Characteristics Of Cyberspace Research Articles

Intangible space as a new form of crime scene: doctrinal aspect

The article discusses the problems of defining cyberspace and information space as a possible place of commission of a crime or other optional sign of an objective party in relation to specific acts provided for by the norms of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The properties and characteristics of cyberspace are determined, and a comparison is made with the intangible and information space. The problem of determining the connection of cyberspace to specific objects of the material world - computer media, servers, the impossibility of the existence of cyberspace in isolation from three-dimensional reality at this stage of scientific and technological development, which predetermines the criminal legal classification of crimes, is noted. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the article substantiates an innovative approach to determining the place of intangible space in the system of composition characteristics. The author notes that the current realities force us to take a fresh look at the perception of the content of such a sign of the objective side of the crime as the place where the latter was committed, since its traditional understanding from the position of an object of material reality - a specific section of the earth’s surface, which has its own geographical landmarks and coordinates - does not meet the modern needs of the theory and practice of applying criminal law. As a result of the research, the author concludes that the development of computer technologies, communications and the information and telecommunications network “Internet” contributed to the emergence of a new – information – space, which by its nature is intangible and actually does not exist in a three-dimensional dimension.

Characteristics of cyberspace as a distinct domain of conflict: A case study of U.S. strategic operations

In this paper, I intend to contribute to the systematic study of cyber strategies and policies by offering a synthesis of key events and findings on state actions in cyberspace after 2007. Such a synthesis implies tracing the processes that contributed to the beginning of the militarization of cyberspace from 2007 to 2013. Then, it implies defining the basic characteristics of cyberspace that determine the actions of states, among which are: the democratic character; high potential for human error; attribution problem; technical volatility; and time and speed constraints. Finally, the synthesis includes a concrete example of the influence of key characteristics on the strategic behavior of the USA. Based on the analysis of the strategic documents of the USA and the analysis of the previous behavior of this country, I argue that the theory of ?persistent engagement?, which in its construction considers the aforementioned characteristics, remains the backbone of the USA?s behavior in cyberspace.

Постоянная вовлечённость в киберпространстве: новая стратегия США и её соотношение с концепцией киберсдерживания

The article examines the adoption by the United States of a new policy for ensuring cybersecurity, a strategy of peristent engagement in cyberspace, and how it is related to the strategy of cyber deterrence that remained dominant for a long time. The strategy of persistent engagement implies the constant conduct of cyber operations that do not reach the level of an armed conflict and combining purely defensive activities with offense. Such strategy is designed to prevent US rivals from carrying out malicious actions in cyberspace and to preserve strategic advantages of the United States by imposing additional costs on opponents and creating tactical friction for them. According to experts, persistent engagement perfectly suits the unique characteristics of cyberspace (interconnectedness and the condition of constant contact), unlike a strategy of deterrence that is suitable for traditional areas of military operations. Nevertheless, the US leadership is not ready to abandon the cyber deterrence strategy, and it is looking for ways to conceptually combine the two strategies. The paper presents the key characteristics of persistent engagement, some of which are: 1) cyber operations do not reach the level of an armed conflict; 2) persistent engagement is not an armed conflict; 3) creating "tactical friction" and imposing costs on US opponents; 4) preventive defense. Expert opinions on the prospects of persistent engagement are presented and analyzed. The paper demonstrates the analysis potential advantages and drawbacks of this approach. American specialists expect that persistent engagement will lead to an automatic formation of criteria for acceptable behavior in the process of strategic competition. Among the obvious drawbacks of the analyzed approach, one can single out a possible international escalation due to its application. The author analyzes the transformation of the “conceptual” status of cyberspace and the institutional changes, caused by this new strategic approach. The conclusions regarding the prospects for this strategy are ambiguous. Its effectiveness, safety and risks will become known only with time during the actual application of this strategy and the accumulation of empirical experience. The relevance of the work is due to the current strategic situation between the United States and Russia. Understanding the United States' approaches to cybersecurity and the key strategic changes in them is crucial not only to formulate Russia`s cybersecurity policy, but also to build a constructive dialogue with the United States on cybersecurity issues.

Research on Media Literacy Cultivation Strategies of Chinese College Students in the "Post-Truth Age"

In the context of the "post-truth" age, fake news and news reversal will appear from time to time on the Internet, highlighting the uncertainty of the spread of truth as well as the spread of rumors, which have a negative impact on online public opinion. Therefore, the ability to explore the truth, exactly the core of media literacy, turns to be important now. In this paper it is found that the formation mechanism of the "post-truth" age in China lies in the interaction between the "post-modern" social characteristics and the characteristics of cyberspace. In order to deal with various existing problems that Chinese college students present in the cyberspace, it is suggested to build the media literacy training system of Chinese college students from three levels: the media literacy training system of Chinese college students should be constructed from the knowledge dimension; the six major media literacy abilities of college students should be cultivated from the skill dimension; and the media culture communication platform in campus should be built from the comprehensive dimension to build the media literacy training system of Chinese college students.

사이버 공간의 특성과 사이버 테러리즘, 그리고 사이버 안보전략의 변화

사이버 공간의 특성과 사이버 테러리즘, 그리고 사이버 안보전략의 변화

Studying the Regional Cyberspace by Exploiting Internet Sequential Information Flows

The study of cyberspace is faced with the challenge of the data shortage and model verification. This paper proposed a method to explore the regional cyberspace by employing Internet sequential information flows crawled from social network platforms. Compared with previous studies which only use one type of data sources for analysis, the main contribution of this manuscript is adopting the scheme that uses one kind of Internet information flow to extract cyberspace feature while relevant data collected from the other network platform is used for verification. Moreover, starting from measuring the informatization level of a region, a modified gravity model is designed by adding the value of informatization level to the traditional method. Then, an information association matrix based on the improved gravity model is constructed for analyzing the characteristics of cyberspace. To demonstrate the efficiency, Fuzhou city is considered as an interesting regional sample in this paper. The reasonable results indicate that the proposed approach is practical for regional cyberspace.

Establishment of a Feasible Cyber Organization Structure to Enhance the Capabilities of Cyberspace Operations in the ROK`s Defense Forces

The paper discusses ways of establishing a feasible cyber organization for enhancing cyber response capabilities in defense of the ROK. To prepare for the rise of cyberspace as a war-combat domain, together with the realization that cyberspace is indispensable in fulfilling operational requirements, it is essential to search for and establish a new, suitable organization for cyberspace operations. To achieve this, the author suggests a design of an organization based on the so-called “three-party authority,” the ROK’s way of managing cyberspace, the difference in each echelon’s accountability for the fulfillment of the operational requirements-mission accomplishment for its commander as well as the characteristics of cyberspace. The article also presents validation and verification of the suggested composition of the cyber organization suitable for defense of the ROK to identify its pros and cons.

사회유대의 신념요인이 사이버 불링 가해 현상에 미치는 영향

A cyber crime has been evolving, as other crimes have. Beyond physical damages such as financial crimes in the cyber world, it has evolved into psychological forms like cyber-bullying. In today's crimes, measures that consider psychological effects of crimes are highly regarded in that fear of crime is considered as well as visible crimes. Accordingly, cyber bullying, which causes psychological damages, needs to be treated very importantly. Because the characteristics of cyber crime is caused by different circumstances from the real world, measures should be taken in different aspects. Rather than physical damages, which can be found in the conventional crimes, cyber crimes cause psychological damages, so the effect that has on inflicting should be specified. Especially, in the environment that virtual reality is ubiquitous through smart phones, it is very difficult to establish measures by considering all the causes of general cyber crimes. Therefore, this study estimated what affects cyber bullying by focusing on personalized faith factor among social bond theory, which can control cyber crimes. As a result, self-controling faith was verified to have a negative effect on cyber bullying, so faith is a very important factor in personalized environment. Thus, it is suggested that the characteristics of cyber space and education of humanism, which can affect individuals' faith should be emphasized.

VIRTUAL REALITY: U.S. INFORMATION SECURITY THREATS CONCEPT AND ITS INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION

The development of ICT and the formation of the global information space changed the agenda of national and international security. Such key characteristics of cyberspace as openness, accessibility, anonymity, and identification complexity determined the rise of actors in cyber space and increased the level of cyber threats. Based on the analyses of the U.S. agencies' approach, the author defines three major groups of threats: use of ICT by states, criminals and terrorists. This concept is shared by the majority of the countries involved in the international dialogue on information security issues and is fundamental for providing cyber security policy on both national and international levels. The United States is developing a complex strategy for cyber space that includes maximization of ICT's advantages in all strategically important fields as well as improvement of national information systems and networks security. On the international level the main task for the American diplomacy is to guarantee the U.S. information dominance. The United States is the only country that takes part practically in all international and regional fora dealing with cyber security issues. However process of the development of a global cyber security regime is not going to be fast due to countries' different approaches to key definitions and lack of joint understanding of cyber security issues as well as due to the position of the countries, among all the United States, that are not interested in any new obligatory international norms and principles. Such American policy aims at saving the possibility of using cyberspace capacity in reaching political and military goals, thus keeping the global leadership.

A Study on Parody Types in connection with Characteristics of Cyberspace

A Study on Parody Types in connection with Characteristics of Cyberspace

Free Speech, Semiosis and Cyberspace: The Hyperlink as Nexus to Felicity

This paper sets forth some preliminary observations about the construct of cyberspace and begins to develop an analytical framework using concepts developed from the intersection of communication theory (broadly interpreted) and free speech doctrine. The purpose of this framework is not to advocate regulation or non-regulation of any particular online behavior but to identify the particular points of challenge to existing thought and doctrine posed by the new digital communication technologies collectively referred to as cyberspace. A central thesis of this paper is that the technical characteristics of a medium have significant impact on the effectiveness of communication to do, rather than just say, things. In particular, that certain technical characteristics of cyberspace lower the barriers to entry for amplification and that such amplification, together with certain other characteristics of networks discussed in Part V, change the quantitative and qualitative nature and effects of mediated speech. These amplified effects have the potential to significantly increase the potential for social harms resulting from such speech. This paper attempts to illustrate how these characteristics interact with legal doctrine and state interest in the context of free speech. Part I of this paper discusses the relationship between form and substance, and medium to message, as a prelude to understanding why technical characteristics of mediated systems are inseparable from their effect on meaning itself. Part II discusses cyberspace as a social construction and examines the use of metaphor in describing cyberspace and how substantive legal doctrine is affected by choice of metaphor. Part III examines the concept of software as the content of mediated digital communication and introduces speech-act theory as a potentially useful tool for understanding different types of online communication. Part IV provides an overview of certain free speech doctrines and underlying principles and looks at their relationship to specific concepts in communication theory. Part V highlights some of the particular characteristics of cyberspace - principally the effects of digital encoding - and how these interact with various social and legal interests. Part VI suggests the hyperlink as the primary unit of social construction in cyberspace and as the nexus between individual communication and social community. This section briefly reviews the emerging law and legal analysis relating to hyperlinks and proposes a semiotic approach to applying legal doctrine to linking. The paper concludes in Part VII by setting out some areas for further inquiry.

Internet and Computer Crime: System Architecture as Crime Control

New technologies provide new opportunities and new potentials. Technological developments, however, do not determine human fates; rather, they change the constraints within which people act. The global reach of the Internet, the low marginal cost of online activity, and the relative anonymity of users have changed the balance of forces that have previously served to keep in check certain undesirable behaviors in the physical world. These characteristics of cyberspace have lowered the cost of perpetrating undesirable behavior by eliminating certain barriers to entry, lowering transaction costs and reducing the probability of getting caught. In addition, these characteristics make traditional enforcement strategies, particularly identifying and apprehending perpetrators after they commit online crime, both less effective and more expensive. At the same time, however, other characteristics of cyberspace provide new opportunities to control illegal acts. Unlike in the physical world, in cyberspace certain readily identifiable third parties - Internet service providers (ISPs) - have exclusive technical control over the infrastructure through which most illegal online behavior is carried out. Thus, one strategy for controlling online behavior is to impose some responsibility on such third parties in order to control user misconduct before illegal acts are committed or to help identify and apprehend criminals after the fact. In other cases, the same logic can be applied to second parties - that is, victims of online crime who control the systems on which crime is committed - and legal responsibility to encourage optimal victim behavior can also be employed. The purpose of this paper is to briefly examine the rationale and opportunity for online crime control through system architecture by imposing certain technical responsibilities on victims and implicated third parties. In particular, we examine affirmative obligations for ISPs to report criminal activity and retain data, and for victims to employ some minimal level of technical protective measures. In addition, we briefly discuss tort-based mechanisms to encourage both victims and third parties to adopt reasonable technical measures to prevent illegal behavior.