Situational Characteristics Research Articles

Downtoners and intensifiers in different registers

Abstract The article analyzes the frequency of downtoners and intensifiers in seven Estonian registers based on data from the Estonian Pragmatics Corpus. These particles are most common in instant messaging, followed by institutional interaction, everyday conversation, online comments, printed fiction, media, and academic prose. The analysis revealed that previously offered situational features that increase frequencies (orality, spontaneity, dialogicity, everydayness and involved production) correlate only with frequencies of downtoners in comments, fiction and media. The frequency of downtoners in instant messaging is significantly higher than in spoken dialogues, and the use of all particles in academic prose is significantly lower than expected. We propose hypotheses to explain those anomalies. Ten especially frequent particles were identified: six downtoners and four intensifiers. Those particles account for 15% of all downtoners/intensifiers and account for 76% of particle use, with their proportion varying across registers from 87% in everyday conversation to 43% in academic prose.

How European consumers value wine credence attributes: a cross-country comparison of France, Greece and Italy

Several attributes can be used to differentiate wine products to meet consumer interest and thus increase producer visibility, attractiveness and revenues. The perception towards the same attribute may depend on various factors that characterise the subjects, such as individual, behavioural and situational characteristics, like their country of origin. This study aims to identify which credence attributes and related levels motivate consumers the most to buying wine, by comparing the results obtained in three different European countries: France, Greece and Italy. A conjoint experiment based on linear assumption was administered using price, production method, geographical indication and wine origin as product attributes. The conjoint data were analysed in three steps: performing a model with the whole sample; performing three models using national data to compare results between the countries; performing a cluster analysis using the Ward method to associate consumer characteristics with product attributes. Results show that origin is the most valued attribute for choosing wine, followed by the production method. Cross-country evaluation reveals several significant differences among the attributes of the production method, geographical indication and origin. The cluster analysis identified three groups named: High price and national wine seekers; Certification seekers and Price-sensitive seekers. This paper provides several implications for both academicians and enterprises. Indeed, it is the first evaluation comparing the role given by consumers to biodynamic certification in a cross-country evaluation. Several indications are also provided for producers who can help differentiate better wine production by earning a higher income.

A Multicriteria Decision Analytic Approach to Systems Resilience

AbstractThis article develops a novel decision-oriented framework that strategically deconstructs systems resilience in a way that focuses on systems’ design, capabilities, and management. The framework helps evaluate and compare how system design choices impact system resilience. First, we propose a resilience score based on a piecewise linear approximation to a resilience curve. Using multicriteria decision analysis principles, we score system design alternatives in terms of system-specific capabilities. We estimate the relevance of these capabilities to resilience curve parameters associated with resilience phases. Finally, we interpret the derivatives of resilience with respect to the curve parameter values as the leverage of these parameters. Using multiple levels of weighted sums of the scores, we calculate the first order impact of system design choices first on a proxy for the generic resilience parameters and then on resilience, which allows situational characteristics to be incorporated in their natural terminology while mapping their impact on resilience with a traceable logic. We illustrate the approach by using existing materials to develop an example comparing engineered designs for minimizing post-wildfire flood impacts.

Investigating students’ arguments with real-life functional situations throughout a sequence of collaborative activities

Recent years have seen increasing interest in providing students with opportunities for developing important argumentation skills in the mathematics classroom. Social interactions with peers to critique alternative ideas, justify arguments, and build consensus, have been found to promote deep thinking and meaningful development of concepts. In this study we explored 9<sup>th</sup>-grade students’ interactions during a sequence of specifically designed argumentation tasks on real-life functional situations to investigate the appropriateness of their arguments. Data were collected from the students’ written task responses, student reflections, small-group observations, individual interviews with the group members, and teacher interviews. Analysis of the level of appropriateness of the students’ individual and group written responses in each activity focused on three aspects: identifying variables, forming relations between them, and noticing contextual features of the real-life situation. We found evidence of students grappling with selecting two suitable variables and with conceptualizing the nature of their relation. It also appeared that aspects of the students’ social interactions played a role in students ignoring correct arguments and accepting incorrect arguments. We discuss implications for small-group argumentation and suggest avenues for future research.

Individual and Situational Characteristics of the Occurrence of Cyber Sickness in the Context of Virtually Supported Military Training

Individual and Situational Characteristics of the Occurrence of Cyber Sickness in the Context of Virtually Supported Military Training

Factors associated with encounter-specific police procedural justice perceptions among Dutch detainees

ABSTRACT Previous research on police procedural justice shows that observed assessments of police behaviour, for example through systematic social observation, are not strongly correlated with citizen perceptions of the same police behaviour. There is a growing body of knowledge about how people form their perceptions of police behaviour and how personal and situational characteristics are associated with specific judgements about procedural justice. However, we know little about how this works for people who most frequently interact with the police and criminal justice system, such as offenders or arrestees. The present study uses data from the Prison Project to examine to what extent individual and situational characteristics relate to perceptions of encounter-specific police procedural justice among Dutch detainees. Male adults in pre-trial detention (N = 1380) were surveyed on how they perceived procedural justice during their arrest, which occurred approximately three weeks prior. In addition to individual characteristics (demographics, attitudes, psychosocial characteristics and criminal history), we measured characteristics that reflect the situation during arrest, such as location, police verbal abuse and unnecessary use of force. This allowed us to examine the relationship between situational factors and detainee perceptions, net of individual characteristics. Regression analyses show that next to pre-existing general attitudes towards the police, several situational characteristics (i.e. perceptions of use of force and verbal abuse, anger and outcome fairness) were strongly associated with encounter-specific procedural justice perceptions. Our results indicate that, beyond (pre-existing) individual characteristics, situational factors of the arrest play an important role in forming specific procedural justice perceptions of the police.

Aircraft human‐machine interaction assistant design: A novel multimodal data processing and application framework

AbstractDuring aircraft operations, pilots rely on human‐machine interaction platforms to access essential information services. However, the development of a highly usable aerial assistant necessitates the incorporation of two interaction modes: active‐command and passive‐response modes, along with three input modes: voice inputs, situation inputs, and plan inputs. This research focuses on the design of an aircraft human‐machine interaction assistant (AHMIA), which serves as a multimodal data processing and application framework for human‐to‐machine interaction in a fully voice‐controlled manner. For the voice mode, a finetuned FunASR model is employed, leveraging private aeronautical datasets to enable specific aeronautical speech recognition. For the situation mode, a hierarchical situation events extraction model is proposed, facilitating the utilization of high‐level situational features. For the plan mode, a multi‐formations double‐code network plan diagram with a timeline is utilized to effectively represent plan information. Notably, to bridge the gap between human language and machine language, a hierarchical knowledge engine named process‐event‐condition‐order‐skill (PECOS) is introduced. PECOS provides three distinct products: the PECOS model, the PECOS state chart, and the PECOS knowledge description. Simulation results within the air confrontation scenario demonstrate that AHMIA enables active‐command and passive‐response interactions with pilots, thereby enhancing the overall interaction modality.

Suspect, Officer, and Situational Dynamics Underlying Violent Resistance Against Police: A Critical Interpretative Synthesis

ABSTRACT Assaults against police officers pose a significant challenge to law enforcement safety, yet the factors driving such violence remain complex and underexplored. This critical interpretative synthesis (CIS) is the first literature review to examine violent resistance from an interpretative perspective. By reviewing 38 studies from 2000 to 2024, identified through various methods, we develop a theoretical framework to better understand and contextualize factors linked to assaults against officers. Results indicate that certain suspect, officer, and situational characteristics are linked to violent resistance, both independently and through their interactions. These interactions between predictors help explain inconsistencies across studies. Additionally, we note a lack of diversity in how risk and protective factors of violent resistance have been studied. We suggest areas for future research and offer recommendations to inform police practices and improve officer safety.

Machine Learning Models Informed by Connected Mixture Components for Short- and Medium-Term Time Series Forecasting

This paper presents a new approach in the field of probability-informed machine learning (ML). It implies improving the results of ML algorithms and neural networks (NNs) by using probability models as a source of additional features in situations where it is impossible to increase the training datasets for various reasons. We introduce connected mixture components as a source of additional information that can be extracted from a mathematical model. These components are formed using probability mixture models and a special algorithm for merging parameters in the sliding window mode. This approach has been proven effective when applied to real-world time series data for short- and medium-term forecasting. In all cases, the models informed by the connected mixture components showed better results than those that did not use them, although different informed models may be effective for various datasets. The fundamental novelty of the research lies both in a new mathematical approach to informing ML models and in the demonstrated increase in forecasting accuracy in various applications. For geophysical spatiotemporal data, the decrease in Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was up to 27.7%, and the reduction in Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) was up to 45.7% compared with ML models without probability informing. The best metrics values were obtained by an informed ensemble architecture that fuses the results of a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network and a transformer. The Mean Squared Error (MSE) for the electricity transformer oil temperature from the ETDataset had improved by up to 10.0% compared with vanilla methods. The best MSE value was obtained by informed random forest. The introduced probability-informed approach allows us to outperform the results of both transformer NN architectures and classical statistical and machine learning methods.

О ПРИОРИТЕТНЫХ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯХ И ЗАДАЧАХ МОДЕЛЬНОГО ЗАКОНОТВОРЧЕСТВА В ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ДОГОВОРА О КОЛЛЕКТИВНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ НА 2025–2030 гг.

Based on the analysis of the forecast characteristics of the military-political situation in the field of ensuring national and collective security of the member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, proposals for the development of model acts of the Collective Security Treaty Organization for 2026–2030 are formulated. The results of the analysis allowed the author to substantiate practical recommendations for improving the quality of information, scientific, methodological and expert-analytical support for model lawmaking in the Collective Security Treaty Organization.

Implementation Strategies Used to Reduce UEs in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Unplanned extubation (UE) is the premature or unintended removal of an artificial airway and can cause worse patient outcomes. Study objectives were to describe implementation strategies used to reduce UE in the Hospital for Sick Children neonatal ICU (NICU) and their influence on UE rates, and contributing factors and patient characteristics of infants who had an UE, and compare them between the biological sexes. We hypothesized that the boys would experience more UEs and worse outcomes compared to the girls. The single-center retrospective cohort study included all infants who experienced UE (2007-2019). Outcomes consisted of implementation reduction strategies developed by using the plan-do-study-act quality-improvement methodology and UE characteristics, including patient (eg, sex, length of stay) and unplanned extubation situation characteristics (eg, events and/or procedures, repeats). Five plan-do-study-act cycles were implemented. Analyses included text summaries of all strategies, and quantitative descriptive and comparative statistics. UE per 100 ventilator days decreased from 3.46 to 0.14. Key success factors included setting achievable goals; ensuring that strategies were evaluated and amended; maintaining consistency over the long-term; incorporating strategies in the NICU; having institutional support and validation; and having good communication. There were 302 UE in 257 infants, 141 boys (55%), average ± SD gestational age of 31 ± 6 weeks, and 31 (12%) had 45 repeated UEs. The only significant difference between the biological sexes was that more boys (129 [92%]) versus girls (94 [83%]) received the Hospital for Sick Children NICU endotracheal tube taping protocol (P = .030). The incidence of UE occurred in a 2-peaked pattern, highest for those < 32 weeks and ≥ 32 weeks of gestational age. Infants < 32 weeks of gestational age and with repeated UE had longer durations of invasive mechanical ventilation and length of stay. For infants <32 versus => 32 weeks gestational age, the median (interquartile range) duration of mechanical ventilation was 38 (16-77) d versus 6 (3-13) d and hospital length of stay 61 (30-100) d versus 16 (10-41) d. For infants with repeated versus no repeated unplanned extubations, duration of mechanical ventilation was 69 (26-125) d versus 13 (4-52) d and hospital length of stay 90 (39-137) d versus 32 (12-75) d. Detailed well-planned UE reduction strategies significantly reduced the rate of UEs with key factors of success identified. UE characteristics and infant morbidity did not differ between the biological sexes. Infants < 32 weeks of gestational age and with repeated UE had a longer duration of mechanical ventilation and length of stay.

Spacetime symmetry breaking on nongeodesic leaves and a new form of matter

We examine the permanent damage caused by the historical breakdown of full diffeomorphism invariance induced by a foliation. We focus on the case where the foliation is allowed to be nongeodesic after the interactions with the foliation switch off. Gravity and other forms of matter recover full diffeomorphism invariance only at the expense of introducing a new matterlike component, carrying the nonvanishing Hamiltonian (and momentum, as it turns out) left over from the violating past interactions. This matter form must be stress-free in the preferred frame; this is the only way a matter action can mimic the evolution of the leftover Hamiltonian (and momentum) driven by the Dirac hypersurface deformation algebra. Hence, if the preferred frame is nongeodesic, the equivalent matter component must have energy and a momentum current in this frame, but still no spatial stresses: an unusual form of “matter.” It is equivalent to a fluid with anisotropic stress in some regimes, reducing to dust in others, or even displaying completely new features in extreme situations. Its stress energy tensor is conserved. We provide two examples based on accelerated frames: Rindler space-time and the canonical Schwarzchild frame. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

From trait affect to situated performance of change-oriented organizational citizenship behavior: the pathway through situational construal and emotion utilization

Prior studies indicate that fostering change-oriented organizational citizenship behavior (OCB-CH) among employees, wherein they actively contribute to the collective welfare of modern organizations, correlates positively with their positive affect. However, the precise mechanisms linking trait positive affect with OCB-CH remain unclear. This study used aggregated 5-day daily diary data from a sample of 236 full-time employees in Greece to examine positive affectivity differences in the characteristics of situational experiences and how these differences relate to employee OCB-CH via the use of emotions to facilitate performance. Employing multilevel structural equation modeling, the findings revealed a positive association between trait positive affectivity and the situation characteristics of duty, intellect, and positivity, from the DIAMONDS taxonomy. Furthermore, it was determined that perceptions of situational characteristics and emotional utilization sequentially mediated the relationship between positive affectivity and OCB-CH. This study enhances our understanding of how employee trait positive affectivity influences the manifestation of positive change in the form of OCB-CH within organizations.

Characteristics of potential head injury situations at the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022TM.

This exploratory video analysis study aimed to review characteristics of potential head injury situations during a men's professional international football tournament. For 64 matches of the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™ FIFA analysts used match footage to record all potential head injury situations. A potential head injury situation was defined as a player staying down for more than 5 s and/or requesting medical attention, and where the body impact location included the player's head. Characteristics were further recorded for match, player (i.e. player action including aerial duels), medical assessment, and outcome (e.g. substitution). Descriptive statistics are reported as well as Pearson's Chi-squared test (or Fisher's exact test) to explore potential head injury situations more likely to result in medical attention. In total, 149 potential head injury situations occurred in 56 matches (mean 2.33/match, range 0-6) involving 117 players. Eight matches resulted in no incidents. Aerial duels were the most frequent match characteristic leading to a potential head injury situation. Injury stoppage with on-pitch medical assessment occurred in 35 of the 149 potential head injury situations (23%), with pitch-side assessment also occurring in 15 situations (10%), resulting in four concussion substitutions. Players were more likely to require medical attention for potential head injuries sustained when the ball was loose (χ2 = 6.88; p = 0.038) when the injured player was jumping (FET p = 0.044) and for head-to-head contact (FET p = <0.001). Further exploration of aerial duels during match play which do and do not lead to potential and actual head injuries is recommended.

“Why did she do that?”: Chinese children's preference for trait‐based explanations of behavior

AbstractThe current study addressed the extent to which Chinese children rely on situational characteristics to reason about the causes of valenced behavior (i.e., positive or negative). Specifically, one hundred fifteen 4‐ to 7‐year‐olds from Hangzhou, China, were asked to attribute a character's behavior toward a peer to either that character's traits (e.g., “nice”) or the situation (e.g., being tired and being happy). Across ages, children made trait attributions for both positive and negative behavior but were least likely to do so when information about the character's emotions was available, particularly in congruent valence conditions. In addition, children made an intentionality judgment about whether the character's behavior was accidental or intentional. Overall, children judged positive behavior as intentional but were unsystematic in their judgments of negative behavior. These findings highlight cross‐cultural similarities in children's personal perception and suggest connections between trait and mental state reasoning that may inform strategies for peer relationships.

Hybrid Copresence: Issues of Re-Spatialization of Remote Work in Coworking Spaces

The re-spatialization of work in coworking spaces alters the social experience of teleworkers by involving two copresences associated with distinct organizational and spatiotemporal contexts: a remote copresence with the company and a physical copresence in the coworking space. Each can be experienced to different degrees between social isolation and perceived proximity. Nevertheless, the current literature does not provide an opportunity to make sense of the combination of copresences. From this perspective, data collected during an organizational ethnography conducted within two networks of coworking spaces were analyzed. The results show that the re-spatialization of work in coworking spaces generates a hybrid copresence that can be experienced in four ways: (reinforced) isolation, ubiquity, (guilty) compensation, and (frustrated) refocusing. The characteristics of these distinct situations and the possible evolutions from one to the other are explored and explained. The results are discussed in relation to the evolution of work in a post-COVID-19 era that seems to encourage the development of more hybrid practices and spatialities. Contributions to three fields of organizational literature are made: organizational space, telecommuting and distantiated forms of work, and coworking spaces. Managerial implications are also discussed around reflections on a more hybrid and multi-spatialized organization of work practices in organizations.

Языковое планирование в Японии с середины XIX до начала XXI века

The article examines language planning in Japan from the second half of the XIX century to the beginning of the XXI century. It analyzes changes in the linguistic situation, identifies the key actors of language planning, as well as legislative acts of the Japanese government that turned various elements of language planning into an organized system of state policy. Special attention is focused on the Meiji era and language reforms after World War II, when changes to the Japanese language were stimulated by powerful popular movements. At other times, as well as at present, language planning has been under strict control of the Japanese government and has been primarily limited to its language policy. Additionally, the article provides a brief overview of language planning and policy issues in Japan on occupied territories during World War II. It also highlights the key features of the contemporary linguistic situation and the current tasks of language policy and planning in Japan in the XXI century.

대구 국제 뮤지컬 페스티벌(DIMF)의 뮤지컬 &lt;더 템페스트&gt;에 내재된 글로컬 문화의 전망

This study analyzes the prospects of glocal culture inherent in Shakespeare's musical The Tempest, which was selected as a creative support work at the 17th Daegu International Musical Festival(DIMF). For this analysis, this essay is intended to reveal each character's situation and comical characteristics according to the directors' adaptation and direction of variation. In addition, this essay will examine how far the variation characteristics of music are reflected, and glocal ones in the characters or contents of the musical along with music materials. Investigating the various aspects that can be put forward as glocal cultural characteristics included in DIMF's musical The Tempest, the essay will also evaluate the contribution it can contribute to developing local culture, expanding new horizons in studying The Tempest.

Cognitive and discursive features of the sound situation with onomatopes in German

This article examines the cognitive and discursive features of onomatopoeic vocabulary sounding with the source of the sound of animal voices in direct and figurative meanings in various discourses. The absence of such works and the importance of this layer of vocabulary as an object of auditory perception determine the relevance of the article in the recently significant context of discursive research. The purpose of the article is to describe cognitive and discursive features of sounding situations with onomatopoetic vocabulary based on the analysis of dictionary definitions and texts in different discourses. The research material includes more than 1,000 contextual extracts from the national German language corpus DWDS on such thematic sections as “political speeches”, “minutes of meetings of the Bundestag”, “polytechnic journal”, “Berliner Zeitung”, “Spiegel”, representing political, scientific, media discourses. The methodological basis of the research is represented by cognitive and discursive analysis in combination with semantic interpretation of texts, statistical confirmation of the mass character of the facts presented in the article. The author believes that the cognitive and discursive features of onomatopoeic vocabulary sounding situations with the semantics of animal voices are anthropomorphic and, therefore, the semantic ambiguity of onomatopoeic vocabulary is due to the temporal component, namely the age characteristics of the addressee, and represents a two-component structure. The first component is considered from the standpoint of onto linguistics and has only an onomatopoeic character, which is reflected in the language by interjective, often reduplicated, and verbal lexemes explicating the sound of animal voices located directly in the area of the child’s vital activity. The second component is a more complex semantic structure conditioned by certain types of discursive practices. In institutional political discourse, onomatopes perform the function of intertextuality and are represented by secondary meanings, often in paraphrased phraseological units. In scientific discourse, direct meanings are represented, often with explication of the emotional states of animals. In media discourse, a “sound picture of the world” is expressed, represented by a combination of many animal sounds, explicating such conceptual concepts as “Homeland”, “rural life”, “a certain geographical place”.

Crafting for Emotion Appropriateness in Affective Robotics: Examining the Practicality of the OCC Model

Research in affective robotics has been using emotions to improve human-robot interaction. One important aspect has been to design recognizable and believable emotions in robotics. Recent work argued that externally displayed emotions on robots may or may not be appropriate for a given situation. However, the selection of emotions as appropriate/inappropriate is not trivial. We here examine the practicality of an established model to craft for emotion appropriateness based on situations of interaction. To do so, we explored the use of the Ortony, Clore, and Collins (OCC) model, which provides a psychological framework of appraisal in which the characteristics of situations are defined and connected to emotions, to identify emotion categories and create contrasting perceptions of emotion appropriateness. We then mapped these categories to four recognizable emotions on aerial robots and designed two video clips (3min35s each) of respectively appropriate and inappropriate emotions. The clips were evaluated in an online study ( N =100) where significant differences were found in attitudes toward the robot's emotions. This paper contributes initial findings to designing for emotion appropriateness.