Hysteresis Characteristics Research Articles

Dynamics of the Euler — Bernoully beam with distributed hysteresis properties

In this paper, we present a new mathematical approach to the analysis of a beam with distributed hysteresis properties. These hysteresis characteristics are described by two methods: phenomenological (Bouc — Wen model) and constructive (Prandtl — Ishlinskii model). The equations for beam are developed using the well-known Hamilton method. We investigate the dynamic response of a hysteresis beam under various external loads, including impulse, periodic and seismic loads. The results of numerical simulations show that the hysteresis beam exhibits differently to external influences as compared to the classical Euler-Bernoulli beam. In particular, under the same external loads, the vibration amplitude and energy characteristics of the hysteresis beam are lower than those of the classical one. These findings can be useful for buildings developers in the design of external load resistant buildings and structures

Experimental-Modeling Framework for Identifying Defects Responsible for Reliability Issues in 2D FETs.

In this work, a self-consistent method is used to identify and describe defects plaguing 300 mm integrated 2D field-effect transistors. This method requires measurements of the transfer characteristic hysteresis combined with physics-based modeling of charge carrier capture and emission processes using technology computer aided design (TCAD) tools. The interconnection of experiments and simulations allows one to thoroughly characterize charge trapping/detrapping by/from defects, depending on their energy position. Once the trap energy distribution is extracted, it is used as input in transient TCAD simulations to reproduce the experimental hysteretic transfer characteristics. Our method is widely applicable to any 2D channel/gate stack combination. Here, it is demonstrated on FAB-integrated devices with AlOx/HfO2 gate oxide. A Gaussian-approximated defect band in the AlOx interlayer centered at a position of about 0.1 eV below the conduction band minimum of WS2 is obtained. Based on this energy position, it is concluded that aluminum interstitial and oxygen vacancies are the defects giving rise to the observed hysteresis. These defects are detrimental to the stability of the studied devices as they are easily accessible by channel carriers during on-state operation. A prominent hysteresis obtained during measurements is consistent with this conclusion.

Unlocking Nanoprecipitation: A Pathway to High Reversibility in Nanofluidic Memristors.

Solid-state nanochannels have emerged as a promising platform for the development of ionic circuit components with analog properties to their traditional electronic counterparts. In the last years, nanofluidic devices with memristive properties have attracted special interest due to their applicability in, for example, the construction of brain-like computing systems. In this work, an asymmetric track-etched nanofluidic channel with memory-enhanced ion transport is reported. The results illustrate that the formation of nanoprecipitates on the channel walls induces memory effects in ion transport, leading to characteristic hysteresis loops in the current-voltage curves, a hallmark of memristive behavior. Notably, these memristive properties are achievable with a straightforward experimental setup that combines an aqueous solvent and a relatively low-soluble inorganic salt. The various conductance states can be rapidly and reversibly tuned over prolonged time scales. Furthermore, under appropriate measurement conditions, the nanofluidic device can alternate between different iontronic regimes and states, encompassing ion current rectification, ON-OFF states, and memristor-like behavior. These findings provide insights into the design and optimization of nanofluidic devices for bioinspired ionic circuit components.

Multi-scale modeling and mechanical performance analysis of finger seals with plain woven C/C composite

The application of carbon fibers reinforced carbon matrix (C/C) composite can solve the local wear of metallic finger seals effectively. However, the performance of C/C composite finger seal is complex and variable, which further decreases the sealing performance and life. Therefore, a method of multi-scale modeling and mechanical performance analysis for plain woven C/C composite finger seals was conducted. The circumferential finger beams of C/C composite were modeled by multi-scale structural analysis and weaving simulation. The radial static and dynamic stiffness characteristics of finger beams were investigated. The results showed that the radial static stiffness of the finger beam with three layers was about 3 times that with single layer. The radial stiffness of circumferential finger beams presented a periodic distribution pattern with a period of 90°. The radial dynamic stiffness of C/C composite finger beams increased with the excitation displacement amplitude and rotor speed. But the magnitude and fluctuation degree of dynamic stiffness were greater than those of static stiffness. A large difference in radial stiffness will lead to local wear and hysteretic leakage. This study lays a foundation for the analysis and optimization of the hysteresis and wear characteristics of C/C composite finger seals.

A study on BaTiO3 – NiFe2O4 composite; microstructure, multiferroic and magnetodielectric properties

The lead-free x NiFe2O4 – (1-x) BaTiO3 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) multiferroic composites were prepared via the solid-state sintering technique. Microstructure, multiferroic, and magnetodielectric properties of composites were investigated. According to the XRD data (from x = 5 to 15 wt%), the tetragonality factor (cT/aT) and unit cell volume of the BaTiO3 (BTO) crystal system diminished. Based on SEM images, ferromagnetic NiFe2O4 (NFO) grains are uniformly dispersed in the ferroelectric BTO matrix without additional reaction in the interfaces of two phases. The highest values of dielectric (dielectric constant (εr) ∼ 1905 and dielectric loss factor (tan δ) ∼ 0.049) and ferroelectric properties (saturation polarization (PS) ∼ 13 μC/cm2 and remnant polarization (Pr) ∼ 10 μC/cm2) are attained for x = 5 wt% due to the lowest NFO (non-ferroelectric) concentration. Also, with increasing ferrite concentration (up to 15 wt%), the ferroelectric properties of the composites show a gradual decrease. The saturation magnetization (MS) values rise due to increasing ferrite concentration (from 2 to 5 emu/g for x = 5 to 15 wt%). Moreover, coercivity (HC) drops from 150 to 110 Oe. The simultaneous observation of the ferroelectric and ferromagnetic characteristic hysteresis loops confirmed the multiferroic effect for x = 5, 10, and 15 wt%. The highest magnetodielectric constant (3 %) is obtained for x = 15 wt% multiferroic composite at the applied magnetic field of 6 kOe.

Magnetic hysteresis of Sm1-x Gdx Co3 Cu2 alloys

The paper presents the results of a comprehensive study of the hysteresis characteristics of Sm1−𝑥Gd𝑥Co3Cu2 alloys (x=0.1–0.9), considering their actual microstructure. It is shown that in the as-cast state, all alloys in the series are significantly heterogeneous and contain inclusions of up to three phase components. Hightemperature annealing at 1050∘C for 4 hours enables modifying the microstructure of the original alloys, however, a single-phase state was only achieved for alloy samples with 𝑥 = 0.1. The high-coercivity state of the samples is provided by a regular microstructure and is implemented through the pinning mechanism. The maximum coercive force of 0.94 T was achieved on the Sm0.4Gd0.6Co3Cu2

Base joint hysteresis model for reinforced concrete assembly columns with post-pouring area

In response to the problem of uncontrollable grouting quality of traditional grouting sleeves in the connection between prefabricated components, a column base joint with post pouring area connected by grouting sleeves (PCGS) is proposed. Both the sleeve and post pouring area could cause differences in hysteresis characteristics between prefabricated and cast-in-place components. In order to investigate the hysteresis model of PCGS column base joint, the cyclic load tests and finite element parametric analysis of PCGS column base joint were conducted. The theoretical calculation method for load and displacement of PCGS column base joint at yield, peak, and ultimate characteristic points was established based on equivalent rectangular stress and plastic hinge length in joint area. The average ratios of theoretical calculations to test results for load and displacement at the above three characteristic points are 0.997, 0.983, and 0.983, and 1.020, 1.041, and 0.970, respectively, indicating that the theoretical calculation method can accurately predict the strength and deformation of PCGS column base joint. The dimensionless skeleton curve model with double broken lines in the elastic and strengthening stages, and exponential function in descending stage has been established based on the test and simulated results. The degradation behavior of unloading stiffness and bearing capacity was quantitatively described using the regression fitting method, and the hysteresis rule was defined. The established hysteresis model can effectively reflect the strength and stiffness degradation under cyclic loading, which can provide guidance for the elastic-plastic seismic response analysis of PCGS column base joint.

Analysis of the impact of key similarity criteria numbers of TBCC inlet during the mode transition

Abstract A simplified configuration was developed to facilitate the mode transition process within an over-under Turbine-Based Combined Cycle (TBCC) inlet. Leveraging dynamic mesh technology, an unsteady numerical simulation of the mode transition was conducted, emphasising the flow characteristics of the mode transition and the impact of key similarity criteria numbers. The findings indicate that at an incoming Mach number of 2.0, the mode transition is paired with a continuous alteration in the capture mass flow of the high-speed duct. This continual change instigates the inlet unstarting, with subsequent flow characteristics being contingent on the historical effect, exhibiting a degree of hysteresis characteristics. When the scale effect is considered, it is observed that a larger model scale results in higher Reynolds (Re) and Strouhal (St) numbers. This directly contributes to a notable delay in the unstart moment, a decrease in the unstart interval, and an enlargement of the hysteresis loop. An examination of control variables reveals that the Re number marginally influences mode transition characteristics, while the St number’s effect constitutes approximately 90% of the scale effect. This conclusively demonstrates that the St number is the predominant similarity criterion number in the mode transition process.

Experiment and restoring force model study of precast shear walls with new rabbet-unbonded horizontal connection

The 'rabbet-unbonded horizontal connection' (RUHC) is a new connection form of precast shear wall. This study conducted a low-cycle repeated loading test on three RUHC walls to investigate the hysteretic performance of the walls with the 'axial compression ratio' and 'unbonded level' as the main variables and the results showed that the above two parameters remarkably affected the seismic performance of RUHC walls. Based on the analysis of test skeleton and hysteresis curve characteristic, the influence of parameters such as axial compression ratio and unbonded level on the load and displacement during the loading process was analyzed. The theoretical values of yield, peak and limit points were calculated, and the skeleton curve model was proposed. Moreover, the unloading stiffness formula was proposed by the non-linear relation of dimensionless parameters and Matlab software fitting, and the hysteresis rule model was established. Finally, a three-fold-linear restoring force model of RUHC walls composed of the theoretical skeleton curve and hysteresis rule was established and verified. This model provides an effective prediction for the hysteresis characteristics and a theoretical basis for conducting elastic-plastic analysis of RUHC structures.

Behaviors of anthracite under differential cyclic loading (DCL) after wet and dry cycling: Deformability and hysteresis characteristics

Behaviors of anthracite under differential cyclic loading (DCL) after wet and dry cycling: Deformability and hysteresis characteristics

Finite element analysis of hysteretic characteristics of steel member under cyclic loading

Abstract In this paper, the square, H-shaped and C-shaped steel members with three cross-section forms are selected. Considering the cross-section form, slenderness ratio and constraints at both ends, the force-displacement curve and single-ring energy consumption of steel members under cyclic loading are simulated and analysed. The buckling performance and hysteresis characteristics of steel members with different properties are compared. The results show that the section form has the greatest influence on the energy dissipation level of the component. The hysteretic performance of H-shaped section member is the best, followed by C-shaped section member and square section member. The energy consumption level of the component is negatively correlated with the slenderness ratio, and the single-cycle energy consumption of the steel component decreases with the increase of the slenderness ratio. The constraint condition has the smallest influence on the energy consumption level of the component, and the energy consumption of the component under the end solid-solid constraint and solid-hinge constraint is similar.

A nonlinear hysteresis compensation control of hydro-viscous drive in air transport operations

The Hydro-Viscous Drive (HVD) speed regulating system finds extensive application in air transport transmission systems to regulate the stepless speed or conduct overload protection. However, its intrinsic hysteretic behaviors, such as the asymmetric hysteretic and dead zone, could introduce inaccuracy and delay in control applications, posing challenges to system regulation. This paper investigates a Nonlinear Hysteresis Compensation Control (NHCC) that consists of two parts to control the HVD output speed by operating the valve under different engine operating conditions. In the first part, the Inverse Hysteresis Compensator (IHC) based on major loop data is introduced for the asymmetric hysteresis characterization and compensation of the HVD speed control system of the power generation and distribution, which aims to reduce the hysteresis and dead zone effect and expand the effective input range. In the second part, the Active Disturbance Rejection Controller (ADRC) is employed to mitigate the hysteresis effects of the compensated system and remove the steady-state error, which allows real-time compensation of the estimated perturbations as state feedback to achieve the required performance. An experimental laboratory station has been fabricated to evaluate the proposed method. The test results show that the NHCC method can regulate the fan speed to the desired value (|e|< 45 r/min at steady state) and broaden the effective input range to the full range under different engine conditions. Besides, the proposed control method can reduce the non-linearity of the input and output curves (from 18% to 4%) and compensate for the asymmetric hysteresis (from 38% to 5%).

Adaptive hysteresis compensation control of a macro-fiber composite bimorph by improved reinforcement learning

The hysteresis characteristics related to the frequency and amplitude of the control signal seriously affect the precision of the displacement tracking control of the macro-fiber composite (MFC) bimorph. The traditional feedforward compensator tends to exhibit low precision in controlling displacement. Although it enhances the control accuracy to a certain extent by incorporating a feedback controller, the existing feedback controller has a weak adaptive ability. Thus, the Q-learning (QL) algorithm is combined with the Bouc-Wen (BW) feedforward compensator in this study. The output voltage from the BW compensator has a more significant impact on the control accuracy and convergence speed of the QL algorithm. Therefore, this paper proposes an improved QL (IQL) algorithm that leverages the control error. Moreover, a BW-IQL adaptive control method is proposed to realize precise adaptive control of the MFC bimorph. Experimental comparisons are performed with the proposed method and the traditional BW, BW-PID, and BW-fuzzy PID controllers. The BW-IQL controller reduces the average relative errors of the three controllers by 86.9%, 59.9%, and 41.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, the Q̄ table plays a major role in error suppression in the IQL controller. These results verify that the BW-IQL control method has higher adaptability and accuracy.

Research and Application Status of Soft Steel Dampers

Soft steel dampers have stable hysteresis characteristics and can effectively dissipate energy under repeated loads, providing good shock absorption effects for structures. It can be used for both seismic design of new buildings and seismic reinforcement of existing buildings. Suitable for various structural forms of buildings, including concrete structures, steel structures, and heavy-duty wooden structures. It is also applied in bridge structures, which can effectively reduce the vibration response of bridges under earthquake, wind vibration, etc., and improve the seismic performance and safety of bridges. Countries with rapid development in the application of structural control technology, such as the United States, Japan, Canada, New Zealand, and Mexico, are the main ones. Italy, France, Russia, Singapore, and other countries are also actively applying it in practical engineering. More than a hundred buildings abroad have adopted soft steel dampers.

Residual Vibration Suppression of Piezoelectric Inkjet Printing Based on Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm.

Piezoelectric inkjet printing technology, known for its high precision and cost-effectiveness, has found extensive applications in various fields. However, the issue of residual vibration significantly limits its printing quality and efficiency. This paper presents a method for suppressing residual vibration based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Initially, an improved PI model considering the nonlinear hysteresis characteristics of piezoelectric ceramics is established, and the model is identified through a strain gauge circuit to ensure its accuracy in describing the nonlinear hysteresis characteristics. Subsequently, a dynamic model of the piezoelectric inkjet printing system is constructed, with precise parameter identification achieved using the self-induction principle. This enables precise simulation of residual vibration. Finally, the driving waveform is optimized based on the PSO algorithm, with iterative calculations employed to find the optimal combination of driving waveform parameters, effectively suppressing residual vibration while ensuring sufficient injection energy. The results indicate that this method significantly reduces the amplitude of residual vibration, thereby effectively enhancing printing quality and stability. This research offers a novel solution for residual vibration suppression in piezoelectric inkjet printing technology, potentially advancing its applications in printing and biofabrication.

Using magneto-optical effects in soft X-ray reflectivity to study current driven magnetization reversal

The soft X-ray reflectivity technique is frequently utilized for studying magnetization reversal in thin films due to its elemental and depth sensitivity. The characteristic hysteresis loops measured with this technique are dependent on both the magnetization direction in magnetic materials and the incident soft X-ray polarization. In this note, we have discussed these magneto-optical effects in soft X-ray reflectivity measurements. These effects can be exploited to probe magnetization reversal mechanisms driven by stimuli beyond conventional means of magnetic field. To demonstrate this, we have presented our investigations on current-induced magnetization switching in ferromagnet (FM)/heavy metal(HM) heterostructures.

Piecewise modified Prandtl-Ishlinskii model for precise nano-positioning

Piezoelectric ceramic, an indispensable micro-nano actuator, has advantages of small size, high sensitivity and strong controllability, which is widely applied in various fields like micro-nano processing, medicine, chemistry and materials. However, its nonlinear and asymmetric hysteresis features directly affect its positioning accuracy. The classical and generalized Prandtl-Ishlinskii models with linear symmetry operators are commonly used to deal with these issues, but they still face difficulties in asymmetric systems. Therefore, a piecewise modified Prandtl-Ishlinskii (PMPI) model is proposed to compensate nonlinear and asymmetric hysteresis in this paper. The new nonlinear operator and piecewise nonlinear envelope function are introduced into the PMPI model. Independent right and left parts are adopted to describe hysteresis increasing and decreasing stages, while the threshold and weight vectors correspond to them. Weight vectors are extended and a new diagonal matrix is constructed for avoiding excessive parameters and computation. Simulations and experiments are shown that the PMPI model has good compensation performance and effectiveness, which has better fitting, higher accuracy, fewer parameters and computation, and can be well applied to the precise nano-positioning systems with less nonlinear and asymmetric errors.

Investigation of recessed‐source/drain SOI feedback FET‐based integrate and fire neuron circuit with compact model of threshold switching devices

AbstractIn this article, the investigation of recessed‐source/drain (Re‐S/D) SOI feedback FET (FBFET)‐based integrate and fire (IF) neuron circuit parameters is presented using a threshold switching device compact model. FBFETs offer high ION and low SS with minimal power consumption, operating efficiently at lower voltages and currents than conventional MOSFETs. Utilizing ION/IOFF ratio and threshold voltage limits (Vt2/Vt1) of the device, a model is developed to mimic hysteresis characteristics, which is then used to implement an IF neuron circuit. Our findings show that altering the Re‐S/D thickness between 0 and 50 nm enhances the ION of the device under study while decreasing hysteresis width. We detected a significant increase in output spike frequency of 46.8% and 65.14% for input current pulse amplitudes of 5 and 20 nA, respectively. Furthermore, increasing the Re‐S/D thickness from 0 to 50 nm led to a significant 29.97% enhancement in spike amplitude. In addition, when using input current pulse amplitudes of 5 and 20 nA, we saw energy savings per spike of 3.36% and 12.7%, respectively. At the same time, there was an increase in power of 8.69% and 9.54%. These enhancements in performance metrics establish our proposed integrate and fire neuron circuit as a promising candidate for efficient neuromorphic system implementation.

Role of vacuum diffusing temperature and time on improving hysteresis characteristics of grain boundary diffused NdFeB permanent magnets by Dy-metal vapor sorption

This study investigates the impact of vacuum grain boundary diffusion (GBD) conditions on sintered NdFeB permanent magnets using Dy-vapor sorption. The study analyzed variables such as vacuum diffusing treatment temperature (T), time (t), and diffusion depth (d). In a 4.5 mm-thick cube-shaped magnet, Dy diffusion increased intrinsic coercivity from 13.13 kOe to 20.56 kOe (56.6 %) with only a 1.5 % reduction in remanence for a modified two-stage grain boundary diffused magnet (940 °C/8 h + 950 °C/0.5 h), achieving commercial G52SH grade. This enhancement exceeds previous GBD studies on non-rare earth compounds or alloys. FE-EPMA analysis attributed the increased coercivity to a continuous Dy-rich region within Nd2Fe14B grains and a thicker core-shell structure forming the (Nd,Dy)2Fe14B phase, which suppresses reversed domain formation. Glow discharge optical emission spectrometer (GDOES) analysis revealed a 2.57 times increase in peak Dy content and a 1.9 times increase in deeper Dy content at 10 μm from the magnet surface compared to the original process. These findings indicate that Dy vapor sorption, combined with a modified two-stage vacuum heat treatment, enhances both the concentration and depth of Dy grain boundary diffusion. Furthermore, the resulting magnet has a clean surface without additional cleaning, beneficial for producing low-cost, high-performance NdFeB magnets.

Analysis of axial force variations and seismic performance of subway station columns under earthquake loading

Central column failure is a predominant seismic damage mode in subway station structures. During seismic events, the central columns’ vertical compressive force, as indicated by the axial compression ratio (ACR), undergoes continuous variations, significantly impacting both their failure modes and the seismic performance. This study involved establishing a finite element model of a subway station and conducting time history analyses to identify the distinct variation patterns of ACR in central columns for various seismic design scenarios. Based on these summarized patterns, appropriate ACR variations were designed for the columns, and the validity of the column model was confirmed using experimental data, enabling analyses of their failure modes and hysteresis characteristics under cyclic loads. Lastly, a sensitivity analysis of the parameters associated with the central columns was performed. The results demonstrated that the horizontal displacement and the ACR of the top of the central column were asynchronous, the frequency of the latter was 1.4–3.8 times that of the former, and the amplitude of the ACR was 0.08–0.68. When the frequency of the variable ACR was odd times, the damage and hysteresis curve of the column showed obvious asymmetry and harmfulness, and it exacerbated the damage to the core concrete of the column. Compared to applying a constant ACR, the bearing capacity and energy dissipation of the column were even reduced by about 50 % and 74 %, respectively. The specimens with the upper limit value of 0.95 of variable ACR had even more adverse effects on the damage and hysteresis behavior of the column than the scheme with a constant ACR of 0.95. In addition, the even multiple frequency of variable ACR had a limited effect on the seismic performance of the column, but the harm caused by the large amplitude variation of variable ACR could not be ignored. As to the impacts of structural parameters under cyclic loadings, elevating the longitudinal reinforcement ratio and decreasing the stirrup spacing within the central columns would substantially enhance energy dissipation capacity, with a maximum increase of about 69 %. Meanwhile, for columns with the same cross-sectional area, square columns exhibited superior hysteresis behavior compared to their circular counterparts. The findings of this study could provide guidance for the engineering design of the central columns.