Changing Patterns Of Governance Research Articles

Tourism intermediaries and innovation in the hotel industry

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the influence of tourism intermediaries on innovation in SMEs in the hotel industry from the perspective of the global value chain approach. The paper contributes towards characterizing the changing patterns of governance in the tourism global value chains. In addition, it provides useful information about SMEs’ innovation for tourism destination managers. The dataset for this study comes from a survey of hotel SMEs in Spain. The results indicate that dependence on tour operators leads to lower levels of marketing innovation, while dependence on on-line travel agencies stimulates it. Dependence on traditional travel agencies is observed to be associated with less product innovation. Overall, dependence on tourism intermediaries implies lower autonomy in a hotel's determination of rates and margins, but can favour innovation by means of stimulating the introduction of information and communication technologies and quality standards.

NGOS and Changing Patterns of Governance: Clear Roles or Growing Complexity?

This paper examines the impact of the explosion of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on governance in the world’s developing countries. Looking specifically at service provision in Kenya, it analyzes how the proliferation of NGOs has changed they way service allocation decisions are made, as well as how development policy is formulated and implemented. In so doing, it also explores shifting NGO-government relations over time. Counter to arguments that the opening of public space to private actors has created a clear division of labor between policy-making government and policy-implementing private actors, public administration in Kenya has become a complex and intertwined affair. NGOs sit on national policymaking committees, second government employees to their offices and send their employees to work in government, and even create projects that government implements. Through such changes, developing countries are witnessing a blurring of the lines between public and private. Indeed, NGOs extend the organizational form of the state beyond the civil service. As a result, governance in Kenya has become more democratic.

Calamity or Catalyst: Futures for Community in Twenty-First-Century Crime Prevention

This paper will discuss the potentially explosive exclusionary potential associated with the use of unreflexive communalism in crime prevention at a time at which inequality, marginalization, racialization and ‘othering’ are becoming increasingly salient social issues. The paper will then explore how the communal might be rescued or re-imagined to avoid such risks and, just possibly, to generate a more progressive form of crime prevention—one more attuned to the realities of changing patterns of governance. In this context, the place of human obligations and rights in communal crime prevention will be discussed, particularly with regard to democratic participation and respect. Therein, it will be suggested, there is at least the potential for a more optimistic and less calamitous future for community oriented crime prevention.

Changes in Trade Union–Government Relations 1974–2002

Even if the role of unions is less than it was, they are still an important aspect of civil society in a democracy like the UK, so that changes in the relationship between the TUC and the government are an important aspect of changing patterns of governance in the UK. Here, we analyse this relationship during the period between 1974 and 2002 based upon the reports of the General Council of the TUC to each TUC Annual Conference. The analysis shows that the contacts between the TUC and government have fluctuated significantly over this period. They did decline in the Thatcher years although, interestingly, contacts were greater under Thatcher than under Major. The election of a New Labour government in 1997 was accompanied by an initial increase in contacts, but contacts declined subsequently. These fluctuations clearly reflect policy changes so, for example, contacts decreased when incomes policies became a thing of the past. However, they also reflected changes of personnel in government; so the replacement of Pym by Tebbit in 1982 was quickly followed by a fall in contacts. As far as New Labour is concerned, their historical links with the trade unions still mean that contacts are greater now than they were under the Conservatives. However, the initial surge in contacts probably reflected a broader pattern, with New Labour delivering on a promise of greater consultation made in opposition.

Europeanization and changing patterns of governance in Ireland

In order to examine institutional change in Republic of Ireland (hereinafter referred to as ‘Ireland’ or ‘the Irish case’) as a consequence of European integration, this article looks at the adaptation of national institutions subsequent to EU membership. A new institutionalist approach is taken towards the definition and discussion of institutions in order that the analysis may encompass the broadest range of changes consequent to EU membership: in relation to national structures; decision-making patterns; socialization processes; and overall ‘system change’. The analysis uses the organizing concepts offered by Bulmer and Burch (1998) in their evaluation of the impact of Europeanization on national systems of public administration in Britain. According to this framework, ‘institutions can be analysed in terms of four gradations moving from the formal, through the informal, to the normative and cultural’ (Bulmer and Burch 1998, p. 604).

Neo-Liberalism and the Decline of Democratic Governance in Australia: A Problem of Institutional Design?

This paper is a preliminary attempt to evaluate changing patterns of democratic governance, at least in Westminster-style parliamentary settings, and possibly more generally. It has two specific purposes: first, to propose a paradigm for evaluating the empirical evolution of democratic governance; and second, to illustrate the explanatory potential of this paradigm through a mini-case study of changing patterns of governance in one particular polity. The conceptual framework is drawn from March and Olsen's eponymous study (1995) from which polar (‘thick’ and ‘thin’) forms of democratic governance are derived. Four conjectures about its evolution are then explored. First, in its mass party phase, the pattern of democratic governance approximated the ‘thick’ pole. Second, the subsequent evolution of democratic politics has been in the direction of the ‘thin’ (minimalist or populist) pole. Third, the cause of this shift was a failure to adapt political institutions to changing citizen identities, which was masked by the ascendancy amongst political elites of the neo-liberal account of governance. Fourth, the paper considers the means by which democratic governance might be renewed. The approach is applied to explain changes in Australian politics over recent decades.

D. Marsh, D. Richards and M.J. Smith, Changing Patterns of Governance in the United Kingdom: Reinventing Whitehall?, Palgrave, 2001, 276 pp., 47.50

D. Marsh, D. Richards and M.J. Smith, Changing Patterns of Governance in the United Kingdom: Reinventing Whitehall?, Palgrave, 2001, 276 pp., 47.50

Searching for civil society: changing patterns of governance in Britain

To understand governance, we ask who is telling the story from within which tradition. We argue there is no essentialist notion of governance but at least four conceptions each rooted in a distinctive tradition. The first section of the paper describes the relevant traditions: Tory, Liberal, Whig and Socialist. The second section describes the different notions of governance associated with each tradition; intermediate institutions, marketizing public services, reinventing the constitution and trust and negotiation. We explain these distinct conceptions of governance as responses to the dilemmas of inflation and state overload. In the conclusion, we summarize how and why traditions change, concluding, there is no such thing as governance, but only the differing constructions of the several traditions.

Embedded within State Agencies: Business Associations in Yantai

I would like to thank Kevin O'Brien, Hong Yung Lee, David Wank, Ben Goldfrank, Laura Henry, Loren Landau, Kun-Chin Lin and Ben Read for helpful comments on earlier drafts of this article. I also am grateful for the very helpful criticisms and suggestions offered by Jon Unger, Anita Chan and an anonymous reviewer. Of course, any mistakes herein are mine alone. I owe special thanks to the people in Yantai who facilitated my research. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Asian Studies in Chicago on 23 March 2001. Research for this article was supported by fellowships from the Committee for Scholarly Communication with China and the National Security Education Program.

Private Actors and the State: Internationalization and Changing Patterns of Governance

This article investigates the implications of political and economic internationalization on patterns of governance from a statecentric perspective. The actual patterns of governance in internationalized environments can be related to the respective governance capacity of public and private actors, which hinges in turn on the strategic constellation underlying the provision of a public good. The specific strategic constellation varies in three dimensions: the congruence between the scope of the underlying problem and the organizational structures of the related actors, the type of problem, and the institutional context, all of which involve a number of factors. With this concept in mind, we identify four ideal‐typed patterns of governance, enabled by different configurations of public and private capacities to formally or factually influence in various ways the social, economic, and political processes by which certain goods are provided.

Between Sovereignty and Global Governance: The United Nations, the State and Civil Society

PART 1: Historical and Theoretical Context - Changing Patterns of Governance: From Absolution to Global Governance Christian Reus-Smit - PART 2: The Security Dimension of Global Governance - The Place of Law in Collective Security: Reflections on the Recent Activity of the Security Council Martti Kosenniemi - Let Whatever is Smouldering Erupt? Conditional Sovereignty, Reviewable Intervention and Rwanda Henry Shue - The Shortcomings of the 'New Humanitarianism' Alain Destxhe - Peacekeeping or Peace Enforcement? Global Flux and the Dilemmas of United Nations' Intervention Lieutenant General J M Sanderson, AC - The UN Role in Facilitating Regional Nuclear-Free and Weapons-of-Mass-Destruction-Free Zones Michael Hamel-Green - Greening the United Nations: Future Conditional? Lorraine Elliott PART 3: The Economic Dimension of Global Governance - The New World Disorder: If the States Collapse, Can the Nations be United? Immanuel Wallerstein - Where are the People? The United Nations, Global Economic Institutions and Governance Smitu Kothari - The Bretton Woods Institutions and the Demise of the United Nations Development System Walden Bello - The Case for an Economic Security Council in the United Nations Mahbub ul Haq - PART 4: The Civil-Political Dimension of Global Governance - Introduction - The United Nations and World Order in Democratic Transition Yoshikazo Sakamoto - Powerful Tendencies, Enduring Tensions and Glaring Contradictions: The United Nations in a Turbulent World James N. Rosenau - The Outlook for UN Reform: Necessary, but Impossible - Regional Arrangements and Democratic Reform of the United Nations Nancy Viviani - PART 5: Concluding Reflections - The Un's Place In the Era of Globalization: A Four Dimensional Perspective Joseph A. Camilleri

Freeing the Catholic College from Juridical Control by the Church

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsJacqueline GrennanJacqueline Grennan is president of Webster College. Like the preceding article by Mr. Averill, hers is adapted from a paper given in a session on “Changing Patterns of Governance in Church-Related Institutions” at the Twenty-third National Conference on Higher Education in Chicago in March, 1968.

“Sectarian” Higher Education and the Public Interest

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsLloyd J. AverillLloyd J. Averill is professor of sociology at Ottawa University. He was president of the Council of Protestant Colleges and Universities when he presented the paper of which this article is a revision at the Twenty-third National Conference on Higher Education in Chicago in March, 1968, in a session on “Changing Patterns of Governance in Church-Related Institutions.” Much of the first half of the article originally appeared in the October 9, 1968, issue of the “Christian Century.”