Book Chapter Research Articles

Learning-based dynamic pricing strategy with pay-per-chapter mode for online publisher with case study of COL

We consider how to make dynamic pricing decision for Chinese Online (COL) at T time-points, an online publisher that allow authors to sell their ongoing book projects. Instead of paying for a book, readers pay for each chapter (pay-per-chapter mode) of the ongoing book project. This mode allows readers to pay for as many chapters as they want without taking the risk that the releasing of new chapters might be delayed or stopped. Despite of the dynamics of chapter-by-chapter released of COL products, the fixed pricing strategy (FPS) does not make fully use of the reading data generated by releasing chapters of the ongoing book. We propose a learning-based dynamic pricing strategy (LDPS) that exploits the newly information to maximize cumulative revenue for the publisher. The LDPS captures the ever changing features of readers. It employs the Thompson sampling method to balance the exploration of investigating different prices sufficiently with the exploitation of settling on the optimal price. Taking COL as a case study and implementing our strategy in the context of the aforementioned real-life data set, we show that LDPS outperform several classical strategies such as Greedy, Prior-Free TS and Prior-Given TS, and average revenue of LDPS is increased by 0.5 % average per time-point compared to the publisher's historical decisions. We also provide some management implications for the COL publisher by analyzing the pricing range of different genres of books and the choice of the exploration threshold parameter.

Aristóteles, Primeiros Analíticos II, 1-4: tradução e notas

This is an annotated translation of the first four chapters of the second book of Aristotle’s Prior Analytics. I aim to offer Portuguese-speaking readers a clear text with complementary materials to elucidate and contextualize Aristotle’s work, fulfilling a significant gap in the Lusophone bibliographical universe. To do this, I have taken Ross’s edition of the Aristotelian text as a basis – in which I have made some small changes – and compared my work with a series of existing translations and commentaries on the text.

Conceptual Model for the Assessment of Academic Productivity in Research Seedbeds From a Systematic Review

<p style="text-align: justify;">Higher education institutions have focused their efforts on promoting research seedbeds as a strategy for formative research. In this regard, the impact of such a strategy remains unknown due to the lack of models that enable its evaluation. Therefore, this study aimed to design an evaluation model for the academic productivity of research seedbeds based on the available evidence in the literature. To achieve this, a systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA model, analyzing 53 documents including articles, book chapters, and conference proceedings from the SCOPUS, ProQuest, Jstor, Scielo, and ScienceDirect databases. The results identified indicators that allowed for the design of a model based on six constructs: research training, institutional capabilities, bibliographic production, innovation and development, social appropriation of knowledge, and human resource training. It was concluded that the indicators evaluating research seedbeds seek greater scientific development involving students and improving the quality of research products, which directly impacts the institutional research mission.</p>

Biological Importance and Therapeutic Potential of Calycopterin From Dracocephalum kotschyi: An Overview of Current Scientific Research Work.

Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss is an important medicinal plant of Asia, Europe and Iran. The therapeutic potential of Dracocephalum kotschyi has been mentioned in traditional as well as in modern medicine, mainly due to its therapeutic effectiveness against different types of human disorders and associated secondary complications. Calycopterin is a flavonoid class phytochemical commonly called 5,4-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8- tetramethoxyflavone, which has been isolated from Dracocephalum kotschyi. It is widely used for the treatment of human disorders and associated secondary complications. Medicinal importance and therapeutic potential of calycopterin was investigated in the present work through scientific data analysis of different research works. Scientific data on calycopterin published in different research articles were collected from PubMed, Google, Google Scholar, Science Direct, SpringerLink, and Scopus and analyzed in the present work. Further, scientific data was collected from books and book chapters. Analytical data on calycopterin was also collected and analyzed in the present work. Scientific data analysis of different research work revealed the biological importance and therapeutic potential of calycopterin. Calycopterin showed therapeutic effectiveness against different types of cancerous disorders, including human prostate cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, lymphocyte proliferation and hepatoblastoma cancer. Moreover, the biological effectiveness of calycopterin on neuroprotection and Pseudomonas aeruginosa has also been discussed in the present work with their pharmacokinetic parameters. Nevertheless, more scientific investigations must be conducted to explore the healthbeneficial aspects of calycopterin in medicine. Present work signified the biological importance and therapeutic potential of calycopterin for the treatment of human disorders and complications, including different types of cancerous disorders.

Pressure Injuries in Different Disciplines: A Bibliometric Analysis

Introduction: Despite developing health technologies and many preventive approaches, pressure injuries are still among the current health problems for health professionals and health costs. Aim: This study was conducted to examine the features of the studies on pressure injuries in different disciplines like authors, journals, and the number of citations and provide a perspective for further studies.Material and Methods: The study used the bibliometric analysis method, MS Excel program, and Vosviwer. The data were searched using the keywords “pressure ulcer”, “pressure wound”, pressure injuries”, bedsore”, “pressure sores”, “decubitus ulcer”, and “decubitus” Results: A total of 4224 research articles, book chapters, and review articles were analyzed for the study criteria. The results showed that the first article was published in 1949, the highest number of studies was done in 2021, 87.2% of the studies were nursing, and 13.3% were published in the Journal of Wound Care. 87.9% of the studies were published in English, and 26.7% were published in the United States of America. It was determined that there was a positive relationship between the number of publications and the gross national product of the countries (r=0.774, p<0.009). Conclusion and sugestions: It was concluded that despite the increasing number of studies on pressure injury over the years, there was a decrease in author collaboration, the studies were primarily conducted in nursing and published in relevant journals, and there was a lack of a multidisciplinary approach. With this research, new researchers will be asked research to be conducted on the subject when researching pressure injury, it provides researchers with which keywords they can use, which authors’ articles they can review, and collaborative research by the authors. Based on the research results, encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration and interdisciplinary cooperation is recommended for pressure injury prevention.

Al-Dirāsah al-Muqāranah baina Kitābay al-Jurūmiyah al-Jawān wa Matn Alajrūmiyah fī al-Bāb Marfū’at al-Asmā’

Arabic without the knowledge of Ilm Nahwu cannot be understood. The Matn Alajrūmiyah and al-Jurumiyah al-Jawan are reference books for learning qawāid (Arabic grammar), commonly used in Islamic boarding school environments. All students must study Arabic grammar as a basis for their ability to read the manuscript (turāś). This research aims to explain the differences in the preparation of qawāid learning materials, especially in the Marfūat al-Asmā' chapter in the al-Jurumiyah al-Jawan book and the Matn Alajrūmiyah book so that students can detect the ease of learning Arabic using these two books. The type of research used is qualitative library research with comparative study methods. The results of the research show that both books have complete material regarding Marfūat al-Asmā' along with relevant examples. The difference lies in the additional content, where the author of the al-Jurumiyah al-Jawan book not only presents material on Arabic language rules but also inserts ancestral advice. As for the book Matn Alajrūmiyah, the author only focuses on the rules of Marfūat al-Asmā'. al-Jurumiyah al-Jawan uses the Arabic pegon script with Javanese as the language of instruction, except in examples. The Matn Alajrūmiyah uses Arabic script and Arabic as a whole. As for the style of presentation, the al-Jurumiyah al-Jawan book uses a poetry style that is relatively easy to memorize, in contrast to the Matn Alajrūmiyah, which uses a prose style.

The significance and challenges of turnover and retention of millennial professionals

PurposeThis paper aims to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of the current state of the millennial literature, highlighting the significance and challenges of millennial professionals, their reported high turnover and the various recommendations designed to engage and retain them.Design/methodology/approachAn integrated review approach was applied to synthesise contemporary peer-reviewed articles, supplemented by legacy and grey literature and relevant book chapters, to comprehensively explore and construct a cohesive overview of the current research on the millennial workforce.FindingsWithin the wealth of available information, examining the various studies on millennial turnover reveals diverse theories, evidence and opportunities for advancement, underscoring the necessity for more robust empirical studies. The investigation identified three overarching retention strategy themes: (1) intergenerational conflict management, (2) workplace adaptations and (3) solutions rooted in a protean career orientation. In alignment with protean career concepts, coaching shows promise as an underexplored option.Practical implicationsThis article holds practical significance by offering researchers a comprehensive and cohesive overview of the millennial literature. Additionally, it gives organisations a novel perspective on the crucial role coaching can play in engaging and retaining millennial employees.Originality/valueThe increased focus on retaining millennial workers in recent decades has spurred a proliferation of articles and books on this subject. However, this body of research remains fragmented, lacking an overview that provides a clear picture of its current state. This review aims to bridge this gap.

Is it Possible to Identify Basic Citizenship Values and Skills at a Universal Level? A Framework Attempt

This research aims to create a framework that includes basic citizenship skills and values. The framework focuses on citizenship values and skills directly or implicitly addressed in the literature on citizenship education. The research sample comprises 183 international studies, including books, book chapters, articles, reports, and proceedings. In terms of reflecting the sample, this figure is quite significant. Based on our study, we defined responsibility, respect, equality, helpfulness, justice, ethics, sensitivity, dedication, honesty, and freedom as basic citizenship values. Basic citizenship skills involve participation, literacy, communication, problem-solving, critical thinking, decision-making, cooperation, awareness, empathy, and questioning. There are several other values and skills beyond those listed. In this study, we have attempted to standardize the basic citizenship values and skills that we believe are significant in many nations. To establish a benchmark, we included the ten most mentioned values and skills in the literature to ensure representativeness. We also utilizes expert evaluations to improve the reliability and validity of the study. Various researchers can verify this framework because the values and skills were derived from the analyzed studies on reliability and validity. As a result, we expect this study to provide an up-to-date perspective on the values and skills that all citizens should possess.

The Effect of Transcranial Photobiomodulation for Motor Performance Improvement in Patients with Brain Disorders

Background: Transcranial photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has emerged as a promising alternative therapeutic option for the management of neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms of PBM therapy and its effects on motor performance in brain disorders are not yet fully understood. The aim of this literature review is to provide a more detailed and evidence-based explanation of the rationale and intent behind the correlation between PBM therapy and its effects on motor performance in brain disorders. Methods: A literature search was performed in the databases "PubMed/Medline", "Scopus," and "Google Scholar" for all relevant English language papers. A combination of different keywords was used for the database search. Video articles, patents, review articles, book chapters, articles using other transcranial methods, non-transcranial PBM, and case reports were excluded. Results: Out of the 2174 papers, 18 addressed the effect of PBM on motor performance. Among these, four studies were on ischemic stroke models and individuals with stroke, six studies on models associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI), five studies on models associated with neurodegenerative diseases and Parkinson's disease, and four studies related to models and patients with central nervous system inflammation. All studies have shown that motor parameters improve with PBM. In two studies on healthy individuals, 65 showed improvement in motor function and 16 showed improvement in motor evoked potential. In most studies (n=10), the wavelength used was between 800 and 900 nm. Near-infrared or LED continuous light was used in most studies. However, two studies compared the effects of pulsed and continuous waves and found the superiority of pulsed over continuous waves. Conclusions: PBM therapy appears to be useful in brain injury, inducing changes at the behavioral, motor, cellular, and chemical levels. Recent studies suggest that PBM therapy may have potential benefits in improving motor performance in brain disorders, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, and demyelination. However, further research is needed to determine the optimal parameters for PBM therapy and to investigate its effects on motor function in different brain disorders. Overall, PBM therapy appears to be a promising therapeutic option for brain injury and warrants further investigation.

UNIVERSALITY, INTEGRALITY AND EQUITY IN CARE FOR THE DEAF PATIENTS PAIN PRIMARY CARE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

This article aims to systematically identify scientific production regarding basic health care for deaf people. Through a systematic literature review, the search for published works using the SCIELO BR, BVS and PUBMED platforms as a database was carried out by two researchers, directing the selection and exclusion process, respectively, of data for analysis. In this sense, from a scope of careful and objective choices, original articles were sought, published in Portuguese, English and Spanish, and which addressed the perspective of care for deaf people in primary care. Dissertations, book chapters, case studies and editorials were excluded. From this, 508 articles were found, 396 were excluded by the filters applied, 03 were repeated, 75 were excluded by the title and 89 by reading the abstract. 04 were read in full and evaluated. Therefore, 04 articles were chosen for this review. The reality is that the care and experience experienced by deaf people in primary care require reformulations that occur quickly and effectively, both in communication, accessibility, care and research, and in the applicability of the right to health guaranteed by law.

An integrative decision-making framework to guide policies on regulating ChatGPT usage.

Generative artificial intelligence has created a moment in history where human beings have begin to closely interact with artificial intelligence (AI) tools, putting policymakers in a position to restrict or legislate such tools. One particular example of such a tool is ChatGPT which is the first and world's most popular multipurpose generative AI tool. This study aims to put forward a policy-making framework of generative artificial intelligence based on the risk, reward, and resilience framework. A systematic search was conducted, by using carefully chosen keywords, excluding non-English content, conference articles, book chapters, and editorials. Published research were filtered based on their relevance to ChatGPT ethics, yielding a total of 41 articles. Key elements surrounding ChatGPT concerns and motivations were systematically deduced and classified under the risk, reward, and resilience categories to serve as ingredients for the proposed decision-making framework. The decision-making process and rules were developed as a primer to help policymakers navigate decision-making conundrums. Then, the framework was practically tailored towards some of the concerns surrounding ChatGPT in the context of higher education. In the case of the interconnection between risk and reward, the findings show that providing students with access to ChatGPT presents an opportunity for increased efficiency in tasks such as text summarization and workload reduction. However, this exposes them to risks such as plagiarism and cheating. Similarly, pursuing certain opportunities such as accessing vast amounts of information, can lead to rewards, but it also introduces risks like misinformation and copyright issues. Likewise, focusing on specific capabilities of ChatGPT, such as developing tools to detect plagiarism and misinformation, may enhance resilience in some areas (e.g., academic integrity). However, it may also create vulnerabilities in other domains, such as the digital divide, educational equity, and job losses. Furthermore, the finding indicates second-order effects of legislation regarding ChatGPT which have implications both positively and negatively. One potential effect is a decrease in rewards due to the limitations imposed by the legislation, which may hinder individuals from fully capitalizing on the opportunities provided by ChatGPT. Hence, the risk, reward, and resilience framework provides a comprehensive and flexible decision-making model that allows policymakers and in this use case, higher education institutions to navigate the complexities and trade-offs associated with ChatGPT, which have theoretical and practical implications for the future.

The Effectiveness of Hand Exercise on Limb Function in Patient Coronary Artery Disease Posttransradial Artery Catheterization: Systematic Review

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is leading cause of mortality worldwide. Catheterization using the transradial arterial (TRA) technique has been able to reduce morbidity and mortality rates from CAD, but this procedure also contributes to the occurrence of complications. The aim of this study was to search literature and analyse articles discussing the use of hand exercise on improving limb function in patients posttransradial cardiac catheterization. Methods: The design used was a systematic review with PRISMA adaptation. Articles were searched using databases: ScienceDirect, ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus and Hand Searching in Google Scholar. The keywords of article search were using “Coronary artery disease” AND “transradial artery catheterization” OR “Trans cardiac Catheterization” AND “hand exercise” AND “limb function. In the initial stage of information search on 5 October 2023, the total number of articles obtained before selection was carried out based on inclusion and exclusion criteria was 7273 articles. From the five databases used, selection was then carried out according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were research articles published in the last 10 years (2013-2023); use English; a journal article and open access; Involves adult respondents and full text articles. Exclusion criteria were encyclopedia articles, book chapters, conferences, correspondence, editorials, news, practice guidelines, protocols, systematic reviews, literature reviews and meta analysis. The results are discussing 7 articles published from 2013-2023. Conclusions Hand exercises are useful for restoring limb function within two hours after the procedure and over a long period of time.

Robert Alan LeVine (1932-2023).

Article memorializes Robert Alan LeVine (1932-2023). Robert Alan LeVine was a leading psychological anthropologist, who was instrumental in the rise of cultural psychology. LeVine taught at Northwestern University (1958-1960), the University of Chicago (1960-1976), and Harvard University (1976-1998), where he was Emeritus Professor of Education and Human Development. He wrote 15 books and published over 125 peer-reviewed articles and book chapters. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Re-contextualising human resource management in the 4IR: Lessons for Lesotho

<p><strong>Orientation</strong>: Indeed, the 4th industrial revolution (4IR) has redefined the world of work. A new set of skills needs to be defined and made available to organisations. Human resource management practices now operate in a complex, interconnected, unpredictable, and evolving environment. The question that one needs to answer is: how can HR align its functions to meet the demands of the fourth IR? It is prudent that the human resource function evolve quickly and adapt to changing demands. <strong>Research purpose</strong>: This paper seeks to unpack the changes that have been brought about by the 4IR and suggest ways in which HR professionals in Lesotho can align with this inevitable era of digitalisation. <strong>Motivation for the study</strong>: Due to the dynamics and transformations that have been brought about by the 4IR, this study was motivated by the need to understand the effects of the 4IR in small economies on the HR function and offer lessons to embrace change. <strong>Research approach</strong>: The research was qualitative in nature, and data was collected purposefully from journal articles, newspapers, and book chapters. Content analysis was used for the data analysis. <strong>Research findings</strong>: The effects of the 4IR through digitalisation disruptions have been felt across all corporate functions, and HR is no exception. It has had a massive influence on both the economy and the labour force and impacted employee roles in terms of health, mobility, working hours, personal life, and general administration. HR leaders play a critical role in ensuring that businesses are able to successfully adopt and deploy new technologies. <strong>Contributions</strong>: The research unpacks the effects of 4IR and gives practical lessons for HR professionals in Lesotho.<strong></strong></p>

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the etiology of heavy menstrual bleeding in 2,770 adolescent females

BackgroundAdolescent heavy menstrual bleeding(HMB), menorrhagia or abnormal uterine bleeding commonly occur in adolescent women. The differential diagnosis can be challenging. The pneumonic: PALM-COEIN (polyp, adenomyosis, leiomyoma, malignancy and hyperplasia, coagulopathy, ovulatory dysfunction, endometrial, iatrogenic, and not yet classified), is commonly used but it does not stratify as to the likelihood of a disorder. We have sought to develop a probability-based differential diagnosis for Adolescent HMB, menorrhagia or abnormal uterine bleeding.MethodsA comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and SCOPUS databases. Case series describing adolescents from 10–19 years of age with HMB, menorrhagia or abnormal uterine bleeding was acceptable if: more than 10 patients were included; editorials, case reports, and secondary sources such as review articles, or book chapters were excluded. No language filter was used, but an English abstract was required. The etiology of HMB, menorrhagia or abnormal uterine bleeding, and the country of origin was extracted from articles that met inclusion criteria. Cumulative rate estimates were determined by Bayesian probability modeling.ResultsSeventeen full text articles were reviewed in detail; 2,770 patients were included. The most frequent causes of HMB were Ovarian Uterine Disorders (23.7%; 95% CredI 22–25.5%), Coagulation Disorders (19.4%; 95% CredI 17.8—21.1%), and Platelet Disorders (6.23%; 95% CredI 5.27–7.27%) with 45.9% (95% CredI 43.8—47.%9) of the cases of indeterminate origin.ConclusionsThe leading causes of HMB in healthy adolescent females were varied. The sub-analysis identified distinct etiologies, suggesting that multiple factors must be considered in the evaluation of HMB. While PALM-COEIN (polyp, adenomyosis, leiomyoma, malignancy and hyperplasia, coagulopathy, ovulatory dysfunction, endometrial, iatrogenic, and not yet classified) provides us with a comprehensive picture of the possible causes of HMB in females, this systematic review assigns probabilities to the etiologies of HMB in adolescent females, providing physicians with a more focused and efficient pathway to diagnosis.

A Review of Industry 4.0 Assessment Instruments for Digital Transformation

Nowadays, different Industry 4.0 technologies have been implemented into diverse industries. However, these implementations are not standardized across similar industries and countries. Consequently, companies are actively looking for assessment instruments—maturity models, roadmaps, frameworks, readiness assessments—to assist in their digital transformation, to determine their Industry 4.0 level, and to identify technologies and strategies that should be implemented in specific areas, thus developing a feasible implementation plan. A review is conducted following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Literature Reviews and Meta-Analyses) methodology to analyze the different research works on assessment instruments focused on Industry 4.0. A total of 538 articles, book chapters, conference proceedings, editorial material, reviews, and reports written in the English language were retrieved. Of these, 132 research papers were examined using a mixed analysis format to generate bibliometrics, and 36 articles were then deeply studied for a complete meta-analysis. The findings and insights of this meta-analysis led to a compilation and summary of dimensions, outcomes, enablers, and key components typically involved in Industry 4.0, which are comprehensively integrated to present the best practices for assessing Industry 4.0 and deploying a digital transformation that can impact productivity, flexibility, sustainability, quality, costs, and time.

Recent advances in ruthenium‐catalysed aromatic C−H bond oxygenation, nitrogenation and halogenation

AbstractThe transition metal‐catalysed C−H bond functionalization has emerged as a powerful tool for accessing numerous organic compounds in greener manner with step and atom economy. Remarkable progress has been made in the metal‐catalysed C−H bond functionalization during the past decades and the trend is continuing as new reactions are being added. In the transition metal‐catalysed C−H bond functionalization, a growing attention has been paid on ruthenium, particularly, the stable ruthenium(II) as it allows several C−H bond functionalization reactions to perform in water with high selectivity. The ruthenium‐catalysed C−H bond functionalization reactions, such as arylation, alkenylation, annulation, cyanation, amination and silylation just to mention some have been well documented in numerous published papers, book chapters and review articles. However, as ruthenium‐catalysed C−H functionalization has been growing rapidly, a comprehensive review is necessary from time to time to highlight the progress made in this ever expanding field. In view of this, the manuscript presents the ruthenium‐catalysed direct C−O, C−N and C‐halogen bond forming reactions involving aromatic C−H bond covering oxygenation, amination, amidation, imidation, nitration and halogenation reported from 2012 to 2022.

Expanding professionalism in popular music voice teaching: A framework synthesis

This framework synthesis investigates how notions related to expanding professionalism have manifested in recently published literature on popular music voice teaching. The reviewed literature was selected from a systematic mapping review conducted previously by the first two authors. The scope for the publication years was 2014 to 2020, and the included literature incorporated 64 titles of peer-reviewed articles, academic book and handbook chapters, and doctoral dissertations. The initial framework considered scholarship on expanding professionalism, and the directive themes for coding included forms of expertise and knowledge building, social and societal responsibility, and agency related to change. The data were examined from individual, societal, and institutional perspectives. The findings showed that notions related to expanding professionalism are used as means of legitimizing the academically emerging field. However, the professional development work results mostly from the agency of individual practitioners. Thus, support from higher music education institutes and professional organizations is needed to enable the professional sustainability of such practices and further the societal relevance of these institutional actors. This study contributes to the recent scholarship on expanding professionalism in music and music education. The emergent framework resulting from this synthesis can inform further empirical studies.

English in Specialized Communication and its Impact on Spanish Medical Lexicon

Abstract The use of English-written publications (articles, books, book chapters, etc.) in university Medicine classes, in Spanish-speaking settings, results in a direct influence on lexical units in written text and oral discourse, particularly, with respect to prototypical terminological units. The extent of said influence has not been evaluated until now in the Colombian Spanish-speaking university context, which is, like in most countries in the world, a context that responds to the dynamics of the Internationalisation of Higher Education. As we will see in the following empirical study and its results, the use of English-written materials in university Medicine courses in Colombia has an impact on the presence of Terminological Anglicisms in both written texts and oral discourse in Spanish. And this, not surprisingly, does not promote the creation of new native Spanish vocabulary, on the contrary, it is detrimental to the specialized communicative suitability of the local language.

Development of Media Technologies as “New Media” from the Perspective of a Critique of the Political Economy of the Media

This paper analyses the emergence and development of new media technologies based on the approach of the Critique of the Political Economy of the Media. First, a critical overview of approaches to the genesis and diffusion of technologies is given. Second, the connection between media technologies and capital accumulation is discussed. Third, the role of media technologies in capitalism as a means of investment, production, distribution, and consumption is analysed. Fourth, the connection between innovation, commodity aesthetics, and planned obsolescence is discussed. Fifth, the antagonistic character of the media system’s convergence, universalisation and diversification is shown. The article shows that technological development is not autonomous but depends on and is shaped by the development of capitalist society. In capitalism, factors such as capital accumulation strategies, crises, competition, advertising and marketing, market research, the state’s economic, technology and media policies, and science and engineering influence the emergence and development of new media technologies.Acknowledgement: This article was first published as book chapter: Manfred Knoche. 2005. Entwicklung von Medientechnologien als „Neue Medien“ aus der Perspektive einer Kritik der politischen Ökonomie der Medien. In Alte Medien – neue Medien: Theorieperspektiven, Medienprofile, Einsatzfelder. Festschrift für Jan Tonnemacher, edited by Klaus Arnold and Christoph Neuberger, 40-62. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. Translated and published with permission by SNCSC.