Wireless Communication Channel Research Articles

A novel Q-learning-based secure routing scheme with a robust defensive system against wormhole attacks in flying ad hoc networks

Nowadays, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) organized in a flying ad hoc network (FANET) can successfully carry out complex missions. Due to the limitations of these networks, including the lack of infrastructure, wireless communication channels, dynamic topology, and unreliable communication between UAVs, cyberattacks, especially wormholes, weaken the performance of routing schemes. Therefore, maintaining communication security and guaranteeing the quality of service (QoS) are very challenging. In this paper, a novel Q-learning-based secure routing scheme (QSR) is presented for FANETs. QSR seeks to provide a robust defensive system against wormhole attacks, especially wormhole through encapsulation and wormhole through packet relay. QSR includes a secure neighbor discovery process and a Q-learning-based secure routing process. Firstly, each UAV gets information about its neighboring UAVs securely. To secure communication in this process, a local monitoring system is designed to counteract the wormhole attack through packet relay. This system checks data packets exchanged between neighboring UAVs and defines three rules according to the behavior of wormholes. In the second process, UAVs perform a distributed Q-learning-based routing process to counteract the wormhole attack through encapsulation. To reward the safest paths, a reward function is introduced based on five factors, the average one-hop delay, hop count, data loss ratio, packet transmission frequency (PTF), and packet reception frequency (PRF). Finally, the NS2 simulator is applied for implementing QSR and executing different scenarios. The evaluation results show that QSR works better than TOPCM, MNRiRIP, and MNDA in terms of accuracy, malicious node detection rate, data delivery ratio, and data loss ratio. However, it has more delay than TOPCM.

Beyond 10 Gbps in Hostile Underwater Optical Wireless Communication Channel Conditions Using Polarisation Division Multiplexing

Beyond 10 Gbps in Hostile Underwater Optical Wireless Communication Channel Conditions Using Polarisation Division Multiplexing

Optimal design and allocation of stealthy attacks against remote state estimation for cyber-physical systems

This paper studies the design and allocation problem for stealthy attacks against remote state estimation for cyber-physical systems, where the data are transmitted through multiple wireless communication channels. With limited budget for the available energy at each step and total energy over the finite-time horizon, the aim of the stealthy attacker is to maximize the estimation error based on the collaboration between the attack matrices and schedule, which is formulated as the optimization problem with multi-variable coupling. Under the presented framework of stepwise optimization, the optimization problem is separated into two subproblems with the guarantee of optimality. First, for the optimal design of attack matrices, the analytical expression is derived by employing the proposed data isolation technique instead of the assumption utilized in the existing results that the output matrix is of full row rank. And then, for the optimal allocation of energy constrained attacks, the scheduling sequence is obtained by solving the transformed linear 0-1 programming. Finally, simulation results sustain the performance of the presented attack strategy.

A security-enhanced authentication scheme for quantum-key-distribution (QKD) enabled Internet of vehicles in multi-cloud environment

The Internet of vehicles (IoV) is an essential part of modern intelligent transportation systems (ITS). In the ITS, intelligent connected vehicle can access a variety of latency-sensitive cloud services through the vulnerable wireless communication channel, which could lead to security and privacy issues. To prevent access by malicious nodes, a large number of authentication schemes have been proposed. However, with the diversification of cloud services and the rapid development of quantum computing, there are many drawbacks remain, including timeliness of authentication and resisting quantum computing. In light of this, we propose a lattice-based secure and efficient multi-cloud authentication and key agreement scheme for quantum key distribution (QKD) enabled IoV. Its features are as follows: i) Security-enhanced and Efficient Authentication: We combine the lattice-based lightweight signatures and quantum authentication keys to guarantee security-enhanced authentication. Meanwhile, we propose the quantum security service cloud (QSC) to manage the authentication of all vehicles and cloud server providers (CSPs) to reduce the authentication rounds and improve efficiency. ii) Extended Quantum Key Distribution (eQKD): In wireless networks, quantum key agreement is achieved through the pre-filled quantum keys. In wired networks, quantum key is accomplished by QKD with Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) protocol. Furthermore, formal and informal security demonstrates that the scheme could resist potential security attacks. The performance comparison illustrates that our scheme could decrease the computational overhead by 27.23%-81.78% and authentication rounds by 81.34%-93.10%.

HCEL: Hybrid Clustering Approach for Extending WBAN Lifetime

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) have emerged as a promising solution for addressing challenges faced by elderly individuals, limited medical facilities, and various chronic medical conditions. WBANs consist of wearable sensing and computing devices interconnected through wireless communication channels, enabling the collection and transmission of vital physiological data. However, the energy constraints of the battery-powered sensor nodes in WBANs pose a significant challenge to ensuring long-term operational efficiency. Two-hop routing protocols have been suggested to extend the stability period and maximize the network’s lifetime. These protocols select appropriate parent nodes or forwarders with a maximum of two hops to relay data from sensor nodes to the sink. While numerous energy-efficient routing solutions have been proposed for WBANs, reliability has often been overlooked. Our paper introduces an energy-efficient routing protocol called a Hybrid Clustering Approach for Extending WBAN Lifetime (HCEL) to address these limitations. HCEL leverages a utility function to select parent nodes based on residual energy (RE), proximity to the sink node, and the received signal strength indicator (RSSI). The parent node selection process also incorporates an energy threshold value and a constrained number of serving nodes. The main goal is to extend the overall lifetime of all nodes within the network. Through extensive simulations, the study shows that HCEL outperforms both Stable Increased Throughput Multihop Protocol for Link Efficiency (SIMPLE) and Energy-Efficient Reliable Routing Scheme (ERRS) protocols in several key performance metrics. The specific findings of our article highlight the superior performance of HCEL in terms of increased network stability, extended network lifetime, reduced energy consumption, improved data throughput, minimized delays, and improved link reliability.

A genetic scheduling strategy with spatial reuse for dense wireless networks

Novel networking technologies such as massive Internet-of-Things and 6G-and-beyond cellular networks are based on ultra-dense wireless communications. A wireless communication channel is a shared medium that demands access control, such as proper transmission scheduling. The SINR model can improve the performance of ultra-dense wireless networks by taking into consideration the effects of interference to allow multiple simultaneous transmissions in the same coverage area and using the same frequency band. However, scheduling in wireless networks under the SINR model is an NP-hard problem. This work presents a bioinspired solution based on a genetic heuristic to solve that problem. The proposed solution, called Genetic-based Transmission Scheduler (GeTS) produces a complete transmission schedule optimizing size, increasing the number of simultaneous transmissions (i.e., spatial reuse) thus allowing devices to communicate as soon as possible. Simulation results are presented for GeTS, including a convergence test and comparisons with other alternatives. Results confirm the ability of the solution to produce near-optimal schedules.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM DESIGNED BY USING DIFFERENT FILTERS

Free space optical communication (FSO) technology, which has been developing in recent years, is advantageous compared to other wireless communication technologies due to its features such as high bandwidth, low latency, and high security. Since the FSO system is sensitive to atmospheric events, it needs various signal processing and filtering techniques to reduce the deterioration in the quality of the signal. The FSO free space channel has several channel types, such as the scattered channel and the optical wireless communication (OWC) channel. In this study, comparisons were made using various filters in an FSO system designed using the optical wireless communication (OWC) transmission channel model, and the system was analyzed based on the results obtained.

Optimal Output-Feedback Control Over Markov Wireless Communication Channels

Optimal Output-Feedback Control Over Markov Wireless Communication Channels

High modulation effects on hybrid optical fiber links and OWC Channel based on optical DP-QSK transceiver systems

Abstract This study clarified the simulation of the high modulation effects on hybrid optical fiber links and OWC channel based on optical DP-QSK transceiver systems. The optimum lighted signal power band with the spectral wavelength after optical wireless communication channel is clarified. Total lighted form band power after optical fiber cable channel is studied. Total lighted form band power form after optical wireless communication channel is shown in numerical values. The total electrical band power form after optical DPSK receiver based optical fiber cable channel is demonstrated. Total base electrical band power form after optical DPSK receiver based optical wireless communication channel is clarified. Base band signal base form per noise base band form ratio is studied and numerical clarified after optical DPSK receiver against propagation length for both OFC and OWC channels. Total lighted base form power versus propagation length based both OFC and OWC channels is demonstrated. Optimum lighted form base power band form with time after optical fiber cable channel is studied. The max lighted form base power band form with time after optical wireless communication channel is simulated. Optimum lighted signal power band with the spectral wavelength after optical fiber cable channel is demonstrated. The total base electrical band form power after optical DPSK receiver is clarified numerically against propagation length for both OFC and OWC channels.

Impact of Intense Modulation on Soliton Power Propagation across Optical Fiber and Optical Wireless Channels

The optical pulse generator model in Optisystem 20 is utilized to generate an optical soliton pulse. The performance evaluation of highly modulated soliton power transmission is carried out on both optical fiber and optical wireless communication channels. The evaluation considers a flow rate of 40 Gbps and a link distance, which is not specified in the provided context. Among the proposed modulation schemes, which include CPFSK, FSK, and PSK, CPFSK demonstrates superior performance for both communication channels. Increasing the number of bits per symbol enhances the bit error rate (BER) at the fiber or wireless channel, as received by the optical receiver, for different modulation schemes, except for the CPFSK scheme. Thus, it is evident that the CPFSK modulation scheme is more efficient and outperforms other modulation schemes for various communication channels. Hence, it is evident that the CPFSK modulation scheme exhibits superior efficiency and outperforms other modulation schemes for a variety of communication channels.

Modeling and oblique transmission characteristics of an underwater wireless optical communication channel based on ocean depth layering.

Underwater wireless optical communication is widely considered in the field of underwater communication due to its high bandwidth and low latency. In a real transmission link, the temperature and salinity of seawater, chlorophyll concentration, and bubble density vary with ocean depth. Therefore, the depth of the optical transmitter in seawater and the tilt angle of the beam will exhibit different beam transmission characteristics. In this paper, an underwater oblique-range layered channel model considering the combined effects of dynamic turbulence, absorption, and scattering is developed based on real data of seawater at different depths measured by the Global Ocean Observing Buoy Argo and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution BCO-DMO. The effects of transmission distance, transmitter tilt angle, and transmitter depth on the oblique-range transmission characteristics of the beam in seawater are discussed. The simulation results show that, at the same transmission distance, the beam centroid displacement increases with an increase in transmitter depth only when the transmitter is located above the interior of the thermocline. When the transmitter is located below the interior of the thermocline, the influence of the transmitter tilt angle on the beam centroid displacement decreases. This indicates that at different depths within the interior of the thermocline, the optical beam transmission characteristics exhibit significant variations.

Transmission of information on a single carrier frequency in a full-duplex radio line

Telecommunication communication is usually provided in duplex mode, which requires the provision of two carrier frequencies and at least twice the bandwidth of the radio channel in a wireless version (subject to a priori equality of the capacities of information sources at both ends of the radio line). Throughout the development of wireless telecommunications technologies, the issue of the efficiency of using the frequency spectrum allocated for transmitting/receiving messages is acutely relevant, namely, reducing the bandwidth occupied by the message. This task has significant limitations, primarily based on minimizing the distortion of transmitted messages that may occur when artificially limiting the bandwidth. Information compression/compaction methods provide some savings in the width of the frequency spectrum, but a marginal reduction in the occupied frequency band can be achieved when the receiving and transmitting paths of both directions operate at the same carrier frequency. The article provides a brief overview of methods to improve the efficiency of using the frequency resource, provides a computer model and a study of the method of wireless information transmission that allows a full-duplex wireless communication channel to be implemented on a single carrier frequency. The above and investigated computer model of the method based on the use of a circulator made it possible to evaluate the effect of additive noise, the difference in amplitude and phase of the interference signal from the transmitter and a copy of the signal from the radio transmitter in "antiphase" on the number of errors (BER). According to the research results, it can be concluded that in order to reduce the number of errors when using a compensator, it is necessary to ensure an exact match of the interference signal from the transmitter and a copy of the signal from the radio transmitter in "antiphase" in amplitude and the phase difference between these signals is equal to 1800. Since an increase in the amplitude difference starting from 0.001 and the phase deviation from 0.10 from 1800 leads to a significant increase in the number of errors even with large values of the signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, when developing a device based on this method, it is necessary to take into account the difference in the amplitudes of the useful signal and "interference from the transmitter". This parameter specifies additional requirements for the device. The task of compensating for interference from the transmitter is simplified by the fact that the parameters of the transmitting signal and the characteristics of the device elements are known in advance.

Quickest detection of bias injection attacks on the glucose sensor in the artificial pancreas under meal disturbances

Modern glucose sensors deployed in closed-loop insulin delivery systems, so-called artificial pancreas use wireless communication channels. While this allows a flexible system design, it also introduces vulnerability to cyberattacks. Timely detection and mitigation of attacks are imperative for device safety. However, large unknown meal disturbances are a crucial challenge in determining whether the sensor has been compromised or the sensor glucose trajectories are normal. We address this issue from a control-theoretic security perspective. In particular, a time-varying Kalman filter is employed to handle the sporadic meal intakes. The filter prediction error is then statistically evaluated to detect anomalies if present. We compare two state-of-the-art online anomaly detection algorithms, namely the χ2 and CUSUM tests. We establish a robust optimal detection rule for unknown bias injections. Even if the optimality holds only for the restrictive case of constant bias injections, we show that the proposed model-based anomaly detection scheme is also effective for generic non-stealthy sensor deception attacks through numerical simulations.

Enhancing Water Safety: Exploring Recent Technological Approaches for Drowning Detection.

Drowning poses a significant threat, resulting in unexpected injuries and fatalities. To promote water sports activities, it is crucial to develop surveillance systems that enhance safety around pools and waterways. This paper presents an overview of recent advancements in drowning detection, with a specific focus on image processing and sensor-based methods. Furthermore, the potential of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning algorithms (MLAs), and robotics technology in this field is explored. The review examines the technological challenges, benefits, and drawbacks associated with these approaches. The findings reveal that image processing and sensor-based technologies are the most effective approaches for drowning detection systems. However, the image-processing approach requires substantial resources and sophisticated MLAs, making it costly and complex to implement. Conversely, sensor-based approaches offer practical, cost-effective, and widely applicable solutions for drowning detection. These approaches involve data transmission from the swimmer's condition to the processing unit through sensing technology, utilising both wired and wireless communication channels. This paper explores the recent developments in drowning detection systems while considering costs, complexity, and practicality in selecting and implementing such systems. The assessment of various technological approaches contributes to ongoing efforts aimed at improving water safety and reducing the risks associated with drowning incidents.

Структура и элементная база приёмо-передающего модуля для организации подводной оптической беспроводной системы передачи данных

In the paper, the results of theoretical study of a wireless optical data transmission channel, as well as experimental study of its characteristics, taking into account different configurations of the optical component base of receiving and transmitting modules, were presented. The model of the wireless underwater optical communication channel with pulse-position modulation (4 bits per symbol) of digital data traffic with 100 Mbps is proposed. The model showed that to organize a communication channel on a 10 m path, the use of an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is requires (the amount is up to 20 LEDs). For this case, a sufficiently large route budget will be provided, even with additional factor that reduce the efficiency of light propagation in seawater. The LEDs were chosen to organize the data transmission channel, since they have a wide radiation pattern and allow the implementation of a relatively simple driver circuit. The required optical radiation power is realized with the use of an array of LEDs. Schematic diagrams of the LEDs driver and power supply for the receiving and transmitting modules have been designed. A measuring layout with optical transmitter and receiver blocks has been implemented. The test signal is a regular sequence of pulses with a duty cycle of 2, and a frequency of 1 MHz. In the receiving module, the signal from the output of the pin photodiode is amplified using a wideband operational amplifier. Sets of 3 pin photodiodes and 10 LEDs were selected and tests were carried out to determine options for optical components that provide the best time characteristics of the output electrical signal in terms of delay time, rising and falling edges of pulses in a wireless optical airborne communication channel. Also, measurements were done on an air path with a length of 0.25-3 m using one or two LEDs as part of the transmitting module. It has been experimentally confirmed that the organization of a communication channel with a length of up to 10 m requires about 15-20 light-emitting diodes. Further study involves the designing and testing of a driver for the LEDs array and a prototype transceiver module.

Method for evaluation of the optical uniformity distribution in the white LEDs-based visible light communication applications

The uniformity characteristic of emitted radiation in VLC applications is a factor that can affect the efficiency of a detector and the overall efficiency of the VLC system. In this paper, we theoretically investigate the optical uniformity characteristic of using LEDs in VLC applications in terms of the parameter of the emission angle of LEDs and the spatial distribution of LEDs. The result indicates that the optical uniformity can be controlled at a high level by controlling the emission angle of the LED or distributing the LEDs in the room's space. Full Text: PDF References E.-F. Schubert, J.-K. Kim, "Solid-State Light Sources Getting Smart", Science 308, 1274 (2005). CrossRef N. Narendran, Y. Gu, "Life of LED-based white light sources", J. Display Technol. 1, 167 (2005). CrossRef E. Schubert, Light-Emitting Diodes (Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press 2006). CrossRef C.C. Sun, Q.K. Nguyen, T.X. Lee, S.K. Lin, C.S. Wu, T.H. Yang, Y.W. Yu, "Active thermal-fuse for stopping blue light leakage of white light-emitting diodes driven by constant current", Sci. Reports 12, 12433 (2022). CrossRef Z. Ghassemlooy, W. Popoola, S. Rajbhandari. Optical Wireless Communications System and Channel Modelling with MATLAB (Florida, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2013). CrossRef A. Burton, H. Le Minh, Z. Ghasemlooy, S. Rajbhandari, "A study of LED lumination uniformity with mobility for visible light communications", IEEE 2012 Int. Workshop on Opt. Wireless Comm. (IWOW), Pisa, Italy, 2012. CrossRef M.S.M. Gismalla, M.F.L. Abdullah, M.I. Niass, B. Das, W.A. Mabrouk. "Effect of optical attocells deployment on the RMSD spread in indoor visible light communication systems", Int. J. Commun Syst. e4349 (2020). CrossRef C. Wang, J. Wang, J. Zhang, J. Wang, H. Du, J. Wang, "Research on uniform illumination distribution of indoor visible light communication", Proc. SPIE 12062, AOPC 2021: Optoelectronics and Nanophotonics (2021). CrossRef M.V. Bhalerao, M. Sumathi, S.S. Sonavane. "Line of sight model for visible light communication using Lambertian radiation pattern of LED", Int. J. Comm. Systems (2016). CrossRef J.F. Zang, Y. Piao. "Research on visible light communication system based on white LEDs", Proc. SPIE 10255, (2016). CrossRef M. Oliveira, F.C.B. Tosta, D.E.F. Guillen, P.P. Monteiro, A.A.P. Poh, "Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of LED Lamp for Visible Light Communications", Wireless Personal Communications 125, 3461(2022). CrossRef J.P. Ding, C. Lin, J.T. Wang, H. Yang, "Effects of Optical Beams on MIMO Visible Light Communication Channel Characteristics", Sensors 22, 216 (2022). CrossRef X. Zhang , N. Zhao, F. Al-Turjman, M.B. Khan, X. Yang. "An Optimization of the Signal-to-Noise Ratio Distribution of an Indoor Visible Light Communication System Based on the Conventional Layout Model", Sustainability 12, 9006 (2020). CrossRef A. Kaewpukdee, P. Uthansakul, "Characteristic of Line-of-Sight in Infrastructure-to-Vehicle Visible Light Communication Using MIMO Technique", Materials Continua 74, 1026 (2023). CrossRef

A METHOD OF PROTECTING INFORMATION IN CYBER-PHYSICAL SPACE

The subject of the study is the processes of ensuring the reliability and security of information in cyber-physical space. The objective is to develop recommendations for the implementation of a method of information security in cyber-physical space. The development is based on the technology of ultra-wideband signals circulating in wireless communication channels. The task is to ensure the stable and reliable operation of the airborne wireless mobile communication network, which is the main component of cyberspace and its most vulnerable link to destructive influences. Methods used: methods of analytical modelling and time-position pulse coding. The following results were obtained. It is shown that in order to ensure high quality of wireless network operation, it is necessary to expand its bandwidth, which is limited by the physical resource of the radio frequency spectrum. It is proposed to overcome this contradiction by applying the technology of ultra-wideband signals, the base of which is much larger than one. In this case, the information signal is emitted without a carrier frequency simultaneously in the entire frequency band, provided that the signal level is lower than the noise level. The method of positional-time coding is used, in which each information bit is encoded by hundreds of ultra-short chip pulses arriving in a certain sequence. In such wireless communication systems, the use of autocorrelation reception of modulated ultra-wideband signals is proposed. A comparative analysis has shown that the wireless network with the best reliability and noise immunity is the one where the time separation of the reference and information signals is applied. During the first half of the bit interval, the switch closes the transmitter output directly to the ultra-wideband signal generator, forming a reference signal. In the middle of the bit interval, the switcher switches the output to one of two possible positions depending on the signal "zero" or "one", forming the information part of the signal. Conclusions. Systems with autocorrelation reception and separate transmission of reference and information signals provide a high level of structural

Интервально-импульсная модуляция сверхширокополосных хаотических радиоимпульсов: теория и эксперимент

An approach to reduce the negative impact of multipath signal propagation (interpulse interference) in a wireless communication channel has been proposed. Pulse-interval modulation of chaotic radio pulses allows to increase the time interval between pulses without reducing the average bitrate. The possibility of using this method in ultra-wideband microwave channels with multipath propagation is demonstrated. The noise immunity of the AWGN channel has been studied. An experimental implementation of the method is described.

Effect of water-waves on recognition of speech signals transmitted over a wireless optical communication channel

In many sea-exploration scenarios, a wireless optical communication link between an onshore station and a floating marine structure or between a floating buoy and an underwater vehicle is required. In order to establish high-quality wireless optical communication, the effect of sea-waves must be taken into consideration. In this work, we investigate the influence of surface water waves having various amplitudes, frequencies and waveforms on the quality of an analog speech signal transmitted over a wireless optical communication link. Such investigation is also carried out on an encrypted speech signal. The quality of the speech signals is determined by utilizing a deep learning neural network that is trained to recognize ten speech commands and produces classification probabilities. In our experiments, either the detector or the light source is non-stationary as a result of the water-waves, thus distorting the received analog signal. We also show a method of deriving the frequency of the water waves by using a remote tracking unit based on micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) mirrors.

Scedasticity descriptor of terrestrial wireless communications channels for multipath clustering datasets

Fifth-generation (5G) wireless systems increased the bandwidth, improved the speed, and shortened the latency of communications systems. Various channel models are developed to study 5G. These channel models reproduce the stochastic properties of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas by generating wireless multipath components (MPCs). The MPCs that have similar properties in delay, angles of departure, and angles of arrival form clusters. The multipaths and multipath clusters serve as datasets to understand the properties of 5G. These datasets generated by the Cooperation in Science and Technology 2100 (COST 2100), International Mobile Telecommunications-2020 (IMT-2020), quasi deterministic radio channel generator (QuaDRiGa), and wireless world initiative new radio II (WINNER II) channel models are tested for their homoscedasticity based on Johansen's procedure. Results show that the COST 2100, QuaDRiGa, and WINNER II datasets are heteroscedastic, while the IMT-2020 dataset is homoscedastic.