Character Of Stratification Research Articles

Peculiarities of Polluted Water Spreading from a Submarine Source in Stratified Coastal Environment

We study the spreading of wastewaters from an underwater source in a stratified coastal environment using the results of satellite monitoring and mathematical modeling. The problem is considered as applied to deepwater discharge in the region of Golubaya Bay of the Black Sea near Sebastopol. The main factors preventing upwelling of pollution to the sea surface are analyzed on the basis of a numerical model. It is shown that peculiarities of wastewater spreading depend on the character of stratification and velocity of the background current. The main factor influencing the uplift of these waters to the surface is the existence of water layers with high vertical gradients of water density. We reveal the structure of the wastewater field consisting of a plume and a jet extended in the direction of the background current, which is located in the density interface. If stratification is weak, the plume may reach the sea surface and form a local region of water pollution, which is recorded in multispectral satellite images. It is found that the mass of polluted waters is characterized by negative anomalies of temperature and salinity.

Connection of the Late Paleolithic archaeological sites of the Chuya depression with geological evidence of existence of the Late Pleistocene ice-dammed lakes

The complexity of the age dating of the Pleistocene ice-dammed paleolakes in the Altai Mountains is a reason why geologists consider the Early Paleolithic archaeological sites as an independent age marker for dating geological objects. However, in order to use these sites for paleogeographic reconstructions, their locations, the character of stratification, and the age of stone artifacts need to be comprehensively studied. We investigate 20 Late Paleolithic archaeological sites discovered in the Chuya depression of the Russian Altai (Altai Mountains) with the aim of their possible use for reconstructions of the period of development of the Kurai–Chuya glacio-limnosystem in the Late Neopleistocene. The results of our investigation show that it is improper to use the Paleolithic archaeological sites for the dating of the existence period and the draining time of ice-dammed lakes of the Chuya Depression in the modern period of their study owing to a lack of quantitative age estimates, a wide age range of possible existence of these sites, possible redeposition of the majority of artifacts, and their surface occurrence. It is established that all stratified sites where cultural layers are expected to be dated in the future lie above the uppermost and well-expressed paleolake level (2100 m a.s.l.). Accordingly, there are no grounds to determine the existence time of shallower paleolakes. Since the whole stone material collected below the level of 2100 m a.s.l. is represented by surface finds, it is problematic to use these artifacts for absolute geochronology. The Late Paleolithic Bigdon and Chechketerek sites are of great interest for paleogeographic reconstructions of ice-dammed lakes. The use of iceberg rafting products as cores is evidence that these sites appeared after the draining of a paleolake (2000 m a.s.l.). At this time, the location of these archaeological sites on the slope of the Chuya Depression allows one to assume the existence of a large lake as deep as 250 m synchronously with the above paleolake or later. The location of the lowermost archaeological sites is evidence that a paleolake could have existed at an altitude below 1770 m a.s.l. in the Late Neopleistocene–Early Holocene. The absolute geochronology of the archaeological sites (cultural layers in multilayered sites, split surfaces on dropstones, etc.) can be useful for further reconstructions of the existence time, depths, and a number of ice-dammed lakes in the Kurai–Chuya system of depressions.

Impact of Lake Acidification on Stratification

The effects of documented acidification‐based increases in transparency, i.e., decreases in diffuse light attenuation, kd(m-1), on the occurrence and character of thermal stratification in lakes is evaluated with a mathematical mixed layer (integral energy) stratification model. Predicted changes in the character of stratification in deep lakes include: deeper epilimnia, reduced density gradients in metalimnia, increased hypolimnetic heating, and reduced stability. These changes, brought about as a result of a reduction in kd from 0.75-0.15m-1, were generally as great as or greater than those associated with extremes in meteorological conditions in a north temperate climate. The changes in stratification may have important implications with respect to the vertical cycling of dissolved constituents and the oxygen resources of hypolimnia. Model predictions indicate that lakes of maximum depth less than 25 m located in the Adirondack Region of New York State may change in character from exhibiting strong summer stratification to stratifying only weakly or not at all as a result of similar decreases in kd. Shallower lakes are more susceptible to less extreme reductions in kd. A number of lakes in the Adirondack Region have probably been eliminated as cold‐water fisheries as a result of this effect.

Low Wage Workers and the Dual Labor Market: An Empirical Investigation

Our objective has been to examine empirically the nature of duality on the labor market.The AID statistical procedure has enabled us to focus on the precise character of the primary and secondary sector as well as the substrata within each sector.Such an empirical investigation is an essential prior step before any informed manpower policies can be formulated. Manpower policy could better reflect the reality of the labor market if it were based on a careful examination of labor market stratification.As larger samples, with a more detailed set of variables become available, the AID statistical procedure should enable us to define even more precisely the character of stratification in the labor market.

2. On the Structural Character of Rocks. Part III., embracing Remarks on the Stratified Traps of the neighbourhood of Edinburgh.

The author referred, in the first instance, to the character of stratification, illustrating the subject by specimens displaying the intermittent character of the carrying agent and of the supply of material, pointing out the Hailes Quarry as furnishing the best example in the neighbourhood of the repetitions of strata. He then stated the views of Townson, Whitehurst, and Jameson, as to the relation of the trap rocks to the sandstones with which they are interstratified. He then took notice of a statement in vol. xiii. of the Transactions of the Society, recorded by Lord Greenock, that Edinburgh may be considered as avalley of elevation, the trap rocks in the neighbourhood dipping outwards as from a common centre.