Characteristics Of Ethnic Groups Research Articles

Ethnic Stereotype Content Beyond Intergroup Relations Within Societies: Exploring the North-South Hypothesis for Competence and Warmth

The study extends the approach of the Stereotype Content Model to ethnic stereotype content beyond intergroup relations within societies by exploring the North-South hypothesis for competence and warmth. This paper claims that the “desperate” (resource-poor and unpredictable) of lower-latitude climate regions and “hopeful” (resource-sufficient and stable) ecology higher-latitude climate regions translate into typical aggregate attributes and are afterward generalized to the status of all their residents. Further, people use this information as a diagnostic for judgments about the economic value or burden of ethnic groups in their society. Based on the data about aggregated means of competence and warmth for 77 ethnic groups in 38 regions, the multivariate models show that ethnic groups from warmer climates and from lower wealth countries are given lower evaluation in both competence and warmth stereotypes. However, ethnic groups from more northerly countries are also given a lower evaluation in warmth. Ethnic stereotypes reflect both features of ethnic groups in countries of origin (e.g., the North-South polarization) and group characteristics carried by ethnic groups in new contexts (i.e., intergroup relations). Thus, reactions to ethnic groups seem to differ partly depending on countries of origin mixed in people’s minds with information about geography, climate, and national wealth in the social perception process. Stereotypes associated with ethnic groups across countries to some extent track the stereotypes associated with the ecologies in which these ethnic groups are assumed to predominantly live. This highlights the importance of the establishment or expansion of policies and programs regarding international inequality.

Birth outcomes in hard times among minority ethnic groups

Combining a unique dataset of birth records with municipal-level real estate information, we assess the impact of the 2008 recession on the health of immigrants’ newborns in Italy. Health at birth (e.g., low birth weight) of children born to immigrants deteriorated more than health at birth of children born to Italian natives. The negative effects on immigrants are not equally distributed across ethnicities, but rather are driven by the main economic activity of the ethnic group and its related network at the municipal level. Immigrants whose ethnic group is mainly employed in the sectors most affected during the recession suffered the most. Living in a municipality where their ethnic network is organized through more registered immigrant associations mitigates the recession hardship for immigrants. The characteristics of ethnic groups and their organization at the municipal level do not explain the heterogeneous effects on Italian newborns, which confirms the presence of network effects rather than neighborhood effects

КУЛЬТУРА МІЖНАЦІОНАЛЬНИХ ВІДНОСИН У СТРУКТУРІ ГУМАНІТАРНОЇ ОСВІТИ

Goal. To carry out socio-philosophical conceptualization of the phenomenon of culture of interethnic relations as a factor of interaction between representatives of different cultures and nationalities. Today, culture is one of the identifiers in the modern world, which determines the originality and uniqueness of nations and ethnic groups. Theoretical basis. The authors proved that the culture of interethnic relations is a direct dialogue between representatives of different nationalities, which allows the existence and development of national culture in modern society (mass, virtual, global, information) and so on. It is substantiated that the main condition and consequence of the interaction of representatives of different nationalities and ethnic groups is the recognition of their originality and uniqueness, at the same time there is a formation of global identity, i.e. there is an awareness of the need to live together. Scientific novelty. It is substantiated that at the present stage of development, society is in a state of radical large-scale, systemic transformations. Humankind needs to learn the culture of interethnic relations, as modern migration flows change the cultural picture around the world, in particular in the United States and Western Europe. The culture of "aging" Europe is changing significantly under the pressure of migratory flows, which assert their own culture and religion. Conclusions. The beginning of the XXI century characterized by the development of post-globalization, which simultaneously affirms the global and national identity. Humankind recognizes the fact that political and economic factors are secondary to culture and religion, which are the main identifiers of nations and ethnic groups. It is culture that accumulates in itself the necessary, stable set of symbols, which both at the individual and collective level are the defining features of ethnic groups, nations, states. The nation or the state which is able to answer affirmatively the question "who are we?" is successful and strong at the geopolitical level.

Особенности ценностных ориентиров носителей французского и русского языков и их представление в пословицах (на материале словарей)

This paper presents a linguo-axiological analysis of French and Russian proverbs based on identifying value orientations and creating their hierarchy by studying the names and quantitative dominance of various thematic groups in authentic paroemiological dictionaries. Identification of value orientations allows us to reveal both common features of ethnic groups, which are of interest in the era of globalization and mutual influence of languages and cultures, and specific ones, contributing to the preservation of national identity. The novelty of this research compared to the author’s previous studies lies in the use of two additional lexicographic sources (one French and one Russian). The examined material of the four dictionaries includes more than 30,000 proverbial units. The analysis revealed the presence of a large number of common topics (which can occupy different positions in the value hierarchy of the ethnic groups under study) not only in dictionaries of the same language, but in all four sources. The names of the categories and their quantitative composition allow us to define French culture as individualist, while Russian culture, as collectivist. When constructing a hierarchy, it is important to turn to a larger number of dictionaries and identify common proverbial units in them to avoid the influence of the subjective factor, which is the case when naming and forming categories, as well as of the researcher’s individual approach to the proportion of category names to their corresponding values. The expanding vocabulary and studies on evaluativity in proverbs aiming to identify value and anti-value components within various topics can be used for further research.

ЦВЕТОВЫЕ КОДЫ В ТРАДИЦИОННОМ ЖЕНСКОМ КОСТЮМЕ У КОРЕННЫХ НАРОДОВ СЕВЕРА

The study connected with the problem of color vision in the ethnic culture. The focus of the author is the art of folk costume for the indigenous peoples in Tyumen North (Khanty, Mansi and Nenets). Using Luscher color test, the author developed the criteria for the analysis of color symbolism in traditional costume: dominant (primary colors that craftsman presents traditional clothing highlights as a characteristic for their ethnic group and keep it as an ideal which we should follow). This criterion correlated in tests Luscher with a “+” – wants to be; the subdominant (color ornamental symbols that usually tell about the relationship in human world). The criterion is matched, according to Lusero, with the function of “x”, which is as a manifestation of human capabilities in interaction with outside world. Tonic (color accents in the stripes and small details) corresponds the function of “=”, meaning the actions the person performs, and, in the opinion of the author, with ethno-psychological features of master as a representative of the national community, ethnic group. The author thinks that base on criteria helps to perform color symbolism in traditional costume and to correlate it with the ethnopsy-chology. The article considers the traditional women's clothing of the Nenets, the Khanty and Mansi from the Museum collections in the cities of Tyumen, Tobolsk, Khanty-Mansiysk, due to their greatest authenticity in traditional clothes, especially on the background of modern dynamics suit for indige-nous peoples of the North. Every Museum thing has color analysis on three defined criteria, and then occurred the interpretation of the analysis according to the method Luscher color diagnostics. As a result there is psychological characteristic of every master and his support in traditions of the ethnic community. It was connected with the characteristics of ethnic groups, the ethnopsychology. The research shows the possibility of correlation in personal and psychological characteristics of traditional masters, based on the analysis of psychological patterns in color perception. The author used the psychology inherent in the ethnic group, considering the relationship between the color codes in traditional costume and the ethnopsychology of people in the North.

Psychological characteristics of ethnic groups in the South of Russia, diagnosed using the hand test

The aim of the work was to compare the psychological characteristics obtained using the Hands Test in representatives of various ethnic groups living in the South of Russia. We used the Wagner Hand Test. The study was carried out on respondents aged 15-16 and 17-30 years old, living in the Rostov region, the republics of Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Crimea, Adygea. The total number of respondents was 689, of which 304 were men and 385 were women. As a result, data were obtained on sex differences in psychological characteristics identified using the hand test. Women were found to be more Affective than men. The age-related characteristics of the hand test indicators were also revealed in the groups of 15-16 years old and 17-30 years old. Comparison of age subgroups 15-16 and 17-30 years old showed that with age there is an increase in the severity of psychological traits of Direction, Communication, Active, the degree of personal Maladjustive and the sum of indicators of Aggressive and Direction, as well as the sum of indicators of Affection, Communication and Dependence. The manifestations of psychological characteristics are also determined by ethnicity, in particular, in terms of such indicators as Direction, the sum of indicators of Aggressive and Direction, the indicator of Activity, the total number of answers on the test and the total indicator of Aggressive.

When are Minorities Worse Off? A Systematic Investigation of Size and Status

ABSTRACTAre smaller ethnic groups less advantaged than large groups? This question has not been systematically studied. Using two new datasets, we find that when group size and status are analyzed at national levels smaller groups are generally worse off than larger groups. By contrast, when group size and status are analyzed at subnational (regional or district) levels, smaller groups are better off than larger groups. “National” minorities are disadvantaged while “local” minorities are advantaged.We theorize that two factors are at work in generating this surprisingly consistent relationship. First, a synergy exists at national levels among three features of ethnic groups: size, power, and status. The second factor is based on social dynamics. Specifically, insofar as internal migration is characterized by positive selection, then migrants and their descendants should form the basis of small, privileged groups within the region that they migrate to. Insofar as distance enhances positive selection, this explains why smaller migrations are associated with more privileged groups and larger migrations with somewhat less privileged groups.

Adapted REDD plus Based on Local People’s Capabilities: A Case Study from Luang Prabang Province, Lao PDR

The reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD plus) has been proposed as a key tool for reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) from deforestation and forest degradation in land use sector. The development of a REDD plus that considers national, sub-national, and/or local circumstances in relation to a target area requires an analysis of site-specific deforestation drivers and land use characteristics. This study aimed to analyze the capability of forest-dependent people to find the way for reducing pressures on forest resources, i.e. reducing shifting cultivation and identified their patterns of land and forest use, as this knowledge is essential for developing a REDD plus for land and forest management for an area. The study target area was Luang Prabang Province in the northern part of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). We conducted questionnaire-based surveys and participatory workshops to identify the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation as well as current local capabilities. Our findings, which focused on the characteristics of ethnic groups (Khmu and Hmong) and the agricultural techniques used by villagers, revealed significant differences between upland rice farmers without paddy fields and farmers with paddy fields who cultivated upland rice in terms of their capabilities to maintain livelihoods. The results of a discriminant function analysis indicated that 66.7% of the initially categorized respondents were correctly classified for the variable Khmu or Hmong and 82.1% classified for the variable upland rice farmers with paddy or upland rice farmers without paddy. The results indicated a lower capability to transition to alternative livelihoods among farmers relying on upland cultivation (i.e. shifting cultivation) than among farmers who cultivate paddy. Moreover, the study revealed the importance of applying a capability approach when planning REDD plus in Lao PDR that account for differential capabilities attributed to ethnicity or other vulnerable group statuses.

Emotion Recognition in Different Cultures

Background: This article substantiates the necessity to study the emotion recognition in cross-cultural communication. The study is aimed at determining the conditions of successful cross-cultural recognition of face expressions. Methods: The authors have theoretically analyzed and summarized the conditions affecting the success of emotion recognition. To achieve the research objectives the authors used such methods as: the Cultural Intelligence Scale Test (CQS) by Early and Ang, Montreal Set of facial displays of emotion by U. Hess, the Embedded Figures Test of field dependence-independence by H. Witkin, Individualism and collectivism scale by G. Hofstede, Emotional intelligence Test by D.V. Lyusin. Findings: It was found that a high level of emotional intelligence, as well as the high level of its components, is closely related to the emotion recognition from facial expressions displayed by representatives of different cultures. Difficulties in emotion recognition are not determined by the fact that they appear quite different on the faces of the representatives of different ethnic groups, nationalities, cultures, etc. Difficulties in emotion recognition are related to the characteristics of its display and perception determined by the features of ethnic groups, person’s culture-specific and cognitive style features. Improvements: The authors formulated practical recommendations for the emotion recognition abilities development: emotional intelligence and its components; cognitive component of cultural intelligence; awareness of cultural differences in emotion expression and recognition. Keywords: Basic Emotions, Cognitive Features, Cross-Cultural Features, Emotion Recognition

Performance of Older Japanese American Adults on Selected Cognitive Instruments

This study examined cognitive test performance of second- and third-generation Japanese American (JA) adults, a relatively homogeneous Asian American subgroup. Sixty-five JA and 65 non-Hispanic White (NHW) adults, ages between 45 and 91, were administered the Boston Naming Test-2 (BNT), Letter Fluency Test, Semantic Fluency Test, California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R), and Trail Making Test. Levels of acculturation, quality of educational attainment, and generation status in the United States, were also collected. There were no significant differences in the scores between the two groups on the tests administered. JA and NHW groups, however, differed in the patterns of the associations between some of the test performance and demographic variables. JA adults showed a stronger age-score relationship on BNT, CVLT, and the BVMT-R. Furthermore, second-generation JA adults performed lower than the third-generation adults even after controlling for basic demographic variables on CVLT and Trail Making Test. Acculturation on the other hand did not explain score differences once demographic variables were considered. Our results suggest the importance of considering unique history and characteristics of ethnic groups, and interactions of the aging process and culture on tasks with different cognitive demands.

The influence of socio-psychological characteristics of ethnic groups in the adaptation of teenagers in educational environment

The article deals with socio-psychological characteristics of teenagers of different ethnic groups that influence the adaptation to changing conditions, new social and educational environment. The author's program of social and psychological training, taking into account cultural, historical and regional features of the region is invited. Its significance is confirmed by the positive results of the work. It helps to reduce the negative psychological states among teenagers, to change their social sphere, to form social sensitivity, to promote empathy and tolerance.

Craniometric patterns of three Nigerian ethnic groups

The usefulness of craniometry in facilitating proper identification of skeletal remains and in emphasizing a common origin of studied populations is far reaching. Conducting anthropological studies with the aim of obtaining the characteristics of ethnic groups assists not only in understanding the frequency distribution of human morphologies but also in providing the basis for comparison of races. Craniometric patterns were studied in three selected ethnic groups in Nigeria and this study will no doubt form a baseline data for subsequent studies especially as regards the studied populations. This study involved 699 (male 361; female 338) volunteers whose age ranged 18 and over. Respondents were selected along three ethnic groups including Urhobo (male 156; female 147), Ibo (male 141 female 145) and Edo (male 64; female 46) and it was ensured that population for the study was collected using a random stratified method. The cranial volume was measured using standard techniques and it was shown to exhibit strong sexual dimorphism and was useful in differentiating inter and intra population groups. The results showed a significant effect of cranial volume on the measured ethnic groups at 0.05 level of significance. While the Ibo’s had an average cranial volume of 1273.39 cm3, that of the Urhobo’s was 1255.89 and 1310.08 cm3 for the Edo people. Also the cranial capacity of male (1334.34 cm3) was significantly different from that of female (1204.54 cm3) in all the studied tribes, male being larger than that of female p < 0.05. Key words: Craniometric patterns, ethnic groups, head length, head breadth, auricular height.

Health beliefs and practices related to breast cancer screening in Filipino, Chinese and Asian-Indian women

Background: Cultural-appropriate strategies can be designed to promote cancer screening if the unique needs and characteristics of ethnic groups are identified. Most of the data available for Asian immigrants living in the U.S. has been aggregated under the Asian-American/Pacific Islanders (AAPI) ethnic category. Methods: A total of 125 women completed self-administered questionnaires that assessed screening practices (i.e. breast self-exam, clinical breast exam, and mammography), related beliefs and knowledge. This paper reports examined cancer-related practices and beliefs among three subgroups of Asian-American women (47 Filipinos, 40 Chinese, and 38 Asian-Indians). Results: The sample mean age was 50.2 years and majority of women (76%) were married. Their length of residence in the United States ranged from less than one year to 37 years, with an average length of residence of 18 years. Results from two-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) showed the strong influence of ethnicity on perceptions of susceptibility [ F(2, 95) = 5.11, p = 0.01] and seriousness [ F(2, 99) = 4.85, p = 0.01] related to breast cancer, in addition to an interaction detected between ethnicity and income in terms of perceived barriers [ F(5, 107) = 3.04, p = 0.01]. The results also indicated that three common barriers were reported in all three ethnic groups, and three unique barriers were more frequently identified by Chinese (i.e. do not need mammogram if I feel ok [OR = 5.450, 95%; CI = (1.643, 18.081)] and waiting time is too long [OR = 5.070, 95%; CI = (1.674, 15.351)]) and Asian-Indian women (i.e. do not know where to get a mammogram [OR = 9.237, 95%; CI = (3.153, 27.059)]). Conclusions: These findings can be used to develop interventions that are tailored to the special characteristics of immigrant women from different Asian groups.

Ratings of Characteristics of Ethnic Groups by Authoritarians and Nonauthoritarians When Stereotypes Vary in Favorability

White non-Jewish participants in the 1990 General Social Survey with low scores on Tolerance of deviation ("Intolerant"), a measure of authoritarianism, rated African Americans more unfavorably than did Tolerant respondents on two traits, intelligence and laziness, when stereotypes about the latter group are unfavorable. But the Intolerant were not more negative in their evaluations than the Tolerant when Jews, a group for whom the stereotypes on these traits are favorable, were rated. The Intolerant rated Jews more favorably on intelligence, and their ratings of laziness did not differ from those by the Tolerant.

Designing Curriculum Materials for Multicultural Education: Lessons from an Australian Development Project

ABSTRACTThis article is concerned with the decision-making processes that took place in a multicultural curriculum development project. An examination of those processes has highlighted some significant issues concerning the nature of multicultural education.The project was entitled “An Indian Ocean People.” It sought to portray the family life styles of ethnic groups whose country of origin was in the Indian Ocean region but who were now resident in Western Australia.Four main issues emerged during the project team's deliberations. These involved consideration of how the cultural characteristics of ethnic groups can best be portrayed, the role of studying countries of origin as part of multicultural education, the pursuit of cultural maintenance or cultural awareness as outcomes of multicultural education and the role of multicultural education as a component of the existing school curriculum.The resolution of these issues was a complex process, yet in the end some important points were made. The problem...

The use of nativity data to estimate ethnic characteristics and patterns

Until recently, nativity data for the first and second generations (the foreign stock) have been the primary source of census information on white ethnic groups in the United States. With the development of an ancestry item, it is now possible to deal with all generations regardless of birthplace. The 1979 Current Population Survey provides a rare opportunity to cross-tabulate the results obtained from each system in order to determine the degree of overlap in the populations and the extent to which inferences about the social characteristics of ethnic groups are altered. The degree of overlap varies enormously among groups, but the results show that inferences based on nativity data are fairly close to those that would be obtained with the use of the ethnic ancestry item. This is an encouraging result for researchers obliged to use nativity data in working with earlier censuses.

Psychological Characteristics of Ethnic Groups in a College Population

(1958). Psychological Characteristics of Ethnic Groups in a College Population. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 265-275.