Characteristics Of Groundwater Quality Research Articles

Assessment of spatio-temporal characteristics of groundwater quality at Khordha District, India

Groundwater is the major basis for drinking in various parts of our country. However, it gets contaminated by the toxic materials found in rocks, because of which it becomes unfit for various domestic and irrigation purposes. In present study, the groundwater quality and its availability for various purposes were examined by the parameters such as pH, DO, EC, TDS, temperature, salinity, Alkalinity, Total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, chloride, fluoride, nitrate and phosphate during the post monsoonseason of 2022 and pre monsoon season of 2023 from 49 sampling locations. The above mentioned parameters were used for assessing appropriateness of groundwater for irrigation and domestic purposes by comparing them with the Bureau of Indian standards (BIS). The results revealed that groundwater shows wide variations among various parameters between two seasons during 2022–23. Obtained results show that water used for potable purposes by people in various parts of study area doesn’t meet necessary standards.In some of the sampling locations, it is found that the water exhibits very poor quality or unfit maybe for one season or both seasons. Analysis of parameters is done for calculating correlation coefficient of specified parameters. Strong linear relationships, both positive and negative, were found between several pairs of water quality measures according to their research.

Assessing groundwater quality dynamics in Madhya Pradesh: Chemical contaminants and their temporal patterns

Groundwater is essential for maintaining ecosystem health and overall well-being as a pivotal resource for plants and animals. The increasing public consciousness of the deterioration of groundwater quality has emphasized the significance of undertaking extended evaluations of groundwater water quality, particularly in regions undergoing substantial hydrological alterations. This study primarily aims to investigate the spatio-temporal variations in groundwater quality and evaluate its suitability for potable purposes in the region of Madhya Pradesh. The study combines the Mann-Kendall (MK) test and Sen's Slope (SS) to analyze the changes in groundwater quality of all 51 districts of Madhya Pradesh, India, utilizing 12 water quality indices using MATLAB. Data was sourced from the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) in India from the year 2001–2021. The data was then tested for homogeneity at all 1154 sampling stations using the software XLSTAT. Piper plot clustering characterized the state's groundwater as bicarbonate-calcium-magnesium (HCO3−-Ca2+-Mg2+) type. The study found that the groundwater in the area is heavily impacted by high levels of nitrate and hardness, which is caused by an increase in multivalent cations. The water was classified as ranging from hard to extremely hard, and approximately 25.49% of the state's groundwater has nitrate levels that exceed the acceptable limits. The MK test showed a significant increasing correlation in trends for parameters such as nitrate, sulfate, fluoride, chloride, bicarbonate, total hardness, and electrical conductivity. It also showed a significant decreasing correlation for calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. These results were observed at a confidence level of 95%. The analysis of trends has shown that human-related factors have a considerable effect on the characteristics of groundwater quality. It is therefore recommended that such human-related factors be taken into consideration when developing policies for managing groundwater resources. Consequently, these policies should emphasize the strict enforcement of rules and standards that limit the overuse of fertilizers, ensure the appropriate disposal of municipal solid and liquid wastes, and regulate industrial pollutants.

The Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Groundwater Quality in Some Coastal Areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

This study analyzed the physico-chemical characteristics of groundwater quality in some coastal areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The study utilized primary data obtained from thirty boreholes in the area. The primary data consist of water quality parameters obtained from laboratory analysis of collected groundwater samples in the study area. Spatial distribution of groundwater constituents was carried out using ArcGIS 10.4 software. The result indicated that the groundwater in the coastal areas id acidic (pH ranges from 3.9 to 6.4); chloride ranges from 2.0mg/l to 52.0mg/l; total dissolved solids ranges from 4.8mg/l to 128.2mg/l; nitrate ranges from <0.01mg/l to 10.0mg/l; and turbidity ranges from 1.0 NTU to 3.11 NTU. The result also indicates that the groundwater is saline (salinity level range from 4.32mg/l to 85.8mg/l); turbidity at some locations also exceeds permissible standards. The study revealed that the quality of groundwater in the coastal areas is poor and not suitable for human consumption acidic and saline. Therefore, the groundwater in the coastal areas should be treated for acidity and salinity before domestic use.

Hydrogeochemical and multivariate statistical approaches to investigate the characteristics of groundwater quality in fluoride-enriched hard rock region in Tirupathur district of Tamil Nadu, India.

Fluoride pollution is a major issue worldwide, posing health risks such as dental and skeletal fluorosis. This study was conducted in fluoride enrichment hard rock regions of Vaniyambadi and Ambur talks in Tirupathur district, Tamil Nadu. Four hundred eighty groundwater samples were collected from May 2021 to April 2022 and grouped as summer, southwest monsoon (SWM), northeast monsoon (NEM), and winter. Maximum concentration of fluoride was found to be 4mg/L in the summer season in Vellakuttai region of Vaniyambadi taluk. The study aims to investigate the hydrogeochemical process and mechanism influencing groundwater chemistry and it also provides the confirmation of exploratory data analysis in groundwater quality using structural equation modeling. The Piper and Gibbs diagrams illustrate the rock-water interaction and anthropogenic sources that contribute to the NaHCO3 and NaCl-type waters, respectively. Multivariate statistical analysis such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), multiple linear regression (MLR), and structural equation modeling (SEM) has been carried out to determine the groundwater quality. HCA manifests the nature and sources of groundwater, whereas PCA divides all the physicochemical parameters into two PC loadings, accounting for 97.46%, 99.46%, 99.18%, and 98.93% of cumulative % of variance during the summer, SWM, NEM, and winter seasons, respectively. PC1 has a higher loading factor to Cl, Ca, and Mg, whereas PC2 has a higher loading factor to Na, HCO3, SO4, and NO3. The results of the MLR model provide higher accuracy in detecting the contamination factors associated with the environment and natural rocks. SEM revealed the goodness-of-fit indices 0.993, 0.999, 1.000, and 0.999 in summer, SWM, NEM, and winter, respectively. Hence, this study provides insight view of variation of fluoride concentration in groundwater in different seasons and also mentions the factors that influence fluoride concentration in Vaniyambadi and Ambur taluk.

Groundwater quality characteristics and health risk assessment in the valley plain area of the western Qinghai–Tibet plateau

Accurate evaluation of groundwater chemistry, quality, and human health risk could provide detailed and robust evidence of groundwater utilization. Gaer County is an important residential area in western Tibet. A total of 52 samples were collected from the Shiquan River Basin in Gaer County in 2021. Principal component analysis, ratiometric analysis of major ions, and geochemical modeling were conducted to clarify the characteristics of hydrogeochemical compositions and the controlling factors. The groundwater chemistry type is dominated by HCO3–Ca, and its ion concentration from high to low is Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ and HCO3− > SO42− > Cl− > NO3− > F−. The groundwater compositions were determined by calcite and dolomite dissolution with cation exchange reaction. The human activity causes nitrate contamination, while arsenic contamination is attributed to surface water recharge. According to the Water Quality Index, 99% of the samples meet the requirements of drinking water. Groundwater quality is affected by the arsenic, fluoride, and nitrate concentrations. According to the human health risk assessment model, the cumulative noncarcinogenic risk (HITotal) values for children and the CR values of arsenic (CRArsenic) for adults are higher than 1 and 1E-6, respectively, which are unacceptable risk values. Therefore, appropriate remedial measures are recommended to reduce nitrate and arsenic concentrations in groundwater sources for protecting against further health risks. This study can provide theoretical support and effective groundwater management experience for ensuring groundwater safety in Gaer County and other similar regions around the world.

Hydrogeological feasibility of mine water deep geological storage in Baotashan coarse sandstone: A case study in Ordos Basin

AbstractFor the sake of mine water drainage and sustainable groundwater protection, the new approach of mine water deep geological storage (MWDGS) is highly necessary to save water resources in the semi‐arid region of China. However, up to now, little academic research has been done on mine water geological storage. Given this situation, the hydrogeological feasibility of MWDGS was explored in Baotashan coarse sandstone (BCS) of Jurassic measure in Ordos Basin. The results show that the white‐gray BCS with a fragile skeleton of quartz (41.4%), feldspar (21.1%), and clay minerals (16.4%) provides the potential variable‐void for mine water; and its hydro‐chemical type of BCS aquifer is CO3‐Na and Cl‐Na. As the burial depth increases, the strong alkaline groundwater is in stagnant and poor recharge‐runoff‐discharge condition. The lab test shows that the pores whose diameter is over 10 μm could be treated as the main storage of mine water; and the effective porosity varies from 1.36% to 3.46%. When mine water is injected, the strong hydrodynamics of mine water storage would change the permeability significantly and about 0.201% soluble solids would be dissolved. Partial clay minerals obstruct the pores and induce the saturated phase of high permeability to evolve into steady phase of lower permeability. Under the condition of nonhydraulic fracturing during continuous storage, the heterogeneous anisotropic medium obtained by Transition PRObability GeoStatistics (TPROGS) shows that the capacity of BCS aquifer is 0.455 to 1.226 Mm3 for 1 km2 in the study area. The simulation shows that the groundwater mound in well‐scale and mine‐scale would be formed. The groundwater quality characteristics of “Three Zone” would occur around and gradually drop to approximate the original brine within 10 years. The hydrogeological feasibility reveals that this approach is useful for the well design and groundwater environment management during the mine water deep geological storage project in the Ordos basin.

Spatiotemporal characteristics of groundwater quality and health risk assessment in Jinghe River Basin, Chinese Loess Plateau

Groundwater is a very important natural resource for humanity, however, the degradation of groundwater quality caused by anthropogenic activities may pose a serious hazard to human health and ecosystem. In this study, 143 groundwater samples were analyzed to investigate the spatiotemporal variations of hydrochemistry, groundwater quality and potential human health risk of groundwater in Jinghe River Basin, Chinese Loess Plateau. Based on the mean concentrations value (MCV) and over-standard rate (OSR), the groundwater in Jinghe River Basin were divided into three groups: Group Ⅰ (high MCV: greater than standard values and high OSR: ≥ 10 %) contains TDS (total dissolved solids), TH (total harness), SO42-, F- and Fe; Group Ⅱ (low MCV and high OSR) contains pH, Cl-, NO3-, Cr6+ and As, Group Ⅲ (low MCV and low OSR) contains NO2-, NH4+, Zn, Mn, Pb, I- and Cd. The results of set pair assessment indicated that the unsuitable and doubtful class of comprehensive groundwater quality are mainly distributed in the northern part of study area, accounting for 29 % and 13.6 % of the area in 2004 and 2015, respectively. Human health risk assessment based on the triangular fuzzy number suggested that the variation of risk levels in different age groups is Children > Adult Men > Adult Women. Average carcinogenic risks of As in groundwater for the three groups exceed the acceptable level, and non-carcinogenic risk of NO3- for Children is higher than the acceptable threshold. The findings of this study provide valuable insight into the spatiotemporal characteristics of groundwater quality and potential health risks of polluted groundwater by anthropogenic activities.

Hydrochemical characteristics and identification of groundwater pollution sources in tropical savanna.

Groundwater pollution of the watershed is mainly influenced by the multifaceted interactions of natural and anthropogenic processes. In this study, classic chemical and multivariate statistical methods were utilized to assess the groundwater quality and ascertain the potential contamination sources affecting the groundwater quality of Galma sub-watershed in a tropical savanna. For this purpose, the data set of 18 groundwater quality variables covering 57 different sampling boreholes (BH) was used. The groundwater samples essentially contained the cations in the following order of dominance: Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+. However, the anions had HCO3- > Cl- > SO4-2 > NO3- respectively. The hydrochemical facies classified the groundwater types of the sub-watershed into mixed Ca-Mg-Cl type of water, which means no cations and anions exceeds 50%. The second dominant water type was Ca-Cl. The Mg-HCO3 water type was found in BH 9, and Na-Cl water type in BH 29 of the studied area. The weathering of the basement rocks was responsible for the concentrations of these ions in the groundwater chemistry of the sub-watershed. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) grouped the groundwater samples (boreholes) into five clusters that are statistically significant regarding the similarities of groundwater quality characteristics. The principal component analysis (PCA) extracted two major principal components explained around 65% of the variance and suggested the natural and anthropogenic processes especially the agricultural pollutants including synthetic fertilizers, and leaching of agricultural waste as the main factors affecting the groundwater quality. The integrated method proved to be efficient and robust for groundwater quality evaluation, as it guaranteed the precise assessment of groundwater chemistry in the sub-watershed of the tropical savanna. The findings of this investigation could be useful to the policy makers for developing effective groundwater management plans for the groundwater resources and protection of the sub-watershed.

Spatiotemporal Variation Characteristics of Groundwater Quality in A Semi-Arid Steppe Area in Northwest China

In this paper, the open-pit coal mine in semi-arid grassland was taken as the research object. The water samples of the open-pit coal mine and its surrounding areas were collected and the hydrochemical parameters were detected. The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, and dissolved oxygen in the groundwater were studied. The results showed that the groundwater in the study area was alkaline and brackish water. Climate factors might have a certain impact on the pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen of groundwater. The pH value of groundwater in the mining area was higher than that in the surrounding pastoral area, while the conductivity value of the mining area was between the pastoral area in the west and the Xilin river area in the east. The parameters of pH, conductivity and total dissolved solids of the four monitoring wells around the mining area showed a slow change or stable phenomenon in the vertical direction with the increase of groundwater depth. This study is of great significance to understand the characteristics of groundwater chemistry in mining areas and the rational development and utilization of groundwater resources.

Retraction Note: Groundwater quality characteristics based on remote sensing images and influencing factors of English network autonomous learning

Retraction Note: Groundwater quality characteristics based on remote sensing images and influencing factors of English network autonomous learning

Sources and fate of excessive ammonium in the Quaternary sediments on the Dongting Plain, China

Excessive ammonia-nitrogen (N) in aquifers has caused groundwater pollution on the Dongting Plain (DTP), which seriously threatens the safety of drinking water. It is urgent and necessary to determine the sources and enrichment mechanisms of ammonia-N in groundwater. Carrying out water and soil collaborative research on a three-dimensional scale can more comprehensively analyze the sources of N, including natural and anthropogenic sources. In this study, surface and groundwater quality characteristics were examined from a total of 77 sites on the DTP. Two subsequent boreholes were drilled in the high ammonia concentration area and normal groundwater area, respectively, to compare the effects of anthropogenic activities. Indicators from hydrogeochemical and pedogeochemical analyses, as well as various isotopes, including δ15N-NH4+, δ15N-TON, δ15N-NO3−, δ18O-NO3−, δ18O-H2O, δD-H2O, and δ13C-TOC were used to identify ammonium sources and transformation mechanisms in the strata. We found that the sediments were contaminated by manure and sewage in the aquifers, and part of the shallow groundwater was additionally contaminated by nitrogen fertilizers. Excessive ammonium-N was also detected in the deep aquitards and sediments, which were mainly dominated by mineralization. Ammonia oxidation (with weak hydroxylamine oxidation) is an important biogeochemical process in which ammonia and nitrate do not accumulate in oxidizing groundwater environments. However, heterotrophic nitrification (HN) and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) are the release mechanisms for excessive ammonium-N under reducing conditions. In addition, organic matter (OM) on the DTP had a wide range of biogeochemical proxies generated by phytoplankton within a lake, and the comparatively resilient terrestrial organic residues washed in from the surrounding terrestrial area. This study breaks through the conventional mechanisms for the release of excessive ammonium from sediments to aquifers, which provides new ideas for research on ammonium in sediments and ammonia in groundwater.

Groundwater quality evaluation model based on set pair analysis and its application

Evaluation of groundwater quality has an important role in groundwater management and conservation. Addressing the uncertain characteristics of groundwater quality as affected by multiple interacting factors – and the factors being changeable, random and fuzzy – sample test data from 20 hydrogeologic boreholes in a study area in Fenggang town, Zunyi city, China were collected and a groundwater quality evaluation model was built based on set pair analysis. Through expressions of the connection degree and decomposition of the degree of discrepancy and calculation of the comprehensive fuzzy connection degree, results of groundwater quality evaluation in the study area were obtained. The reliability and validity of the model were proved by comparing the results with the actual situation. This new groundwater quality evaluation method reflects the characteristics of groundwater quality controlled by multiple factors and factor uncertainty.

Groundwater quality for drinking purpose in Pennagaram block, Dharmapuri district, Tamilnadu, India

Groundwater is an essential source of water due to its substantial use of domestic, irrigation and industrial purpose. The present study was pointed to examine the groundwater quality of groundwater in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons on the year of 2013 at Pennagaram block of Dharmapuri district, Tamilnadu. A few groundwater samples of the study area were analyzed for their physico-chemical parameters (APHA, 1998). The spatial distribution map provides a clear explanation for hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater quality for domestic and irrigational purpose in both the seasons. The results of showed the most of the groundwater samples in the study area showed that the pH is slightly acidic to alkaline in nature. The TDS and EC content of the samples in PRM and POM were measured and found 80% of the samples within the WHO limit (1500 mg/L). The water constituents are highly adjustable with respect to cationic and anionic constituents. However, to summarize the average of cations is Ca2+ ˃ Na+ ˃ Mg2+ ˃ K+ and anions are Cl-> HCO3 > SO4 > NO3 > F. The spatial analysis output indicates that in some stations there is need for some degree of treatment for groundwater in the study area before consumption.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Groundwater quality characteristics based on remote sensing images and influencing factors of English network autonomous learning

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Groundwater quality characteristics based on remote sensing images and influencing factors of English network autonomous learning

Simulation of Groundwater Quality Characteristics using Artificial Neural Network

This paper reports the study of groundwater quality assessment in Boluwaduro community, Ofatedo in Osun State. In addition, it utilized the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) tool in MATLAB Software to simulate the water quality parameters/contaminants. Water samples were taken from 18 randomly selected dugwells and subjected to physico-chemicals and microbiological analysis. The mean concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, lead and iron are 20.12 mg/L, 0.78 mg/L, 0.159 mg/L and 0.35 mg/L respectively. Total plate counts range between 27 – 96 cfu/mL with growth in all the water samples. The ANN structure was trained in several rounds till satisfactory output was obtained with correlation value of R2 = 0.97. Simulation of the pH using ANN provides a good match at 10% increment of chloride, nitrate and iron and the pH value of the water sources increased with the corresponding increase in the concentrations of the parameters. The generated model for TDS gave a good prediction with total hardness and magnesium respectively. The concentrations of some metals in the wells are not safe for drinking; it could pose danger to users of the water sources. It is therefore recommended that the wells in the community should be subjected to routine monitoring and treatment of the contaminants should be enforced.

Characteristics of Ground Water Quality around the Tsunami-Stricken Agricultural Lands in the Pacific Coast Area of Aomori Prefecture

Characteristics of Ground Water Quality around the Tsunami-Stricken Agricultural Lands in the Pacific Coast Area of Aomori Prefecture

Groundwater Quality Characteristics of Pollution Concerned Area in Gyeongnam Using Groundwater Quality Monitoring Data

Groundwater Quality Characteristics of Pollution Concerned Area in Gyeongnam Using Groundwater Quality Monitoring Data

Hydrochemical and statistical study of the groundwater salinization in the region of Gabes in Tunisia

Marine intrusion is the most serious problem facing aquifers in coastal areas. These aquifers are considered as important sources of freshwater, especially in arid areas. The Gabes Jeffara aquifer, located in south-eastern Tunisia, has been recognized as an industrial area specialized in mining phosphate processing industry. Furthermore, the region has also been intensively exploited to supply the growing needs of agriculture and domestic sectors. Degradation of groundwater and the possibility of marine intrusion became a serious concern of the communities. This work proposes a multidisciplinary investigation involving hydro-geochemical and geostatistical techniques to investigate the characteristics of groundwater quality and identify the origin of its salinization. For this purpose, 43 water samples were conducted and analyzed in different locations of the study area (Ghannouch and Mareth cities). Electric conductivity, pH, salinity and major ions were measured and analyzed. Piper and pie diagrams, and geostatistical analysis were used to assess groundwater mineralization. Results show that dominant chemical facies are Na-Cl-Ca-SO4 (sodium, chloride, calcium, sulphate) due to rock-water interaction, suggesting that dissolution of halite was the main mineralization source of groundwater in the study area. However, saltwater intrusion was shown to control groundwater quality in some points so we can talk about a local saltwater intrusion.

Impact of land use on shallow groundwater quality characteristics associated with human health risks in a typical agricultural area in Central China.

Groundwater pollution seriously threatens water resource safety due to high-intensity land use throughout the world. However, the relationship between groundwater pollution characteristics and land use in alluvial plains is still unclear. In this study, the effects of land use on shallow groundwater quality and human health risk were investigated via two sampling campaigns in a typical alluvial plain, namely, Jianghan Plain, China. Results show that the shallow groundwater in this area was polluted by nitrogen (with average concentrations of 5.12 mg/L in the dry season and 4.46 mg/L in the rainy season) and phosphorus (0.29 and 0.13 mg/L in the two seasons, respectively). The nutrient concentrations during the dry season were significantly higher than those during the rainy season (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis indicated that the concentration of nutrients was significantly positively correlated with cultivated land and negatively correlated with water and residence, suggesting that land use patterns can affect the groundwater quality. The best buffer where land use patterns affect the total N concentration was about 1000 m for cultivated land and water, while the optimal ranges for ammonium N were about 1000 and 2500 m for the areas, respectively. For the total phosphorus, a radius of 2000 m leads to the best fitting effect on both areas. Human health risk assessment showed that the total health risk indexes in about 75% of the samples were higher than 1, indicating the potential risk of the shallow groundwater in this area to human health. The results indicate that land use patterns will greatly affect the shallow groundwater quality. Thus, adjusting the land use pattern can improve the water quality and reduce health risks. Identification and selection of appropriate management solutions for the groundwater protection should be based on not only water quality problems but also surface land use patterns.

Characteristics of Groundwater Quality in the Aquifer of Indo- Nepal Border of Balrampur City

The study deals with the groundwater quality of aquifers at the foothills of Shivalik at the Indo-Nepal border of Balrampur. Here, the water samples were collected from those areas where industrial and municipal wastewater leachate were mixed with the groundwater. The groundwater is used as potable water for drinking and other purposes, like irrigation and farming. The analysis has been done especially during the summer and winter season. In this season, the groundwater quality is seriously affected by various types of pollutants that are discharged from industrial sources and leached down and mixed with the groundwater after percolation. The result shows that groundwater quality is affected by the continuous contamination of pollutants.