, hierarchical linear models indicated the presence of significant covariation over time in mother-adolescent cortisol (i.e., physiological synchrony). Furthermore, moderating tests revealed that mother-adolescent cortisol synchrony was strengthened among dyads characterized by mothers and adolescents spending more time together, and in families rated higher on levels of parent-youth shared activities and parental monitoring or supervision. Analysis of momentary characteristics indicated that maternal presence at the time of cortisol sampling lowered adolescent cortisol levels but did not account for mother-adolescent cortisol synchrony. Within-family physiological synchrony was amplified in momentary contexts of elevated maternal negative affect and elevated adolescent negative affect.

Parent-Child Communication and Parental Involvement in Latino Adolescents

This study examines the associations among parent-child relationship characteristics, acculturation and enculturation, and child externalizing symptoms in a sample of 40 Latino parent-adolescent dyads. Specifically, the associations between parent-child relationship characteristics (i.e., communication and parental involvement) and adolescents' externalizing symptoms are examined. Also examined is whether the relationship between these two aspects of the parent-child relationship and adolescent functioning would be moderated by acculturation and enculturation differences between parents and their children. Significant relationships are found among parent-child communication, parental involvement, and child externalizing behaviors; however, neither the acculturation nor enculturation gap moderates these associations.

Inter-generational relationships at different ages: an attachment perspective

ABSTRACTThis study examines the characteristics of parent-child relationships after childhood from a theoretical attachment perspective. It describes how relationships between adult children and their parents vary by age group of the child on three dimensions that were derived from attachment theory: direction, penetration and quality. Data from 4,589 respondents to the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study were analysed to describe relationships between adult-children and their parents. Analyses of covariance were used to specify differences by age group. The results showed that age had notable effects on relationships between adult children and parents, especially their direction and penetration or centrality. The direction was reversed for parents of children in the two oldest age groups. The level of penetration was lower for the older age groups, and quality was higher in the younger age groups, but the effect size was small. The age effects on the dimensions were qualified by the personal circumstances of the adult children. Having one's own children was associated with different patterns of attachment at different ages. Adult children may be an important source of support for their elderly parents and may even become ‘attachment figures’. Given the current increases in longevity, there could be increasing pressure on adult children to support their parents. Attachment theory is a useful framework for studying the characteristics of inter-generational relationships, also after childhood.