Channel Switching Research Articles

Spectrum Sensing and Resource Allocation for Frequency Hopping Based CRN Using Hazelnut Tree Search Algorithm

This paper presents a novel spectrum sensing and resource allocation method for Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) using the Hazelnut Tree Search (HTS) algorithm in a frequency-hopping framework. CRNs enable secondary users (SUs) to utilize unused licensed spectrum without causing interference to primary users (PUs). The proposed Spectrum Sensing and Resource Allocation using Hazelnut Tree Search in CRN (SS-RA-HTS-CRN) method detects PU presence, prompting SUs to switch channels to avoid interference, guided by a designated guide node (GN). The HTS algorithm selects optimal sensing nodes and improves spectrum sensing, enhancing resource allocation reliability. Simulations in NS-3.26 show that SS-RA-HTS-CRN achieves delay reductions of 28.93%, 31.9%, and 22.45%, delivery ratio improvements of 28.21%, 17.41%, and 11.565%, and packet drop rate reductions of 35.4%, 44.3%, and 23.12% compared with Energy-Aware Resource Allocation with Backtracking Search Optimization (SS-RA-BSO-CRN), Spectrum Sensing with Hybrid Particle Swarm and Gravitational Search (SS-hybrid PSOGSA-CRN), and Spectrum Sensing using Modified Spider Monkey Optimization (SS-MSMO-CRN). The proposed SS-RA-HTS-CRN method significantly enhances efficiency, reliability, and adaptability in CRNs, making it a promising solution for dynamic spectrum management.

Design of Nanosecond Pulse Laser Diode Array Driver Circuit for LiDAR

The pulse laser emission circuit plays a crucial role as the emission unit of time-of-flight (TOF) LiDAR. This paper proposes a nanosecond-level pulse laser diode array drive circuit for LiDAR, primarily aimed at addressing the issue of high-speed scanning drive for the laser diode array at the emission end of solid-state LiDAR. Based on the single pulse laser diode drive circuit, this paper innovatively designs a circuit that includes modules such as a boost circuit, linear power supply, high-speed gate driver, GaN field-effect transistor, and pulse narrowing circuit, realizing an 8-channel laser diode array drive circuit. This circuit can achieve a pulse laser array drive with a single channel operating frequency of greater than 100 kHz, an output pulse width of less than 5 ns, a peak power greater than 75 W, and a channel switching time that does not exceed 1 μs. A field programmable gate array (FPGA) is used to control the operation of this circuit and perform a series of performance tests. Experimental results show that this circuit has a high repetition rate, large output power, a narrow pulse width, and fast switching speeds, making it highly suitable for use in the optical emission module of solid-state LiDAR.

A deep-learning-based MAC for integrating channel access, rate adaptation, and channel switch

With increasing density and heterogeneity in unlicensed wireless networks, traditional MAC protocols, such as Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) in Wi-Fi networks, are experiencing performance degradation. This is manifested in increased collisions and extended backoff times, leading to diminished spectrum efficiency and protocol coordination. Addressing these issues, this paper proposes a deep-learning-based MAC paradigm, dubbed DL-MAC, which leverages spectrum data readily available from energy detection modules in wireless devices to achieve the MAC functionalities of channel access, rate adaptation, and channel switch. First, we utilize DL-MAC to realize a joint design of channel access and rate adaptation. Subsequently, we integrate the capability of channel switching into DL-MAC, enhancing its functionality from single-channel to multi-channel operations. Specifically, the DL-MAC protocol incorporates a Deep Neural Network (DNN) for channel selection and a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) for the joint design of channel access and rate adaptation. We conducted real-world data collection within the 2.4 GHz frequency band to validate the effectiveness of DL-MAC. Experimental results demonstrate that DL-MAC exhibits significantly superior performance compared to traditional algorithms in both single and multi-channel environments, and also outperforms single-function designs. Additionally, the performance of DL-MAC remains robust, unaffected by channel switch overheads within the evaluation range.

Channel-switching behaviour and customer deviance

PurposeUnacceptable behaviour in retailing – negative customer deviance (NCD) is rising, damaging retailers financially. Current research investigates forms of NCD by addressing its impact on employees but overlooks its effects on bystander-customers and their retail channel preferences. As channel switching within retailing is increasing unprecedentedly, this research investigates its correspondence with NCD encounters.Design/methodology/approachThis research uses structural equation modelling, based on data collection administered through a web-based survey of 1,008 customers of at least 16 years of age, to analyse the research model.FindingsThe findings reveal unexplored forms of NCD perceived by bystander-customers in retailing and their consequences, linking it to bystander-customers' ill-being, dissatisfaction with the shopping experience, a decrease in store commitment and an increase in their retail channel-switching intentions. Additionally, the research uncovers moderating variables.Practical implicationsThis research tests NCD dimensions and effects on bystander-customers, which indicate the need for retailers to address shopping values, attitudes and commitment through corrective, proactive and long-term strategic actions.Originality/valueAs one of the first studies to investigate the impact of NCD on bystander-customers' intentions to switch from store-based to online shopping, strategies for retailers are developed to help diminish and control NCD-induced threats to bystander-customers.

Concomitant Observer-Based Multi-Level Fault-Tolerant Control for Near-Space Vehicles with New Type Dissimilar Redundant Actuation System

This paper presents a concomitant observer-based multi-level fault-tolerant control (FTC) for near-space vehicles (NSVs) with a new type dissimilar redundant actuation system (NT-DRAS). When NSV flight control system faults occur in NT-DRAS and attitude-corresponding sensors, the NSV hybrid output states, including the concomitant observer usable states and the real system states, are applied to solve the FTC gain by using the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) technique. Furthermore, since NT-DRAS is used in NSVs, a multi-level (actuation system level and flight control level) FTC strategy integrating NT-DRAS channel switching and flight control LQR is proposed for complex and worsening fault cases. The most important finding is that though the proposed strategy is applicable for worsening fault cases in NSVs, systematic and accurate criteria for the process being performed are necessary and can improve the FTC efficiency with minimal FTC resources. Additionally, such criteria can improve the NSV’s responsiveness to comprehensive faults, provided that the real-time performance of the fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) scheme can be further optimized. The concomitant observer convergence and the multi-level FTC strategy have been verified by numerical simulations based on the Matlab/Simulink platform.

Formation of a uniform velocity profile in the section of a profiled channel of a reference installation

The velocity profiles in gravity and pressure channels of flow diverters in reference installations in the field of liquid flow and quantity measurements are studied. The design shortcomings of reference installations that do not allow obtaining a flow velocity profile close to uniform in the sections of pressure nozzles over a long period of reference installation operation are described. It is shown that the placement of various straightening devices in the profiled channels and pressure nozzles of flow diverters of reference installations does not lead to obtaining a flow velocity profile close to uniform. An approach to profiling the gravity channel of the flow diverter is proposed, which allows obtaining a velocity profile close to uniform. An experimental justification of the hydraulic efficiency of the geometry of the flow part of the profiled channel of the flow diverter of the EU-3 reference installation from the State Primary Special Standard of Units of Mass and Volume of Liquid in a Flow, Mass and Volume Flow Rates of Liquid GET 63-2019 is presented. The influence of the flow velocity profile shape in the section of the profiled channel of the flow switch and the stability of the main hydro- and thermodynamic parameters of the water flow (flow rate, absolute pressure and temperature) in the pressure pipeline on the metrological characteristics of the reference installation is substantiated. Experimental studies of the velocity profile of the free-flow water flow in the section of the profiled channel are performed using high-speed total pressure meters and Pitot tubes. Close to uniform water flow velocity profiles in the section of a profiled channel were obtained for free flow in the range of investigated Reynolds numbers Re=(35...300)·103. The results of maintaining the stability of the specified value of the mass flow rate of water over a long period of time are presented. The equations for calculating the mass of water during transient processes are written down, taking into account the change in the thickness of the water flow and flow rate from zero to specified values. The presented approach and the obtained results are useful for manufacturers of reference installations and are relevant in the design, creation and modernization of profiled channels of flow switches of reference installations.

The prediction model for advertising campaigns in IPTV networks based on the possibilities of displaying geographically targeted messages

Abstract Subject and purpose of work This paper presents a novel predictive model for advertising campaigns in IPTV networks that uses the advanced geolocation-based display of advertising messages. Thanks to advanced data analysis and modern geolocation technologies, the proposed model enables the more precise planning and optimisation of advertising campaigns. Advertisers can thus better understand the preferences and behaviours of audiences in different geographical regions. This allows the creation of more tailored and engaging content of programmes and advertisements, leading to higher levels of viewer engagement in the content presented and increasing the effectiveness of campaigns. Materials and methods For the purposes of the project, data from the IPTV advertising campaign covering from 50,000 to 500,000 displays between 23rd January 2024 and 20th March 2024 were used. The TERYT database and the list of counties were used to increase the precision of target group targeting. Viewer rating and interaction data were collected and analysed to assess the effectiveness of the campaign. The methodology included monitoring the number of channel switches, advertising message views, complete views, the average display time of the advertising message and unique reach in different time periods. Results The results of the test of the advertising campaign based on switching channels using a remote control show that increasing the number of ad plays clearly improves the effectiveness of reaching the audience. In the beginning, with fewer displays, the chances of an ad being noticed by viewers are moderate. However, as the number of displays increases, these chances increase exponentially, reaching nearly 45% at 500,000 ad plays.The analysis of these results is very important for the effective planning of advertising campaigns. Thanks to these data, advertisers can determine more accurately the number of displays that needs to be planned in order to achieve their marketing goals. The significant increase in the likelihood of reaching the audience with a bigger number of displays indicates that investing in additional views can be cost-effective and lead to the better use of the advertising budget. Conclusions The project confirmed that precise targeting and optimisation of the number of displays in IPTV advertising campaigns significantly increase the effectiveness of the advertisements. The high rate of complete views and the wide reach of the advertisements attest to the effectiveness of the strategy used. The test results show that smart campaign planning in IPTV can lead to better audience engagement and the more efficient use of the advertising budget. These findings suggest that IPTV has great potential as a modern advertising medium, offering advertisers the tools to effectively reach specific target groups and increase their engagement.

Mode Multiplication of Cylindrical Vector Beam Using Raytracing Control

Abstract Cylindrical vector beams (CVBs) hold significant promise in mode division multiplexing communication owing to their inherent vector mode orthogonality. However, existing studies for facilitating CVB channel processing are confined to mode shift conversions due to their reliance on spin-dependent helical modulations, overlooking the pursuit of mode multiplication conversion. This challenge lies in the multiplicative operation upon inhomogeneous vector mode manipulation, which is expected to advance versatile CVB channel switching and routing. In this study, we tackle this gap by introducing a raytracing control strategy that conformally maps the light rays of CVB from the whole annulus distribution to an annular sector counterpart. Incorporated with the multifold conformal annulus-sector mappings and polarization-insensitive phase modulations, this approach facilitates the parallel transformation of input CVB into multiple complementary components, enabling the mode multiplication conversion with protected vector structure. Serving as a demonstration, we experimentally implemented the multiplicative operation of four CVB modes with the multiplier factors of N = +2 and N = −3, achieving the converted mode purities over 94.24% and 88.37%. Subsequently, 200 Gbit/s quadrature phase shift keying signals were successfully transmitted upon multiplicative switching of four CVB channels, with the bit-error-rate approaching 1×10-6. These results underscore our strategy’s efficacy in CVB mode multiplication, which may open promising prospects for its advanced applications.

Experimental Validation of Enhanced Information Capacity by Quantum Switch in Accordance with Thermodynamic Laws.

We experimentally probe the interplay of the quantum switch with the laws of thermodynamics. The quantum switch places two channels in a superposition of orders and may be applied to thermalizing channels. Quantum-switching thermal channels has been shown to give apparent violations of the second law. Central to these apparent violations is how quantum switching channels can increase the capacity to communicate information. We experimentally show this increase and how it is consistent with the laws of thermodynamics, demonstrating how thermodynamic resources are consumed. We use a nuclear magnetic resonance approach with coherently controlled interactions of nuclear spin qubits. We verify an analytical upper bound on the increase in capacity for channels that preserve energy and thermal states, and demonstrate that the bound can be exceeded for an energy-altering channel. We show that the switch can be used to take a thermal state to a state that is not thermal, while consuming free energy associated with the coherence of a control system. The results show how the switch can be incorporated into quantum thermodynamics experiments as an additional resource.

Demonstration of a spatial-division multiplexing self-healing ring network.

This work demonstrates a spatial-division multiplexing self-healing ring protection scheme. A 3-node, 2-fiber ring with a recirculating length of 139.3 km is implemented using 4-core weakly-coupled multicore working and protection fibers and supported by core-pumped multicore amplifiers. Each node implements a spatial channel switching scheme with 8×8 traffic switches and arrays of 2×2 MEMS switches for ring protection switching with fiber bending taps to simultaneously monitor the power on all cores of the working and protection fibers. We achieve an average loss around 2 dB per network element along the protection path, which enables the use of ring protection with minimal performance impact. With this scheme, we demonstrate the protection of a line-side traffic throughput above 120 Tb/s using polarization-multiplexed 16-ary quadrature-amplitude modulation signals across the C-band.

Spin vacuum switching.

Ultrafast control over the magnetic orientation of matter represents a vital element of potential future spin-based electronics ("spintronics"). While physical mechanisms underpinning spin switching are established for picosecond time scales, we here present a physical route to magnetization toggle control, i.e., multiple switching events, at <100 femtoseconds. A minority spin current injected into a ferromagnet is shown to generate rapid depopulation of the minority channel below the ground-state Fermi level, creating a minority "spin vacuum" that then drives rapid charge redistribution from the majority channel and spin switching. We demonstrate that this mechanism reproduces many of the features of recent subpicosecond switching of ferromagnetic Co/Pt multilayers and provide simple practical rules for the design of materials via tailoring the electronic density of states to optimize spin vacuum control over magnetic order.

Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma perfusion on cytokines in uterine drainage fluid of patients with intrauterine adhesions following hysteroscopic adhesiolysis

Objective: To investigate the effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) perfusion on the levels of cytokines in uterine drainage fluid in patients with moderate to severe intrauterine adhesions (IUA) following hysteroscopic adhesiolysis. Methods: Thirty patients with moderate to severe IUA who underwent hysteroscopic adhesiolysis at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University from November 2020 to March 2021 were randomly divided into two groups: the PRP group (15 patients with placement of intrauterine-suitable balloons and PRP infusion) and the control group (15 patients with placement of intrauterine-suitable balloons only). For all patients, the channel switch was opened 48 hours after the surgery. The drainage fluid of the uterine cavity was collected using syringes through the proximal end of the drainage channel switch at 24 hours after the surgery and through the drainage channel directly at 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after the surgery, and the levels of related cytokines including platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in the drainage fluid of the uterine cavity were evaluated, respectively. Results: (1) The changes in volumes of uterine cavity drainage fluid: the total drainage fluid volumes of the PRP group and the control group in 120 hours after the surgery were (21.8±2.9) and (22.7±2.7) ml, respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (t=-0.847, P>0.05). No significant differences were found in the volumes of drainage fluid between the two groups at 72, 96, and 120 hours after the surgery (all P>0.05). (2) Variation in cytokine levels in the uterine cavity drainage fluid: ① PDGF-BB: median PDGF-BB levels at 24 and 48 hours after the surgery in the PRP group (6.6 and 9.6 μg/L, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the control group (4.7 and 2.7 μg/L, respectively; all P<0.05). There were no significant differences in PDGF-BB levels between the two groups at 72, 96, and 120 hours after the surgery (all P>0.05). ② VEGF-A: median VEGF-A levels at 24 and 48 hours after the surgery in the PRP group (3.5 and 2.8 μg/L, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the control group (1.6 and 1.2 μg/L, respectively; all P<0.05). There were no significant differences in VEGF-A levels between the two groups at 72, 96, and 120 hours after the surgery (all P>0.05). ③ IGF-1: median IGF-1 level at 48 hours after the surgery in the PRP group was significantly higher than that in the control group (39.5 vs 8.6 μg/L, P<0.05). No significant differences were found in IGF-1 levels at 24, 72, 96, and 120 hours after the surgery between the two groups (all P>0.05). ④ TGF-β1: There were no significant differences in TGF-β1 levles between the two groups at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after the surgery (all P>0.05). Conclusions: PRP perfusion following hysteroscopic adhesiolysis may increase the levels of PDGF-BB, VEGF-A, and IGF-1 in the uterine cavity drainage fluid, which plays a beneficial role in improving wound microvascular formation, reducing adhesion reformation, and promoting endometrial regeneration and repair.

Optimizing Spatial Channel Networks (SCNs) in Hierarchical Optical Cross-Connect (HOXC) architectures: Impact of wavelength switching granularity on performance

The increasing demand for network bandwidth highlights the critical need to enhance optical transmission systems. Utilizing the entire C-band for a single optical channel(OCh) eliminates the requirement for wavelength switching, prompting the emergence of spatial channel networks (SCNs). SCNs transform the optical layer into hierarchical spatial division multiplexing (SDM) and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) layers through the implementation of hierarchical optical cross-connects (HOXCs). A HOXC comprises a spatial channel cross-connect (SXC) for spatial bypass switching and multiple wavelength cross-connects (WXCs) for wavelength channel switching, ensuring efficient optical transmission. Therefore, the design of the HOXC plays a pivotal role in determining both the device cost and network performance in SCNs. This study investigates the impact of wavelength switching granularity on core-selective switch (CSS)-based HOXC architectures. We propose an adaptive dynamic Routing, Spatial Channel, and Spectrum Assignment (RSCSA) algorithm to solve routing and resource allocation problems in SCNs. By examining SCN designs with varying wavelength switching granularities, we assess the overall network deployment cost, considering both network throughput and spectrum resource utilization. Our findings indicate that adjusting the granularity of wavelength switching in SCNs can significantly affect device costs and performance, highlighting the importance of identifying an optimal SCN design that strikes a balance between these factors. These insights offer valuable guidance for the practical planning and management of future SCN deployments.

Switching of topological phase and topological channel via asymmetric hopping modulations in a one-dimensional superconducting circuit lattice

We propose a theoretical scheme for a one-dimensional superconducting circuit lattice system to achieve that topological phase transition and topological multi-channel transfer, which is adjusted by the asymmetric hopping modulations. The system consists of an array of coupled superconducting microwave cavities, the hopping between its can be modulated by the qubits. Here, we explore topological stages by introducing parameters to expand the hopping modulation range. We found that the energy bands in the system exhibit different structural characteristics, which can achieve topological phase switching. Meanwhile, the edge modes can undergo a flipping process, which can not only realize dual-channel topological quantum information transfer, but also can achieve four-channel. Furthermore, it is noted that the defect can induce new topological phases, which can be optimized by adjusting the hopping parameters, while disorder can only cause band fluctuations and inversions, but does not change the position and period of edge states, verifying that the edge state transport is robust. The results obtained in this work can be applied to the storage and transmission of quantum information, and have a guiding role in the future development of quantum technology.

Enhancing Multi-Channel Consumer Behavior Analysis: A Data-Driven Approach using the Optimized Apriori Algorithm

Purpose –In the dynamic arena of retail and e-commerce, understanding customer behavior is crucial. This research paper investigates the strategies customers use to balance convenience and cost. It notes that consumers often divide their purchases, choosing online platforms for items they perceive as reasonably priced, while preferring physical stores for products associated with high shipping costs, lack of express shipping, or higher online prices. Traditional retail analysis methods, such as identifying frequently purchased and co-occurring items, are critical to the sector. However, these insights may be skewed if the analysis is solely confined to the online shopping cart, neglecting related purchases made at physical stores either before or after the online transaction. This paper addresses this analytical gap by looking into the complex interplay between online and offline purchases. The objective is to provide a more comprehensive, detailed understanding of multi-channel shopping behaviors, allowing retailers to better cater to their customers' needs and preferences while optimizing their strategies for a more effective market presence. This comprehensive approach attempts to uncover deeper insights into the interactions between online and offline purchases, thereby contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of consumer behavior in the retail and e-commerce industries.&#x0D; Design/methodology/approach- A detailed survey questionnaire was administered, obtaining 2465 responses. The questionnaire was specifically designed to capture the complexities of online and offline purchases, with an emphasis on Apple's purchase channels. The Apriori algorithm was used twice to find frequently co-occurring items that were purchased online and then online clubbed with offline. Essential metrics like support and confidence were calculated for both online and offline purchases. To determine any significant differences between the groups, an independent-samples t-test was used. This comprehensive methodology ensures a thorough examination of multi-channel shopping behaviors, providing valuable insights into consumer behavior in the retail and e-commerce sectors.&#x0D; Findings–We find that cross channel switching in a multi-channel distribution environment occurs due to price differences, convenience and flexibility. The paper illustrates the flaws of drawing inferences with data from a single channel emphasizing the need for a more holistic, multi-channel approach to data analysis in order to capture the full range of consumer behavior.&#x0D; Research limitations/implications –&#x0D; This study assumes that self-reported purchases or acquisitions of products accurately reflect actual consumer behavior. The insights derived from this research have significant implications for various marketing strategies, including pricing, product bundling, cross-selling, and promotional activities. However, it’s important to note that the reliance on self-reported data may introduce certain limitations, as it may not fully capture the complexity of actual consumer behavior. Despite these limitations, the insights gained from the study will add value for several marketing decisions like pricing, bundling, cross-selling and promotions.&#x0D; Originality value– While there is an abundance of literature on the application of Association Rule Mining for Market Basket Analysis, the existing body of work exploring its application within a multi-channel context is notably sparse. This study aims to address this gap in the literature, offering a unique perspective and making a substantial contribution to the existing body of knowledge in this area.

Dynamic Data Advertising and Packet Loss Analysis Using BLE Legacy Advertising

Bluetooth Low energy (BLE) advertisements have great potential in Internet of Things applications like monitoring systems, which involve the real-time transfer of data collected from sensors interfaced to multiple power-constrained devices. Since sensor data conveys information about the present state of the system, packet loss is vital in such applications. The paper proposes a customized BLE legacy advertising packet structure to advertise dynamic sensor data, and proposes two techniques: One-Set-Multiple-Events (OSME) and One-Set-X-Events (OSXE), to advertise the dynamic sensor data using the non-connectable and non-scannable undirected advertising mode of BLE. Using appropriate advertising parameters with OSXE, each advertising packet gets successfully advertised <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$X$</tex-math></inline-formula> times, whereas OSME neither guarantees successful advertisement of all the packets, nor does it allow control over the number of transmitted copies of each packet. Using OSXE, experimental analysis is carried out to study packet loss when single BLE node transmits alone, and when 25 nodes transmit simultaneously. Mathematical analysis has been carried out for packet collision for multiple nodes. Experimental results show that packet loss is also impacted by factors like advertising set duration, scan window, scanner's link layer activities like advertising report generation and channel switching. Using OSXE, packet loss close to 0% is obtained for <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$X=3$</tex-math></inline-formula> when 25 nodes advertise simultaneously.

Функциональная модель объединенного источника комплексной системы синхронизации и доставки шкалы времени для крупной и распределенной системы технологического назначения

Purpose: to develop scientific and technical proposals and requirements for building sources of synchrosignals and messages of a single time for the integrated system of synchronization and delivery of the time scale depending on the requirements in frequency-time support signals and the current communication chain architecture in the framework of solving a unified synchronization system in phase time and the frequency in large territorially distributed and industrial technological systems. Methods: the applied research methods include the fundamental provisions of the theory of constructing synchronization systems, as well as infocommunication systems and networks. Results: a functional model of a united source of the integrated system of synchronization and delivery of the time scale, which includes a complete set of elements to perform the functions of synchronization and delivery of single-time signals in existing and promising complex heterogeneous networks with various architecture and heterogeneous equipment that differs from the existing fully taking into account the existing ones in Currently, technologies for delivery of single time and frequency signals, both on the basis of switching packages and on the basis of switching of channels. The proposed functional model of the united source of the integrated system of synchronization and delivery of the time scale will allow to reasonably approach the design of the means of transmitting and delivering single time and frequency signals to various and heterogeneous communication networks, taking into account all the needs for frequency-time support signals and limiting existing communication networks. Practical significance: the use of sources of single-time and frequency signals, which are based on the proposed functional model, will ensure a flexible infrastructure to ensure the unity of the unity of the unified time and clock network synchronization necessary for the correct functioning of communication equipment; Satisfy the requirements of synchronization signals and uniform messages for promising and existing consumers as much as possible; ensure the possibility of a phased transition of the construction of communication networks from the technologies of the channels to the technology of switching packages due to flexibility in the use of routes and transmission systems necessary for the spread of synchrosignals and uniform messages.

Psychographic segmentation of multichannel customers: investigating the influence of individual differences on channel choice and switching behavior

This study investigates the role of individual differences in channel choice and switching behavior in a multichannel environment using latent class analysis on data from 1512 customers. Psychographic variables from five domains (risk attitudes, cognitive ability, motivation, personality, and decision-making style) serve as covariates for multichannel customer behavior. We identify six segments that differ significantly on six psychographic variables (readiness to take risks, need for cognition, autotelic and instrumental need for touch, and rational and intuitive decision-making styles). The results advance the theory-building of multichannel customer behavior and present insights for proactively managing customer journeys of distinct segments.

The Bombyx mori G protein β subunit 1 (BmGNβ1) gene inhibits BmNPV infection

G protein β subunit 1 (GNβ1) has several functions, including cell growth regulation, the control of second messenger levels, and ion channel switching. Previous transcriptome analyses in our laboratory have shown that BmGNβ1 transcription is reduced following infection with Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV), but it is unknown what role this gene may have in the host response to BmNPV infection. In this study, the BmGNβ1 gene was cloned using the RACE method. After BmNPV infection, BmGNβ1 was downregulated in Baiyu strains in tissues such as the hemolymph and midgut. Indirect immunofluorescence showed that BmGNβ1 was localized to the cytoplasm. We further constructed a BmGNβ1-pIZ/V5-His-mCherry overexpression plasmid and designed siRNA to evaluate the role of BmGNβ1 in host response to infection. The results showed that BmGNβ1 overexpression inhibited BmNPV proliferation, while knockdown of BmGNβ1 was correlated with increased BmNPV proliferation. The siRNA-mediated reduction of BmGNβ1 was correlated with an increase in BmNPV infection of BmN cells, increased BmNPV vp39 transcription, and reduced survival time of BmNPV-infected B. mori. Overexpression of BmGNβ1 in BmN cells was also correlated with apoptosis and a modification in transcript levels of genes involved in host response to BmNPV infection (PI3K, AKT, Bmp53, BmFOXO, Caspase-1, Bmp21, BmPKN and BmCREB), suggesting that BmGNβ1 may influence the apoptotic host response of infected B. mori through the PI3K-AKT pathway. This study provides potential targets and theoretical support for breeding BmNPV-resistant silkworm varieties.

Система для экспериментальной оценки паразитных параметров интегральных мультиплексоров для электроимпедансной томографии

Physical parameters of analog multiplexer have influence on measuring, provided for electrical impedance tomography. For bio-medical application the most important is channel stray capacitance and difference among channels. Typical value is around several tens of picofarads. Integrated circuit manufactures usually do not specify this parameter and provide only typical value. Actual stray capacitance can be different from batch to batch up to several tens percentage. Parameter testing and selection can provide better quality of measurement or help to decrease influence of capacitance differences between channels. Leakage currents can cause significant influence on measurements. Especially, multiplexers lightly damaged by static electricity, can increase their leakage currents by an order of magnitude. Software and hardware system for testing of the multiplexers was developed. It can test main parameters of high voltage precision analog multiplexer, like: channels commutation, charge injection during channel switching, channels resistance, capacitance and leakage currents. Channel capacitance measurement accuracy is better than 1 pF, indeed we should substitute stray capacitance of reference multiplexer and empty test-socket. Channel capacitance measurement accuracy is around 1 Ohm, charge injection is around 1 pQ, leakage current around 100 pA. For testing we use reference multiplexer with known parameters, timer to measure charge-discharge time for capacitance estimation, precision amplifier and reed switch to measure small voltage. Replaceable sockets help test analog multiplexer not only 1 to 16 configurations, but any other configuration with smaller number of channels and even lower voltage supply if use voltage stabilizer embedded in the socket. System can check that multiplexer is fine, choose the same parameters of ICs for existing system, improve quality by choosing the ICs with the best parameters or measure them for further compensation by software.