Chara Globularis Research Articles

Dependence of cell's membrane potential on extracellular voltage observed in Chara globularis

The membrane potential (Vm) of a cell results from the selective movement of ions across the cell membrane. Recent studies have revealed the presence of a gradient of voltage within a few nanometers adjacent to erythrocytes. Very notably this voltage is modified in response to changes in cell's membrane potential thus effectively extending the potential beyond the membrane and into the solution. In this study, using the microelectrode technique, we provide experimental evidence for the existence of a gradient of negative extracellular voltage (Vz) in a wide zone close to the cell wall of algal cells, extending over several micrometers. Modulating the ionic concentration of the extracellular solution with CO2 alters the extracellular voltage and causes an immediate change in Vm. Elevated extracellular CO2 levels depolarize the cell and hyperpolarize the zone of extracellular voltage (ZEV) by the same magnitude. This observation strongly suggests a coupling effect between Vz and Vm. An increase in the level of intracellular CO2 (dark respiration) leads to hyperpolarization of the cell without any immediate effect on the extracellular voltage. Therefore, the metabolic activity of a cell can proceed without inducing changes in Vz. Conversely, Vz can be modified by external stimulation without metabolic input from the cell. The evolution of the ZEV, particularly around spines and wounded cells, where ion exchange is enhanced, suggests that the formation of the ZEV may be attributed to the exchange of ions across the cell wall and cell membrane. By comparing the changes in Vm in response to external stimuli, as measured by electrodes and observed using a potential-sensitive dye, we provide experimental evidence demonstrating the significance of extracellular voltage in determining the cell's membrane potential. This may have implications for our understanding of cell membrane potential generation beyond the activities of ion channels.

The cell walls of different Chara species are characterized by branched galactans rich in 3-O-methylgalactose and absence of AGPs.

Streptophyte algae are the closest relatives to land plants; their latest common ancestor performed the most drastic adaptation in plant evolution around 500 million years ago: the conquest of land. Besides other adaptations, this step required changes in cell wall composition. Current knowledge on the cell walls of streptophyte algae and especially on the presence of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), important signalling molecules in all land plants, is limited. To get deeper insights into the cell walls of streptophyte algae, especially in Charophyceae, we performed sequential cell wall extractions of four Chara species. The three species Chara globularis, Chara subspinosa and Chara tomentosa revealed comparable cell wall compositions, with pectins, xylans and xyloglucans, whereas Chara aspera stood out with higher amounts of uronic acids in the pectic fractions and lack of reactivity with antibodies binding to xylan- and xyloglucan epitopes. Search for AGPs in the four Chara species and in Nitellopsis obtusa revealed the presence of galactans with pyranosidic galactose in 1,3-, 1,6- and 1,3,6-linkage, which are typical galactan motifs in land plant AGPs. A unique feature of these branched galactans was high portions of 3-O-methylgalactose. Only Nitellopsis contained substantial amounts of arabinose A bioinformatic search for prolyl-4-hydroxylases, involved in the biosynthesis of AGPs, revealed one possible functional sequence in the genome of Chara braunii, but no hydroxyproline could be detected in the four Chara species or in Nitellopsis obtusa. We conclude that AGPs that is typical for land plants are absent, at least in these members of the Charophyceae.

First report on late Miocene (Tortonian: ~ 11–10 Ma) charophyte gyrogonites from Tapar, Kachchh District, Gujarat State, western India

This paper describes the first record of charophyte gyrogonites from the late Miocene (Tortonian; ~ 11–10 Ma) Tapar locality of Kachchh, Gujarat State, western India. The recovered charophyte assemblage is constituted by Chara globularis var. aspera, C. globularis var. globularis, Lychnothamnus cf. sahnii, Lychnothamnus sp. and Nitellopsis sp. In addition, the present article discusses the palaeoenvironment based on the recorded charophyte gyrogonites (this study) and previously known faunal data (mainly vertebrates) from the Tapar locality, Kutch Basin, western India. Further, considering the significant extension of the biostratigraphic range [especially the First Appearance Datum (FAD)] of fauna from the Kutch Basin (in particular from the Tapar locality), we herein make an attempt to compare biostratigraphically the faunal assemblages from Kutch with those from the Siwalik Group, north India.

Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene Charophyte Gyrogonites from Mudstone Horizon Underlying Volcanic Ash Beds of Northwest Himalaya: Palaeoecological and Palaeoenvironmental Implications

In this paper, a good number of charophyte specimens and angiospermae seeds have been documented from the mudstone horizon underlying the geochronologically dated volcanic ash beds exposed about 0.375 km northwest of Badakhetar village in Samba district of the Jammu region, northwest Himalaya. By using the morphological characteristics (equatorial axis, distance from apical pore to equatorial axis, isopolarity index, anisopolarity index, width of convolution, angle between convolution and equatorial axis, number of convolutions, vertical and oblique line spiral, size, shape, basal pore and apex morphology) of charophytes, these specimens have been identified and tentatively referred as Chara rantzieni, Charaglobularis globularis, Chara globularis aspera (Characontraria), Hornichara maslovi, Lamprothamnium papulosum, Lychnothamnus breviovatus and Boraginocarpus lakhanpalii (Angiospermae seed). The reported species of charophytes are used here in the present study for Palaeoecological and Palaeoenvironmental studies. Keywords: Charophyte Gyrogonites, Mudstone Horizon, Northwest Himalaya, Palaeoecology, Palaeoenvironment

The effects of macrophytes on the growth of bloom-forming cyanobacteria: Systematic review and experiment

Macrophytes have often been considered as a prospective tool for the elimination of cyanobacterial bloom, because they may produce chemical compounds that outcompete bloom-forming cyanobacteria. However, a comprehensive, unbiased overview of evidence to support this is missing. Moreover, studies into the effects of individual macrophyte species have often used different methodologies and, thus, cannot be compared. Herein, we firstly carried out a systematic review of studies into the effects of macrophytes on the growth of bloom-forming cyanobacteria. Secondly, we carried out an experiment into the effects of aqueous and ethanol extracts from 19 macrophyte species on the growth of two of the most common cyanobacteria, Aphanizomenon gracile and Microcystis aeruginosa, using a uniform methodological approach. The systematic review revealed that most of the 69 macrophyte species previously studied have shown a combination of inhibitory, stimulatory, and neutral effects. In our own experiment, an inhibitory effect was exhibited only 15 times out of 532 experimental variants, specifically by Chara globularis, Ceratophyllum submersum, Elodea nuttallii, Hydrilla verticillata, Myriophyllum heterophyllum, M. spicatum, and Vallisneria americana. Put together, these results indicate that the practical application of chemical compounds produced by macrophytes to eliminate cyanobacterial bloom may have lower prospects than previously anticipated.

Trading offspring for survival: high duckweed cover decreases reproductive potential and stimulates elongation in the submerged macrophyte Chara globularis Thuillier

Compact blankets of free-floating plants generate stressful aquatic environments. The response of submerged macrophytes remains largely elusive. Will they rush toward the light or rather speed up reproductive efforts and escape using propagules—the macrophyte equivalent of lifeboats? We studied the effects of complete duckweed (Lemna minor) cover on growth and reproductive fitness of macroalga Chara globularis in a pond mesocosm experiment. C. globularis growing in Lemna-covered plots lost biomass and developed longer internodes, indicating an elongative reflex to escape stress. Densities of reproductive organs per biomass unit evolved positively in open plots and negatively in covered plots, suggesting a trade-off between reproductive effort and vegetative elongation. Reproductive potential correlated significantly with incident radiation. Lemna cover, however, did not affect oospore rain—at least within the limited time span of propagule trapping. C. globularis thus displayed an ability to modify phenology in response to floating plant stress, allocating resources to internodes instead of gametangia. Nevertheless, duckweed dominance clearly suppressed the overall reproductive performance of C. globularis. The regenerative capacity of many submerged macrophytes will likely suffer from increased floating plant dominance due to global warming—unless efforts are made to reduce nutrient levels in vulnerable waterbodies.

Revision of the characeae (Charales, Charophyceae) species and their distribution in Lithuania

The current inventory was mainly based on revising herbarium specimens collected since the 19th century and confirmed twenty-one Characeae species in Lithuania. They are representatives of five genera: Chara (12 species), Nitella (5), Tolypella (2), Lychnothamnus and Nitellopsis (by one species each). Thirteen species mentioned in references or labels of herbarium specimens were not confirmed. The occurrence of the Characeae species was recorded in 251 map grid cells (42% of the total number 593). Herbarium specimens were collected from 693 water bodies, mainly lakes. Chara globularis was the most common species, recorded in 150 map grid cells and more than 250 water bodies. Ten species (C. aspera, C. contraria, C. filiformis, C. subspinosa, C. tomentosa, C. virgata, C. vulgaris, Nitella mucronata, N. flexilis, Nitellopsis obtusa) were recorded in the interval from 100 to 50 grid cells and also belong to the group of common species. Chara papillosa and C. strigosa were recorded less than in 50 grid cells and should be considered quite common. Eight species (C. baltica, C. canescens, Lychnothamnus barbatus, Nitella confervacea, N. gracilis, N. syncarpa, Tolypella nidifica, T. prolifera) were recorded in ten or fewer grid cells and belong to the group of rare or very rare species. The occurrence of species that have not been confirmed by the herbarium specimens was discussed.

Cadmium and chromium levels in water and edible herbs in a risk assessment study of rural residents living in Eastern Iran.

In arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, water is supplied by qanats, underground channels where pollution is suspected, but unestablished. The aim of this study was thus to run a risk assessment study regarding the levels of cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) in qanat water and edible herbs (Adiantum capillus-verenis, Chara globularis and Plantago lanceolata) growing in qanats in 14 villages in South Khorasan Province in Iran between April and August 2018. Samples were collected in qanats from the same sampling points, and after mineralization in nitric and perchloric acids were analyzed for metal concentrations by means of atomic absorption spectrometry. Concentrations of Cd and Cr found in water were not high (0.028 and 1.091μgL-1, respectively) and contamination parameters revealed no pollution. The ingestion rate of water and the exposure frequency to metals were the most relevant variables in the model of a sensitivity analysis, but the Hazard Quotient indicated no risk of non-carcinogenic health problems to consumers of the water. The Carcinogenic Risk parameter suggested, however, that there is a risk of these consumers' developing cancer. Concentrations found in herbs were higher than in water but remained below permissible thresholds. Hazard Quotient values of three species studied in the case of children and A. capillus-verenis in the case of adults indicated a potential non-carcinogenic health risk linked with eating them. The study reveals that further research to include many of the qanats across Iran should be carried out to verify the scale of the risk suggested. Graphical abstract.

New finds of charophytes in Iceland with an update on the distribution of the charophyte flora

Charophyte species new to the flora of Iceland are reported and an update on the distribution of the previously known species is given. Four species are new to Iceland; Chara aspera Willdenow, Chara contraria Braun ex Kützing, Tolypella canadensis Sawa and Tolypella glomerata (Desvaux) Leonhardi, while four species were previously known: Chara globularis Thuiller, Chara virgata Kützing, Nitella flexilis (L.) Agardh and Nitella opaca (Agardh ex Bruzelius) Agardh. The finding of the species new to Iceland add to the hitherto known worldwide distribution of those species, including a significant extension to the north.

Charophytes of Gornje Podunavlje ponds: Revitalization process aspect

Unique marshland area in the Danube floodplain - Special Nature Re?serve Gornje Podunavlje is considered to be one of the last aquatic flora and fauna refuges in the region. The revitalization projects in SNP Gornje Podunavlje started in 2011. They were conducted in order to protect biodiversity and to provide the natural ecosystem. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the present diversity and distribution of the charophytes in five ponds of SNR Gornje Podunavlje, depending on phases of the revitalization process within the ponds. The researched area includes the following ponds: Semenjaca, Sarkanj, Siroki rit, Sakajtas and Ribolov. The Siroki rit pond was under the process of revitalization during the field surveys, Semenjaca and Sarkanj have already been revitalized, and Ribolov and Sakajtas were not exposed to the revitalization processes at all. The field surveys were conducted monthly, from May to September 2016. Water quality parameters were measured in situ and in laboratory. Ponds differed considerably when it comes to water chemistry; Semenjaca and Sarkanj were associated with highest nutrient concentrations, while Siroki rit was characterized by highest conductivity and water hardness. The highest diversity was found in Siroki rit pond, which was still in process of revitalization when the field survey was conducted. Charophytes were not detected within previously revitalized ponds (Semenjaca and Sarkanj). Eight species of charophytes were detected: Chara contraria, Chara globularis, Chara tenuispina, Chara vulgaris, Nitella confervacea, Nitella gracilis, Nitella syncarpa and Tolypella prolifera.

The seasonal effects on the encrustation of charophytes in two hard-water lakes.

Encrustation and element content of six charophyte species from two hard-water lakes were investigated monthly for a period of 1year. Seasonal patterns were analyzed for the interaction of water chemistry. Encrustation followed a seasonal pattern for Chara contraria, Chara subspinosa, and Nitellopsis obtusa in Lake Krüselin and for Chara globularis and Chara tomentosa in Lake Lützlow. However, no seasonality in the precipitated CaCO3 was observed for C.subspinosa in Lake Lützlow and for C.tomentosa in Lake Krüselin, indicating a lake-specific dependency. Species-specific encrustation was found. Chara contraria and N.obtusa encrusted the most in June and August, whereas C.subspinosa and Nitella flexilis/opaca exhibited lowest encrustation in March and April. The precipitated CaCO3 of charophytes correlated negatively to the concentration of total inorganic carbon in both lakes. Element content of plant dry weight was species-specific for Ca and K, and lake-specific for Mg. No specific pattern was found for the TP and Fe contents. The results showed seasonal, species, and lake-specific influences on the encrustation of charophytes.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND ANTIOXIDANT PERSPECTIVES OF EXTRACTS OF CHARA GLOBULARIS AND CLADOPHORA SPECIES (STRING ALGAE) SPECIES

Objectives: Marine organisms are capable of producing unusual bioactive compounds that are not observed in terrestrial sources. Algae are now drawing a greater interest following the increase in demand for biodiversity in the screening programs seeking therapeutic drugs from natural products.Methods: Hot acid extraction and cold alkali extraction of Chara globularis and Cladophora species (string algae), respectively, were carried out successfully. The extracted materials were tested for the qualitative reactions and subjected for thin-layer chromatography, ultraviolet, and infrared spectral studies so as to characterize the extracted materials of two algae. They were estimated for their antioxidant perspectives by hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging and reducing power assay methods.Results: Percentage yield of the extracts was found to be 80% and 40%, respectively, for the two algal species. The IC50 value of hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of C. globularis and Cladophora species was found to be 30 μg/ml and 20 μg/ml, respectively, and the same for the standard ascorbic acid was 20 μg/ml. The results were found to be dose dependent, i.e., higher the concentration, and more was the scavenging activity.Conclusion: Despite the widespread uses and claimed advantages of the algae, only a few investigations on the chemical composition have been reported. A good correlation between the structure and activities of these most popular categories can be brought about.

Chara spp. exhibit highly heterogeneous light adaptation, calcite encrustation and epiphyton patterns in a marl lake

The aim of this work was to determine the relationships between calcite encrustation, photosynthetic pigments and the epiphyton community of upper and lower thallus parts of Chara spp. from different depths of a marl lake (Lake Prošće, NP Plitvice Lakes, Croatia). Samples were taken from two Chara species, spread across three lake depths (Chara subspinosa at 1 and 5 m, and Chara globularis at 10 m), and analysed spectrophotometrically for photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total carotenoids) composition, and gravimetrically for organic matter and calcite encrustation contents within the macroalgal species. Epiphytic (i.e., epialgal) protozoa and micro-metazoa were determined on live material. The amounts of calcite deposits on Chara were two times higher at the depths of 1 and 5 m, compared to 10 m – most likely due to water chemistry (i.e., pH, temperature and calcium concentrations), light availability and photosynthesis patterns as well as Chara species morphology differences. Photosynthetic pigments exhibited complex patterns, differing both between upper and lower charophyte thallus parts, and among depths, likely reflecting adaptations of the macroalgae and epiphytes to light conditions. Protozoans and micro-metazoans exhibited various assemblages at different depths, with C. subspinosa supporting highest diversity (42 taxa at 5 m) and C. globularis exhibiting highest abundance (up to 9000 ind/gDW). Peritrich ciliates and rotifers preferred Chara thalli with less extensive calcite encrustations and more complex structure.

Oxygen stable isotope composition of carbonate encrustations of two modern, widely distributed, morphologically different charophyte species

Oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) stable isotope analyses are among the standard methods applied in the studies of past environment, including climate. In lacustrine sediments, δ18O and δ13C values can be measured in various carbonates including charophyte encrustations. Application of the stable isotope record of lacustrine carbonates requires knowledge about the possibilities and limitations of the method. Thus, this study presents the oxygen stable isotope composition of carbonate encrustations precipitated by modern charophytes (δ18OCARB) and of ambient waters (δ18OWATER). The study objects were widely distributed and morphologically different charophyte species, large and branchy Chara tomentosa L. and small and slender Chara globularis Thuill. Each species was studied in five lakes located in western Poland, at three sites per lake. The study demonstrated that δ18OCARB values were similar for the two charophyte species and were lake-dependent. δ18OCARB and δ18OWATER relationships were also similar for the studied charophytes with carbonate encrustations 18O-depleted compared to ambient waters. The shift of mean δ18O values between C. tomentosa and C. globularis encrustations and ambient waters, 2‰ and 3.2‰, respectively, was evidenced in all studied lakes which may indicate potential applicability of δ18OCARB of the two species in paleolimnological studies.

Submerged seed, turion and oospore rain: A trap quantifying propagule deposition under aquatic vegetation

Submerged, free-floating and floating-leaved macrophytes produce a broad variety of specialized propagules to ensure population continuity and enhance dispersal. We quantified macrophyte propagule deposition in shallow ponds using a trap positioned near the sediment, designed to monitor diaspore rain in lentic aquatic environments. Propagule traps were tested under different set-ups, firstly within enclosed mesocosm experiments and secondly in vegetation communities growing in the open field. Mesocosms were installed in ponds containing monospecific stands of Chara globularis and Potamogeton pusillus under two contrasting conditions, with and without duckweed (Lemna minor), to evaluate cover impact on propagule release from the submerged macrophytes. During the studied interval, deposition of C. globularis oospores was not affected by Lemna cover. In P. pusillus, lemnid cover coincided with strong phenotypic alterations, including high turion investment. Traps openly installed in ponds containing Parvopotamion- and Magnopotamion/Hydrocharition-type associations showed that propagule rain was intensive underneath some macrophyte species and generally mirrored vegetation composition. Certain species were either over- or underrepresented. Generally, macrophyte abundance did not influence propagule deposition. Propagule traps are useful in studies assessing reproductive dynamics and resource allocation, potentially bypassing or complementing sediment propagule bank research, and aiding identification of recruitment bottlenecks.

Effects of light and temperature on Chara vulgaris (Charophyceae) gyrogonite productivity and polymorphism – palaeoenvironmental implications

:To test the influence of light and temperature on intraspecific gyrogonite variation, two common European charophyte species, Chara vulgaris and Chara globularis, were studied indoors under controlled environmental conditions. A total of 60 plants of each species were incubated under different combinations of four irradiances (L1 = 30 μmol PAR m−2 s−1; L2 = 150 μmol PAR m−2 s−1; L3 = 500 μmol PAR m−2 s−1 and L4 = 1000 μmol PAR m−2 s−1) and three water temperatures (T1 = 15°C; T2 = 25°C and T3 = 35°C). These parameters simulate temporary ponds from the Mediterranean region in the summer and help in understanding charophyte reproduction in shallow temporary ponds of past geological periods. After 102 days, gyrogonite productivity was evaluated, and a morphometric analysis of the gyrogonites produced was performed. Our results indicated that both irradiance and water temperature play a key role in C. vulgaris intraspecific gyrogonite variation. Gyrogonites tended to increase their size as irradiance and temperature increased. However, in extreme conditions (L4 and T3), an opposite trend was observed, with gyrogonites becoming significantly smaller. Our results agree with the distribution patterns of fossil gyrogonite assemblages. Using the present data, we hypothesise that charophytes in historic temporary floodplain water bodies produced smaller gyrogonites in response to the stressful environments induced by high irradiances and temperatures.

Dry weight and calcium carbonate encrustation of two morphologically different Chara species: a comparative study from different lakes

Abstract Two charophyte species (Chara tomentosa Thulli. 1799 and Chara globularis L. 1753) were studied to assess their biomass and CaCO3 production in seven hard-water lakes in Western Poland. In each lake, samples of ten individuals from three study sites were collected for dry weight (DW) and calcium carbonate content (% CaCO3) analyses. Additionally, physicochemical parameters of water collected from the above sampling sites were analyzed. No significant differences were found between the study sites in each lake for any of the analyzed parameters. In all the lakes, DW of C. tomentosa (0.60 ± 0.23 g indiv.-1) was significantly higher and more differentiated than DW of C. globularis (0.11 ± 0.08 g indiv.-1), suggesting species-specificity. The CaCO3 content in DW for C. tomentosa was higher (58.8-70.9%) than in C. globularis (50.1-68.3%), however, it did not reflect the DW differentiation, suggesting lake-specificity. The physicochemical properties of water revealed clear lake-to-lake differentiation. Different correlations between dry weight and calcium carbonate content and lake characteristics were found for each species. The results showed that DW and % CaCO3 are closely related to habitat conditions and different factors may influence the individual biomass of each species.

Towards a more precisely defined macrophyte-dominated regime: the recent history of a shallow lake in Eastern Poland

Archived data and sedimentary macrofossil records of vegetation and invertebrates deposited in a 60-cm long sediment core were analysed to examine if macrophyte dominance was a permanent feature of the recent history of lowland Lake Kleszczow. For the last several centuries, the lake has not been dominated by phytoplankton but by floating-leaved vegetation at strongly reduced water level. Starting from the mid-nineteenth century, probably as a result of climate fluctuations, vegetation switched at first into submerged angiosperms, and then, in the second half of twentieth century, towards charophytes. Within charophytes there were switches between Chara globularis and C. vulgaris communities, depending on lake productivity or hydrological stress. No symptoms were detected of a switch to a turbid regime as a result of potential internal supply of phosphorus from sediments covered with a dense carpet of charophytes. Our study shows that within a longer period with clear water, the community of macro-vegetation can be highly dynamic. It can be represented by various types of vegetation as a response to different productivity levels and/or hydrological stress, largely determining the composition of other hydrobionts and course of various processes, and as a consequence, the functioning of the ecosystem and its resilience.

Sharp differences in the δ13C values of organic matter and carbonate encrustations but not in ambient water DIC between two morphologically distinct charophytes

The stable carbon isotope composition of the carbonate encrustations (δ13CCARB), organic matter (δ13CORG) and the dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) in the ambient lake waters were analysed for two common but morphologically different and, thus, representing different growth forms of Chara species. We hypothesized that the relationships between δ13CCARB, δ13CORG and δ13CDIC are species specific and related to the different growth forms of the studied charophytes. For each species (Chara tomentosa and Chara globularis), 10 individuals and water samples from above the macrophytes were collected in five lakes at three sites per lake in mid-summer. Opposing shifts were found between δ13CCARB and δ13CDIC values with 13C enrichment in C. tomentosa and 13C depletion in C. globularis. In addition, C. globularis exhibited more negative values of δ13CORG than C. tomentosa, even under similar conditions. The δ13CCARB and δ13CORG values were positively correlated in both species, but δ13CCARB and δ13CDIC as well as δ13CORG and δ13CDIC were positively correlated in C. tomentosa only. The differences found result from the different proportions between 13C and 12C in DIC used as a CO2 source for photosynthesis, which is linked to the different growth forms represented by the two studied charophytes and, thus, are species specific as we hypothesized.

The Ancient Locality Syndianna with Charophytes in the Northern Israel

The ancient locality of charophytes is described from the Sindyanna pool, Upper Jordan River Basin, Golan Heights region of Israel. The associated algal diversity was revealed, and ecological assessment of aquatic environment was obtained with bio-indication methods. Algal community was represented by fifty four species one of which is charophyte macroalga Chara globularis Thuiller. The Chara was found in mass growths in the studied pool. Bio-indication and chemical variables characterize the pool environment as eutrophic, low- to middle organically polluted, belonging to water quality Class III. Fifty five species-indicators in community reflect water quality as fresh, temperate temperature, low- to middle alkaline, and enough saturated with oxygen. Seasonality of algal community and water quality show a higher organic pollution in summer caused by livestock grazing impact. Anoxia, high water pH, increasing of nitrates enrichments in dry period together with decreasing of species richness and index WESI which reflect some of toxicity impact, can be result of water pollution. We recommend for monitoring the ancient Sindyanna natural aquatic object in the Upper Jordan River Basin, and Chara globularis as indicator-species of ecosystem resistance to pollution.