Effective Channel Research Articles

CMOS Comparator Design using 90nm Technology

In many digital circuits the parameters gain and offset voltage are calculated. In our design of CMOS comparator with high performance using GPDK 90nm technology we optimize these parameters. The gain is calculated in AC analysis and also we measure area, delay, power dissipation, slew rate, rise time, fall time. The circuit is built by using PMOS and NMOS transistor with a body effect and we also measure mobility variation and channel length modulation based on the second order channel effects. A plot of gain and offset voltage also discussed in the paper. Finally a test schematic is built and transient analysis for an input voltage of 1.2V is measured using Cadence virtuoso.

EEG channel and feature investigation in binary and multiple motor imagery task predictions

IntroductionMotor Imagery (MI) Electroencephalography (EEG) signals are non-stationary and dynamic physiological signals which have low signal-to-noise ratio. Hence, it is difficult to achieve high classification accuracy. Although various machine learning methods have already proven useful to that effect, the use of many features and ineffective EEG channels often leads to a complex structure of classifier algorithms. State-of-the-art studies were interested in improving classification performance with complex feature extraction and classification methods by neglecting detailed EEG channel and feature investigation in predicting MI tasks from EEGs. Here, we investigate the effects of the statistically significant feature selection method on four different feature domains (time-domain, frequency-domain, time-frequency domain, and non-linear domain) and their two different combinations to reduce the number of features and classify MI-EEG features by comparing low-dimensional matrices with well-known machine learning algorithms.MethodsOur main goal is not to find the best classifier performance but to perform feature and channel investigation in MI task classification. Therefore, the detailed investigation of the effect of EEG channels and features is implemented using a statistically significant feature distribution on 22 EEG channels for each feature set separately. We used the BCI Competition IV Dataset IIa and 288 samples per person. A total of 1,364 MI-EEG features were analyzed in this study. We tested nine distinct classifiers: Decision tree, Discriminant analysis, Logistic regression, Naive Bayes, Support vector machine, k-Nearest neighbor, Ensemble learning, Neural networks, and Kernel approximation.ResultsAmong all feature sets considered, classifications performed with non-linear and combined feature sets resulted in a maximum accuracy of 63.04% and 47.36% for binary and multiple MI task predictions, respectively. The ensemble learning classifier achieved the maximum accuracy in almost all feature sets for binary and multiple MI task classifications.DiscussionOur research thus shows that the statistically significant feature-based feature selection method significantly improves the classification performance with fewer features in almost all feature sets, enabling detailed and effective EEG channel and feature investigation.

Construction of a 0D-2D-2D Sandwich-like Ag/g-C3N4/MoS2 Photocatalyst with Bidirectional Electron Transfer Channels for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution.

Hydrogen (H2) production technology has sparked a boom in research aimed at alleviating environmental pollution and the pressure of nonrenewable energy sources. A key factor in this technology is the use of efficient photocatalysts. In this work, we successfully synthesized a 0D-2D-2D sandwich-like Ag/g-C3N4/MoS2 catalyst with bidirectional electron transfer channels via a calcination-hydrothermal method. The H2 evolution reaction of the Ag/g-C3N4/MoS2 catalyst under simulated solar light irradiation conditions revealed that it achieved a maximum H2 evolution rate of 1061.13 μmol·g-1·h-1, representing a 43.12-fold improvement over pristine g-C3N4. Based on systematic characterization with a combination of theoretical simulations, time-resolved photoluminescence, and electron spin resonance spectra, we demonstrate that the remarkable improvement in photocatalytic performance was ascribed to the bidirectional electron transport channels and 0D-2D-2D structure of the ternary catalyst. This unique structure, which was characterized by a large specific surface area, provided numerous active sites for photocatalytic reactions. Bidirectional electron transfer channels expedited the migration of photogenerated electrons reaching cocatalysts MoS2 and Ag from the conduction band of g-C3N4, consequently enhancing the photocatalytic activity. This study highlights the effectiveness of the bidirectional electron transfer channels in promoting charge carrier migration and suppressing charge carrier recombination for boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and provides an efficient strategy for the actual application of g-C3N4-based photocatalysts.

Constitutive Overexpression of CRZ1 in Trichoderma reesei Reveals Its Ability to Enhance Recombinant Lipase Production.

The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is extensively utilized in the realm of recombinant protein expression owing to its well-established protein production systems. However, the potential for efficient and convenient protein production in T. reesei has not been fully harnessed. To further increase the production of recombinant lipase Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB), we overexpressed seven transcription activators and found that overexpression of the calcineurin CRZ1 could significantly enhance CalB production by 2.08-fold, and then through employing a synthetic strong promoter Pcbh7IR and knocking out ace1, a competitor of crz1, CalB production was further increased 4.2-fold. Furthermore, we found that increasing the Ca2+ concentration enabled the enhancement of CalB production in the CRZ1-overexpressing strains. Additionally, transcription analysis revealed a significant upregulation of calcium-related pathway genes and ER chaperone genes in T. reesei, revealing that overexpression of CRZ1 can increase the production of the recombinant protein by activation of the calcium signaling pathway. In this study, by systematically manipulating the recombinant protein expression module and its regulatory transcription activators, we found a positive effect of crz1-mediated calcium channels in boosting the expression of the recombinant protein.

Public Opinion about European Researchers’ Night on Climate Change and Polar Science in Türkiye

The European Researchers' Night is an annual event held across Europe on the last Friday of September, with the primary goal of promoting public recognition of scientists, disseminating information about the real-world impact of their research, inspiring young people to pursue careers in science, and raising awareness about research and innovation activities. In 2022, European Researcher’s Night focused on climate change and polar science in Istanbul and Gaziantep provinces. The central aim was to enhance public awareness of polar regions and global climate change, as well as to facilitate the acknowledgment of researchers and their work by the general public. This study examined the opinions of participants who attended these events, including 221 primary school students, 687 secondary school students, 525 high school students, and 319 adults. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, participant opinions were collected through both quantitative questionnaires and qualitative interviews conducted concurrently during the events. The results revealed overwhelmingly positive feedback from all participants regarding the events, with unanimous support for the continuation of such engaging public outreach initiatives. In conclusion, these events serve as effective channels for communicating scientific research with the public and underscore the importance of research extending beyond the confines of research communities.

Information access and COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy among foreign-born persons in Sweden – a focus group interview-study

BackgroundIn most countries, lower rates of COVID-19 vaccination have been observed in foreign-born individuals, yet little is known about the underlying reasons, especially as reported by these individuals themselves. This exploratory interview study investigated lack of information access and hesitancy towards taking the COVID-19 vaccine among foreign-born individuals in Sweden.MethodsWe used purposive sampling to recruit foreign-born adults who expressed being hesitant towards getting vaccinated, as well as health guides and doulas who were assigned to spread COVID-19 related information in immigrant-dense urban areas. Data were collected using semi-structured focus group interviews, which were transcribed verbatim and analysed according to systematic text condensation.ResultsThree focus group interviews were conducted with altogether eleven participants. One group consisted of health guides/doulas, while the participants in the other groups were gainfully employed in other jobs, or full-time students, or housewives. Four main themes emerged: (1) Language barriers and sociocultural differences, (2) Consequences of not using official Swedish information, (3) Decision-making on COVID-19 vaccination, and (4) Suggestions to improve information dissemination. The lack of information in other languages than Swedish and lack of effective information channels resulted in that most participants barely used information from official Swedish health care and public health institutions. Instead, they relied on social media, social contacts and international media, through which contradictive and negative information about the vaccine was spread. The decision to get vaccinated or not became a process fraught with insecurities about the effectiveness and side effects of the vaccine, which was balanced against wishing to be protected and to contribute to the battle against COVID-19. The participants suggested that information dissemination could be improved by producing a multilingual information outreach and to increase the use of transmission through social interaction with trusted persons and platforms.ConclusionsAn inadequately adapted information strategy prevented some members of the society from making fact-based decisions about getting vaccinated. Several suggestions for improving dissemination were brought forth that can be tested in future communication strategies.

In/Outside Catalytic Sites of the Pore Walls in One‐Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Pore channels play a decisive for mass transport in catalytic systems. However, the influences of the location of catalytic sites inside or outside of the pore walls on the performance were still under‐explored due, because it is difficult to construct sites anchored in or outside of pore walls. Herein, one‐dimensional covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with precisely anchored active sites were used to explore the effects of channels on a typical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysis. Electrocatalytic evaluations showed that single Pt sites located inside of the channels exhibited higher kinetic activity compared to those anchored outside. The in situ spectroscopic analysis revealed that local reconstruction of Pt–Cl breaking and potential‐induced anion transport occurred more effectively inside the channels. The superior anion transportability and kinetic activity of the inside‐channel active sites also facilitated *OH desorption during the ORR process outperforming their outside‐channel counterparts. The results of this study provide strategies for designing active sites in porous catalysts for heterogeneous catalysis.

In/Outside Catalytic Sites of the Pore Walls in One-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks for Oxygen Reduction Reaction.

Pore channels play a decisive for mass transport in catalytic systems. However, the influences of the location of catalytic sites inside or outside of the pore walls on the performance were still under-explored due, because it is difficult to construct sites anchored in or outside of pore walls. Herein, one-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with precisely anchored active sites were used to explore the effects of channels on a typical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysis. Electrocatalytic evaluations showed that single Pt sites located inside of the channels exhibited higher kinetic activity compared to those anchored outside. The in situ spectroscopic analysis revealed that local reconstruction of Pt-Cl breaking and potential-induced anion transport occurred more effectively inside the channels. The superior anion transportability and kinetic activity of the inside-channel active sites also facilitated *OH desorption during the ORR process outperforming their outside-channel counterparts. The results of this study provide strategies for designing active sites in porous catalysts for heterogeneous catalysis.

Low-Power Design of Fully Digital BPSK Modulator and Demodulator Utilizing Nanoscale FinFET for Smart Implants

This study aims to create a high-speed, low-power data transmission solution for implantable medical devices based on cutting-edge FinFET technology. The work examines the application of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation through a transmission gate design, which provides an optimal blend of low resistance, high-speed performance, and minimal power consumption. Additionally, the work includes the design of a sine-to-square wave converter and a modulating signal generator. FinFET is employed owing to its high switching speed, low power consumption, low leakage current, and excellent tolerance of short channel effects. The design exhibits a steady electric field at the source end, a high electrostatic potential, and an improved ON current at low work function values using Sentaurus TCAD simulations of a 20nm FinFET, allowing high-speed data modulation in smart implants. A nonoverlapping phase generator, a low-power, current-starved gated ring oscillator, a frequency divider utilizing a True Single Phase Clock D-Flip-flop, and an XOR gate serving as a pulse counter are all featured in the design of the BPSK demodulator. This work is significant for its ability to drastically reduce power consumption to 1.75μW while retaining high data transmission speeds, making it perfect for next-generation implantable medical devices. With a 0.9 V power supply, this FinFET-based BPSK modulator and demodulator achieve a far lower power consumption than conventional CMOS-based designs, which increases device longevity and efficiency in settings with limited resources.

Effects of Channelization on Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in a Small Stream: The Case of Awetu in Jimma City, Ethiopia

Freshwater ecosystems are increasingly modified worldwide by anthropogenic activities. Land use change is one of the leading factors responsible for stream ecosystem degradation. Physical habitat disturbance due to channelization is among the factors responsible for the loss of biodiversity and degradation of river water quality worldwide. Since 2020, Jimma City municipality has been beautifying the city and one of the activities is channelizing using concrete embankment, a part of the Awetu stream that runs through the city. The main aim of this study is to assess the effect of channelization on macroinvertebrate assemblages and the water quality of the Awetu stream. A cross-sectional study was conducted in April 2022. Macroinvertebrates, water samples, and habitat data were collected from 21 sampling sites along the three segments of the stream (upstream, channelized, and downstream). Data were analyzed for different macroinvertebrate metrics and water quality parameters. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to examine the overall relationship between macroinvertebrate assemblages and water quality parameters. The upstream site has better macroinvertebrate assemblages than channelized and downstream sites (p<0.05). The downstream site showed better assemblage compared to the channelized site, though it was not significant. Regarding water quality parameters, a significant variation was observed between channelized and, un-channelized sites (upstream and downstream) (p<0.05). The habitat condition score varied from 47 (poor) at channelization to 150 (suboptimal) upstream. Upstream sites were found to have relatively better macroinvertebrate assemblages, better water quality, and good habitat conditions. The downstream sites had lower macroinvertebrate assemblages, poor habitat conditions, and degraded water quality compared to the upstream sites. The channelized segment had the poorest habitat, with poor macroinvertebrate assemblages and water quality. Thus, the conservation of habitat conditions along the channelized segments of the Awetu stream is recommended to improve the water quality and macroinvertebrate assemblage.

Investigation of the Effects of Blocking Potassium Channels With 4-Aminopyridine on Paclitaxel Activity in Breast Cancer Cell Lines.

Paclitaxel (PTX) has been used as a chemotherapeutic agent for several malignancies, including breast cancer, and efforts to increase the efficiency of PTX are continuous. Previous studies have shown that the voltage-gated K+ channels are over-expressed in breast cancer cell lines; therefore, blocking this type of K+ channel reduces cell proliferation and viability. In this study, FDA-approved 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), a voltage-gated potassium channel blocker, was used in combination with PTX to improve the anticancer activity of PTX in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Viability was determined with trypan blue, a clonogenic assay was performed, and the cell cycle was determined with a flow cytometer and immunochemistry. To gain an insight into the mechanism, intracellular K+ concentration, intracellular Ca2+ (calcium) concentration, and transmembrane potential measurements were made with corresponding fluorescent dyes. The apoptotic cell number was determined using Annexin /PI method by flow cytometer. Viability decreased with combination therapy and the clonogenic assay proved decreased colony formation. The apoptotic cell number was increased after treatment with the combination in both cell lines. Cell cycle measurements showed G1 arrest for both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines upon 4-AP treatment. PTX caused G1 arrest in MCF-7 cells and S phase arrest in MDA-MB-231 cells. Combination treatment caused S phase arrest in MCF-7 cells and S phase and G2/M phase arrest in MDA-MB-231 cells. Intracellular K+ concentration was increased after all treatments in both cell lines. Ca2+ concentration was increased significantly after combination treatment. Depolarization in the transmembrane potential was observed after all treatments in both cell lines. Biophysical parameters like the transmembrane potential and ion fluxes have been defined in cancer progression which can provide new aspects for cancer treatments. This study shows that the combination of 4-AP with PTX is a promising alternative the mechanism of which needs further investigation considering the results obtained for Ca2+, K+, and membrane potential.

In-situ construction of VN-based heterostructure with high interfacial stability and porous channel effect for efficient zinc ion storage

In-situ construction of VN-based heterostructure with high interfacial stability and porous channel effect for efficient zinc ion storage

Electrochemically fabricated ultrafine nickel masks for the fabrication of MoS2-based devices

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are considered promising candidates for the next generation of electronic building blocks in integrated circuits due to their superior performance in mitigating various challenges such as short channel effects. Optical lithography and electron beam lithography are commonly employed for fabricating electrical contacts and patterning TMDs to create electronic devices. The atomic layer structure of TMDs is highly susceptible to external conditions, making conventional lithography methods, which often leave undesirable polymer residues and involve high-energy electron radiation, not ideal for achieving high device performance. Shadow mask lithography has been used to define electrodes and etch patterns on these sensitive materials, thereby avoiding the need for photoresists and electron irradiation. In this study, we introduce a novel, cost-effective electrochemical method for manufacturing reusable and flexible shadow masks with ultrafine feature sizes. By combining electroplating techniques with the dry transfer method, we successfully produced metal masks with ultrafine features, which were then utilized to evaporate metal electrodes with micron feature sizes onto nanostructured substrates. These metal masks, with specifically designed patterns, were employed as etching masks to pattern monolayer MoS2 (a type of TMD) materials without the need for photoresists or solution processes. Moreover, the resulting metal mask-evaporated electrodes, with smooth edges, were integrated with atomic layer transition metal dichalcogenides through van der Waals interactions to create devices based on MoS2.

Modified fractional power allocation for downlink cell-free massive MIMO systems

Cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) significantly improves the spectral efficiency (SE) performance compared to conventional centralized mMIMO through its distributed antenna architecture. Fractional power allocation (FPA) algorithm is widely used for scalable power control with good performance in downlink (DL) of cell-free mMIMO. In this paper, we propose modified FPA (MFPA) and generalized FPA (GFPA) strategies for centralized and distributed precoding in the DL of cell-free networks, respectively. For the former, we abandon the traditional normalization of precoding vectors and introduce three adjustment parameters, which can dynamically adjust the power allocation of the DL according to the actual channel conditions. Regarding the latter, the GFPA strategy finds effective channel factors suitable for various distributed precoding schemes and correlates them with the power allocation coefficients of each user equipmen t(UE), enabling power allocation to adapt to multiple precoding schemes. Analysis and simulation results demonstrate that, under the MFPA strategy, UEs with poorer channel conditions can achieve higher SE, but at the expense of other UEs with better channel conditions. Under the GFPA strategy, UEs with better channel conditions experience significant SE improvements without sacrificing UEs performance with poorer channel conditions.

Enhanced Drive Current in 10 nm Channel Length Gate-All-Around Field-Effect Transistor Using Ultrathin Strained Si/SiGe Channel

The continuous scaling down of MOSFETs is one of the present trends in semiconductor devices to increase device performance. Nevertheless, with scaling down beyond 22 nm technology, the performance of even the newer nanodevices with multi-gate architecture declines with an increase in short channel effects (SCEs). Consequently, to facilitate further increases in the drain current, the use of strained silicon technology provides a better solution. Thus, the development of a novel Gate-All-Around Field-Effect Transistor (GAAFET) incorporating a strained silicon channel with a 10 nm gate length is initiated and discussed. In this device, strain is incorporated in the channel, where a strained silicon germanium layer is wedged between two strained silicon layers. The GAAFET device has four gates that surround the channel to provide improved control of the gate over the strained channel region and also reduce the short channel effects in the devices. The electrical properties, such as the on current, off current, threshold voltage (VTH), subthreshold slope, drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL), and Ion/Ioff current ratio, of the 10 nm channel length GAAFET are compared with the 22 nm strained silicon channel GAAFET, the existing SOI FinFET device on 10 nm gate length, and IRDS 2022 specifications device. The developed 10 nm channel length GAAFET, having an ultrathin strained silicon channel, delivers enriched device performance, being augmented in contrast to the IRDS 2022 specifications device, showing improved characteristics along with amended SCEs.

On Linear Operators in Hilbert Spaces and Their Applications in OFDM Wireless Networks

This paper explores the application of Hilbert topological spaces and linear operator algebra in the modelling and analysis of OFDM signals and wireless channels, where the channel is considered as a linear time-invariant (LTI) system. The wireless channel, when subjected to an input OFDM signal, can be described as a mapping from an input Hilbert space to an output Hilbert space, with the system response governed by linear operator theory. By employing the mathematical framework of Hilbert spaces, we formalise the representation of OFDM signals, which are interpreted as elements of an infinite-dimensional vector space endowed with an inner product. The LTI wireless channel is characterised by using bounded linear operators on these spaces, allowing for the decomposition of complex channel behaviour into a series of linear transformations. The channel’s impulse response is treated as a kernel operator, facilitating a functional analysis approach to understanding the signal transmission process. This representation enables a more profound understanding of channel effects, such as fading and interference, through the eigenfunction expansion of the operator, leading to a spectral characterization of the channel. The algebraic properties of linear operators are leveraged to develop optimal solutions for mitigating channel distortion effects.

Exploring Managers&amp;apos; Views on Government Support for Special Care Centres for Learners with Severe Intellectual Disabilities in Gauteng, South Africa

This study investigates managers&amp;apos; perceptions of the support provided by the Gauteng provincial government to Special Care Centres for Learners with Severe to Profound Intellectual Disabilities. It examines the challenges these managers face and evaluates the adequacy of governmental support from their perspective. Utilizing a Mixed Methods Research (MMR) approach with an exploratory sequential design, the research comprised two phases. In Phase 1, qualitative data were collected through face-to-face semi-structured interviews with 10 managers, followed by Phase 2, where 31 participants completed a questionnaire. Out of 45 centre managers, 14 did not return the questionnaire. The findings reveal that managers struggle to obtain support from various provincial government departments. While the Departments of Education, Health, and Social Development provide assistance in accordance with policy, departments such as Transport, Cooperative Governance, and Infrastructure fail to meet their obligations. The study recommends enhanced collaboration among provincial departments to improve support for the centres, focusing on transportation for learners to and from the centres, upgrading centre infrastructure, and establishing effective communication channels between managers and government departments.

The Economics of Auto-Delivery: A Qualitative Exploration of Inventory Management and Profitability in Subscription Services

This qualitative literature review examines "The Economics of Auto-Delivery: A Qualitative Exploration of Inventory Management and Profitability in Subscription Services." Auto-delivery systems have gained traction in various industries, offering consumers convenience and suppliers a steady revenue stream. This study synthesizes existing literature to uncover the interplay between inventory management, profitability, and consumer behavior within auto-delivery frameworks. Key findings highlight the importance of advanced inventory strategies, dynamic pricing models, and the role of technology in enhancing operational efficiency. Additionally, the review discusses the implications of consumer behavior on subscription retention and the challenges suppliers face in minimizing churn. The insights derived from this review indicate that effective channel coordination and strategic investment in technology are essential for maximizing the profitability of auto-delivery services. However, the study acknowledges limitations such as the predominance of research in Western markets and the lack of empirical data to support theoretical insights. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the economics surrounding auto-delivery systems, serving as a foundation for future research in this rapidly evolving domain.

On predictive modeling of the twitter-based sales data using a new probabilistic model and machine learning methods

The term marketing refers to the various strategies employed by a company to enhance the visibility of its brands among potential consumers. Advertising serves as an effective channel for marketing efforts, allowing a company to showcase its products and services to the target audience. Numerous probability-oriented strategies have been suggested and carried out to investigate the effectiveness of advertising mechanisms. In accordance with this pivotal portion of the literature, we develop a new probabilistic model called a new cosine inverse Weibull (NCI-Weibull) distribution, which serves to analyze the sales related to advertising on the Twitter platform. The derivation of point estimators is accomplished for the new model. In addition, a simulation study is presented, which is based on the NCI-Weibull distribution. We further illustrate the applicability of the NCI-Weibull distribution through an analysis of Twitter-based sales data and comparing it with various other statistical models. Furthermore, we employ two machine learning techniques to forecast the sales, with a particular emphasis on 1-step and 3-step advance predictions. The statistical analysis indicates that multilayer perceptron (MLP) is superior in the field of short-term forecasting, whereas support vector regression (SVR) is more effective in the context of longer-term predictions.

Two-dimensional QDs-Co-CuS1-x/Ti3C2/TiO2 heterojunction with synergistic unsaturated bimetal sites and sulfur vacancies for highly selective photocatalytic CO2 reduction

The primary factors that determine the efficiency and selectivity of multi-electron photoreduction of CO2 include the chemical properties of the active sites, as well as the kinetics of charge separation and transfer. Herein, a novel two-dimensional QDs-Co-CuS1-x/Ti3C2/TiO2 heterojunction is developed, with Co-CuS1-x quantum dots serving as cocatalysts and Ti3C2 MXene as an effective electron transfer channel. The anchoring effect of Ti3C2 facilitates the formation of robust TiS bonds with Co-CuS1-x, thereby promoting efficient separation and transfer of photoelectrons to the Co-Cu bimetallic active sites. This process enhances the local electron density at these sites and accelerates the kinetics of electron transfer to absorbed CO2. The recyclability of the Co-Cu sites is also significantly enhanced by continuous photoelectron injection. Importantly, DFT calculations indicate that the synergistic dual sites involving highly exposed Co-Cu and S vacancies promote rate-determining step from COO* to COOH*, which may account for the highly selective photoreduction of CO2-to-CO. Benefitting from the synergic effects of the active sites and efficient separation of carriers, the optimized Co-CuS1-x/Ti3C2/TiO2 exhibits a satisfactory CO photoreduction rate of 30.8 µmol∙g−1∙h−1, with an excellent selectivity of 87.9 % and apparent quantum yield of 0.61 % in the absence of any sacrificial reagents, which is 6.5 times higher than Co-CuS1-x, 54.0 times than Ti3C2Tx/TiO2.