Changing Family Patterns Research Articles

Adaptive changes to Korean vernacular houses in Northeast China: the influence of changing family patterns on spatial capacity

PurposeThis study explores the spatial adaptive changes to different ancestral origins of Korean vernacular houses in Northeastern China and discusses the influence of changing family patterns on spatial capacity.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses quantitative and comparative methods to explore changes to space arrangement, space area, and furniture forms in Korean vernacular houses. This study also explores the correlation between changes in family patterns and the changing characteristics of spatial capacity.FindingsThe results elucidate the changing characteristics of Korean houses' spatial capacity. While the changing individual needs of Korean family members have led to increased spatial accessibility, there is a weak correlation variability in remodelling outcomes and changes in individual needs. Moreover, the per capita living area of Korean vernacular houses has increased, and furniture forms tend to be simpler, smaller, and more integrated. These developments reflect the changes in the way of life, production, and family structure.Research limitations/implicationsThis study provides a unique perspective on the sociology and architecture of ethnic minority families in China. Its results can help architects and construction firms more intuitively understand Korean houses. This study also provides a reference for the future renewal of Korean houses in the region.Originality/valueAlthough a growing number of studies have examined Korean vernacular houses and family patterns, none have explored the impact of changing family patterns on the spatial organisation of different ancestral origins of Korean vernacular houses. Therefore, this novel study addresses this gap, enriching the literature and providing practical insights.

Race and Cohort Differences in Family Status in the United States

In this visualization, the authors show changes in family patterns by different race groups across two cohorts. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (born from 1957 to 1965) and 1997 (born from 1980 to 1984), the authors visualize the relationship-parenthood state distributions at each age between 15 and 35 years by race and cohort. The results suggest the rise of cohabiting mothers and the decline of married and divorced mothers among women born from 1980 to 1984. Black women born from 1980 to 1984 were more likely to experience single/childless and single/parent status compared with Black women born from 1957 to 1965. Although with some visible postponement in the recent cohort, white women in both cohorts were more likely to experience married/parent status than other race groups. The decline in married/parent status across the two generations was sharpest among Hispanic women. These descriptive findings highlight the importance of identifying race when discussing changes in family formation and dissolution trends across generations.

The republican mother: the ideal woman in the early U.S

Despite the changing family patterns in the US, the views that originated in the early American Republic and formed American identity still largely determine societal expectations of women and the role of motherhood. The article is devoted to the ideology of Republican Motherhood , which prevailed among the upper and middle classes in the United States in the period between the American Revolution and the Civil War. It shaped the feminine ideal, turning homemaking into civic virtue and emphasizing women's moral and enlightening role. The concept viewed mothers as key in raising future patriotic leaders. From now on, the development and prosperity of the American nation depended on women. This transformed motherhood from a biological function to a socially important role, with mothers shaping children's values and beliefs. Republican Motherhood also expanded educational opportunities for women. The study also evaluates the socio-cultural influences that shaped perspectives on American women and their role as mothers.

RISK TOLERANCE, TIME HORIZON, AND ESTATE INTENTIONS: JUST HOW IMPORTANT ARE “CIRCUMSTANCES AND ASSOCIATED EMOTIONS”?

This study tests the importance of socio-demographic and psychological variables for investor intentions, including risk tolerance, time horizon, and estate intentions. Overall, hope is the psychological variable most consistently related to the dependent variables of risk tolerance, time horizon, and estate intentions. Age, household income, investment experience, and work experience pale in comparison with the psychological variables of hope and openness to new experience, both of which are positively associated with the dependent variables. Pro-social attitudes are also important as a moderating variable. The most interesting findings are that women with higher levels of education have higher levels of risk tolerance, whereas men with higher levels of education have lower levels of risk tolerance, findings contrary to previous research showing education to be positively associated with risk tolerance, and males to be more risk tolerant than females. Old stereotypes regarding gender preferences need to be re-examined. Much of the existing literature is based on findings from decades past, when sex roles were more differentiated, same sex marriage was illegal, and women’s career opportunities were more constrained. As Pan and Statman (2012; 2013) suggest, circumstances such as changing family patterns can affect investor preferences and behaviors. This study also demonstrates that positive psychology emotions such as hope or confidence in the future may serve to inoculate investors from panic selling or lessen the likelihood of excessive trading. Consequently, in a crisis investors with attitudes associated with positive psychology may be less prone to wealth-destroying behavior such as “going to cash.” Conversely, investors low in such attitudes are more likely to engage in such behaviors.

Non-familial intergenerational interventions and their impact on social and mental wellbeing of both younger and older people-A mapping review and evidence and gap map.

Non-familial intergenerational interventions and their impact on social and mental wellbeing of both younger and older people-A mapping review and evidence and gap map.

The dyadic care experiences of elderly individuals with disabilities and caregivers in the home setting from the perspective of family resilience: A qualitative study.

BackgroundChina is one of the most rapidly aging countries in Asia, and nearly 90% of elderly individuals with disabilities choose to receive traditional, family-based, long-term care. A majority of family caregivers have insufficient care capacity and experience physical and emotional distress, which in turn affects the elderly.ObjectiveTo describe the dyadic care experiences of elderly individuals with disabilities and their caregivers from the perspective of family resilience.MethodsA phenomenological research method was used. Semi-structured, in-depth, face-to-face interviews with 9 dyads of elderly people with disabilities and their families were conducted from August 2020 to February 2021. The Colaizzi method was used to analyze, summarize, and refine the interview data.ResultsThe dyadic care experiences of elderly individuals with disabilities and their caregivers can be summarized in terms of two themes. Theme 1 is dyadic pressure, which includes the following subthemes: (1) substantial objective burden; (2) dual negative experiences, i.e., the perceived low value of elderly individuals and low positive gains by caregivers; and (3) dyadic emotional transmission. Theme 2 is dyadic cooperative coping, which includes the following subthemes: (1) adjustment of family beliefs, including by giving meaning to stress, maintaining a positive outlook toward the future and ensuring spiritual sustentation; (2) changes in family patterns, including flexible adjustment of family patterns and multichannel utilization of social resources; and (3) improvement of family communication, including effective information transmission, rational emotional expression and emotional connection, and cooperation to solve and prevent problems.ConclusionElderly individuals with disabilities and their family caregivers face multiple physical, psychological, and social difficulties and demands during daily care, in which context negative experiences exert influence on this dyad. They collaborate to exhibit family resilience via the adaptation and improvement of family beliefs, family patterns and family communication. The family as a unit expends a great deal of effort to adapt to conditions of stress in the context of caring and shows family resilience, which is closely related to the family's cultural background and community situation. Dyadic resilience-based interventions can be developed based on core elements found by this study.

Simulating Family Life Courses: An Application for Italy, Great Britain, and Scandinavia

Family patterns in Western countries have substantially changed across the 1940 to 1990 birth cohorts. Adults born more recently enter more often unmarried cohabitations and marry later, if at all. They have children later and fewer of them; births take place in a non-marital union more often and, due to the declining stability of couple relationships, in more than one partnership. These changes have led to an increasing diversity in family life courses. In this paper, we present a microsimulation model of family life trajectories, which models the changing family patterns taking into account the complex interrelationships between childbearing and partnership processes. The microsimulation model is parameterized to retrospective data for women born since 1940 in Italy, Great Britain and two Nordic countries (Norway and Sweden), representing three significantly different cultural and institutional contexts of partnering and childbearing in Europe. Validation of the simulated family life courses against their real-world equivalents shows that the simulations not only closely replicate observed childbearing and partnership processes, but also give good predictions when compared to more recent fertility indicators. We conclude that the presented microsimulation model is suitable for exploring changing family dynamics and outline potential research questions and further applications.

Transformations of the Family Institution in Modernization Process and its Impact on Iran's policy-making in the Field of Family

Family sociologists believe that modernization is the most important factor in family transformations of developing countries. After the appearance of modernization in Iran, the family institution has experienced many changes in recent decades. After the Iranian Revolution, many policies and programs have been implemented to protect the family from the challenges of modernization. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to study the changes and transformations of the family in the context of modernization and its impact on Iran's policy makings in the field of family. The research is conducted by a qualitative method and the grounded theory approach has been used as the operational method of the research. The statistical sample of the research includes the citizens and the experts of Tabriz city. The sampling strategy is theoretical and the sampling method is purposeful. The findings indicate that modernization has made some changes in family patterns, in marriage rules, in family practices, in attitudes and patterns of childbearing, balance of power in the family, in leisure patterns and in attitudes and patterns of divorce. Also, the policies adopted by the governments after the revolution were not able to address the harms and challenges of the family. These policies are associated with some problems such as lack of a non-comprehensive policies or holistic approach to the family, having a harm-oriented approach to the family, existence of gnumerous family custodians, unclear family policies, unclear approaches achieving policies, ignoring family diversity, lack of a sociological insight into policies and the reduction of the semantic and conceptual meaning of the family to meet the basic needs.

Covid-19 has brought back the necessity of the welfare state: The Greek case

In Europe, despite systemic, functional and structural differences, the welfare state has been a key component of the state after World War II. In recent decades, the former has been accused for inflating government spending and turning people into passive recipients of benefits and services. For this reason, and for several more, such as globalization, the transforming nature of employment and the changing family patterns, the welfare state has undergone the necessary reforms in order to combine the effectiveness and efficiency of its services and benefits. The outbreak of 2009 economic crisis has created tremendous problems to the welfare state, especially in the hardest hit countries, such as Greece. Although these structural problems and inefficiencies existed, the Greek state in general and the National Health System (NHS) in particular have handled the coronavirus successfully, making the country an example for the others but also stressing the necessity to consolidate the welfare state and specifically the NHS. This paper aims to analyze the way the Greek state handled the coronavirus crisis while underlie the importance of the welfare state especially in times of crisis and the challenges that coronavirus has created.

The Technological Utopia: Mimamori Care and Family Separation in Japan

Abstract Japan is undergoing a significant demographic upheaval, and the Japanese government is formulating policies for stimulating technological advances based on the assumption that they will solve issues such as labour shortages and elder care. The government argues through policy initiatives that technology will decrease the care burden on Japan’s workers, families, and itself. Although the domestic media show awareness of changing family patterns in Japan, newspapers are following a similar pattern of technological utopianism. However, this article posits that the proposed policy reforms rely on a conservative ideal of the extended family that ignores changing patterns in Japanese households. Moreover, it argues that, rather than facilitating a return to the ideal of an extended family, technology is exacerbating separation among families that have been growing apart for some time.

Das Potenzial neuer Technologien zur Unterstützung von Pflege über eine räumliche Distanz - Literaturstand und qualitative Befunde.

The potential of technological assistance to support distance caregiving - literature review and empirical results Abstract.Background: Due to demographic change, increasing labour mobility and changing family patterns, social relationships often exist over long distances. Supporting relatives over a distance is therefore a highly topical issue but still little discussed, also in Germany and Switzerland. Aim: The project "DiCa" (2016 - 2019) with an interdisciplinary research team from Germany (EH Ludwigsburg) and Switzerland (Careum School of Health, Zurich) aims to investigate different dimensions of "Distance Caregiving". This paper deals with the possible use of new technologies to support these care arrangements. Methods: Based on a literature review, qualitative interviews were conducted with "Distance Carers" and partner companies in Germany to investigate the use of new technologies in the context of "Distance Caregiving". Results: There are initial approaches concerning technical solutions in home care and in companies. So far communication options via telephone and smartphone and flexible working time and workplace regulations have played an important role. However, the potential of new technologies does not seem to be fully explored. Conclusions: In order to make the most of the various possibilities of innovative technologies in the context of "Distance Caregiving" for those affected but also for companies, well-researched information and independent advice and counseling are required for all parties involved in the care process.

BEATA ZIÓŁKOWSKA, JOWITA WYCISK, SELF-DESTRUCTION OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH

Anyone who works with the youth knows that the period of adolescence is a specific life-phase for young students. “Socio-cultural changes, changing family patterns, too many incentives and the social pressure in many areas of human’s life” (p. 252) can cause problems, and teenagers often don’t deal appropriately with their feelings, emotions, and expressions. Also during this time, we have come to expect different and often rebellious, as well as undesirable behaviour from the young boys and girls. Every teacher, educator or someone who takes care of such young people, is inclined to support them effectively and when the functional disorders start to appear, they want to react positively towards them and work together to solve their problems. For those people, I would highly recommend the book “Self-destruction children and youth” written by Beata Ziółkowska and Jowita Wycisk.

Family Politics: Campaigning for Child Benefits in the 1980s.

Child benefit was seen by some to encourage the sort of welfare dependency that the moralistic individualism of Thatcherism opposed. Yet, surprisingly, the benefit survived the Thatcher years. Its survival reveals the conundrum the Conservative party have had regarding benefits for the family and family policy more broadly. Neo-liberals were supportive of the family as a vehicle for reinforcing Conservative values. Yet, the late 1970s and 1980s were periods of social change where the traditional family of the Conservative imagination was breaking down and consequently 'family policy' became a key political theme. By emphasizing the utility of child benefit as being fair to families, rather than its role in poverty alleviation, the Child Poverty Action Group (CPAG) was able to draw on this increased concern. As a result, their campaigns to save child benefit profited from increased support from across Conservatism. In tracing the development of CPAG's campaign, this article will demonstrate the cautiousness of Conservatives, even in the neo-liberal era, to changing some aspects of social policy. It will also highlight the challenge changing family patterns posed to the male breadwinner model that had long been embedded within the welfare policy prescriptions of both main parties.

Семейные ценности студенческой молодежи как матрица построения будущего

The paper analyzes family values among student youth with reference to their future marriage and family life. The state of the institution of marriage which is rather controversial nowadays is closely connected with the fundamental changes in the life cycle of people and in their marital and family relations. The duality of the current situation is based on the contradiction between the consistent departure from traditional value systems and the claim that cultural traditions remain stable. Family and marriage today acquire new functions, meanings and characteristics that deviate from tradition, and it alters / modifies social interactions, as well as demographic and family behavior Changes in family patterns form a matrix which reflects the psychological improvement of family members. Dynamism of social and private life determines the necessity to study young people’s opinions concerning their values in their environments through systemic approach with the help of the theory of social conceptions. The aim of the research is to work out and reveal the totality of ideas and notions about the key concepts within this field. As a result, we have singled out the following most important units of analysis: family as value (family, marriage and love); marriage as a guiding line for a future family (ideal, interrelations and roles) and parenthood as evaluation of maternity and paternity. To verify the results, we have used psychological analysis and poling, as well as data processing. Essays were subjected to content analysis which included / covered three components of the students’ idea of a family. The array slice is represented by 415 first and second-year students at several Belorussian higher educational institutions (Minsk, Vitebsk and Gomel’), with special attention paid to gender and time context (2004, 2011, 2014). It has been found out that the ideas concerning family values and judgments about family life among the youth, have a complicated multi-stage character and are closely connected with the wish to cognize themselves and other people, the desire to reflect over the meaning of values and the sense of life, as well as with striving to get and assimilate information about their future matrimony and parenthood. The image of an ideal family is formed along the following parameters: marriage age (23–25 years old), equal rights for both husband and wife, children, a separate apartment and financial independence from parents. Some results of the research under analysis prove the rightness of the authors who analyze similar problems. However, their conclusions about a high level of pragmatism in marriage motivation and marriage partner among student youth have not been corroborated. This fact allows to state that it is necessary to research the problem in every detail.

Changing family patterns from rural to urban and living in the in-between: A public practical theological responsive ministerial approach in Africa

African people and their families find themselves in a situation of tension because of their transition from rural to urban life. This tension has created a third family type, namely emerging families. The emerging families are characterised by a sense of life being under a constant strain to meet individual needs and at the same time the expected needs of the extended family. In such a situation, an individual gets sandwiched in a space of confusion, trapped in an in-between space where one is unsure whether to stick to traditional rural values and norms amidst the challenges of the reality of inadequate financial resources to support extended family members. Thus, one’s life space in Africa should be considered as being in a state of shifting fluidity. The outcome is an emerging and negotiated family where new arrangements are developing. In response, pastoral care should take a public dimension. Pastoral care should develop an analytic framework as well as a public practical theological ministerial approach that responds to these changing family patterns. It is proposed that a responsive public pastoral care approach could perform three tasks: preventive, mitigatory and maintenance pastoral care.

The impact of changes in China's family patterns on family pension functions.

Using data from the Chinese census and the China Statistical Yearbook, this paper will analyze the historical changes and future trends of family households in China over the past 30years and explore the changes of family pension functions and corresponding policies. Our analysis yielded 3 notable results. First, in family size miniaturization and structural simplification, 1- and 2-generation family households are the main body of contemporary China. Second, for family aging and changes in living patterns, which primarily manifest as an increase in; the proportion of elderly households and in middle-aged and elderly people in the family, the elderly model and the "multigenerational model" have become the 2 major residence models for the elderly in China. Third, nontraditional families have emerged in large numbers, such as the exclusively elderly family, empty nest family, grandparents family, Double Income, No Kids (DINK) family, older single family, and single-parent family. We argue that in the process of simplification, China's family structure is increasingly showing characteristics of networking. The change in family patterns entails the restoration of traditional functions and taking on new functions of the family by issuing relevant social policies. Only when these social policies are based on family functions and demands can they provide effective help to social members, particularly regarding the family's responsibilities to parent children and support the elderly.

DISTANCE CARE: CHALLENGES AND POTENTIALS BEYOND NATIONAL DISTANCES AND INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES

In the course of demographic dynamics, increased labor market mobility and changing family patterns caring for a family member far away becomes more of a challenge. In this context “distance caregiving” is a new and so far under researched field. The binational Distance Caregiving “DiCa” project (2016–2019) with an interdisciplinary German and Swiss research team aims to investigate different dimensions and involved parties of distance caregiving: caregivers, employers and health care services. The focus is on distance caregivers who have a national but in some cases also a cross-border long distance to overcome to identify challenges and areas of burden for these caregivers. The aim of this study is on one hand to identify strategies to help both employed and unemployed caregivers with this particular challenge and burden. On the other hand the project aims to sensitize employers and health care services so that they are able to provide adequate help and communication. In this paper, results for Germany and Switzerland from a secondary data analysis from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the German Ageing Survey (DEAS) will be presented as well as first results from qualitative expert interviews with employers from different sectors (e.g. automobile, insurance company, healthcare institution). Supporting distance caregivers with appropriate actions and instruments is important to relieve these employees and to maintain their employability. Offering support with caregiving over a larger distance can also be seen as a strategic instrument for recruitment in the long term.

Race, Family Status, and Young Women’s Residential and Financial Dependency: 1970 to 2010

This article examines the extent to which recent increases in intergenerational coresidence and financial dependency among young Black and White women are associated with declines in marriage and increases in nonmarital parenthood. We use U.S. Census and American Community Survey data for the period 1970 to 2010 to examine how changing family patterns by race have contributed to changes in intergenerational support. We find that compositional shifts in marriage and, to a lesser extent, nonmarital childbearing contribute to rises in coresidence and financial dependency over time, as well as to the growing gap between White and Black women. Controlling for marital and parental status reduces the temporal increase in coresidence and greatly reduces the race difference. Race differences in financial dependency are reversed after controlling for marital and family status, showing that coresiding young Black women are less, not more, likely than similar White women to be financially dependent on their parents.

Reflections of Low-Income, Second-Generation Latinas About Experiences in Depression Therapy.

Depression is higher among second-generation Latinas compared with immigrants, but mental health treatment is stigmatized. Therefore, second-generation Latinas were interviewed after completing an eight-session depression treatment program to gain insight on what they found valuable about their therapy experiences. Constructivist grounded theory guided data collection and analysis which showed that women valued treatment more when they recognized their needs were being met, the therapist was a worthy copilot, and the program's structure had flexibility. Four processes were considered important to their work in therapy: understanding feelings about past events, seeing patterns, accepting self, and changing family patterns but still being "family." Post therapy, women valued their enhanced confidence and a "toolbelt" of techniques they gained for self-treatment. These findings have implications for designing future depression treatment programs that are more likely to be desirable and effective for the growing subgroup of underserved second-generation Latinas in the United States.

ATTITUDES TOWARDS PARENTAL EMPLOYMENT: A RANKING ACROSS EUROPE, AUSTRALIA, AND JAPAN

1.IntroductionFamily attitudes and gender roles are key drivers of changing family patterns (Dommermuth et al. 2015; Frejka 2008; Goldscheider et al. 2015). The attitudes towards maternal employment do not only refer to the family but are also related to gender roles and the distribution of household labor. Research on attitudes towards parental employment and especially the country comparative perspective is very important for better understanding fertility behavior and gender culture. Evidence from panel data indicates that gender role attitudes and family formation are related in a dynamic process, in that gender role attitudes influence family formation and vice versa (Hanappi et al. 2016; Moors 2003). Differences in attitudes towards demographic behavior and values are large across countries (Aassve et al. 2013). The gendered division of paid work and care and individual attitudes towards it are crucial for understanding the gendered nature of welfare states (Haas 2005; Lewis 2002).The political, social and economic contexts as well as the cultures of care shape individual family attitudes. In modern societies there are dominant social norms and attitudes towards family and gender, which are part of an overall cultural system and embedded in the institutional system of a country.Parental employment - especially maternal employment - involves the need of external childcare. From various perspectives the relationship between parental employment and external childcare on the one hand and children's wellbeing on the other hand has been studied (Hsin and Felfe 2014; Ruhm 2004). Results indicate a positive effect of early institutional childcare (kindergarten, qualified day-care mother) on children's cognitive and linguistic development (Loeb et al. 2007; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network 2000; Sylva et al. 2011) their social competencies (Barnes et al. 2009) and no significant association between first-year maternal employment and elevated levels of child behavior problems (Brooks-Gunn et al. 2010). In line, Lombardy and Cooley (2014) conclude that early employment poses no risks on the development of chil- dren's cognitive skills. from families with low and middle income as well as children from families with a migration background benefit the most from the early external childcare and therefore from the early parental employment (Loeb et al. 2007). From an economic perspective, Havnes and Mogstad (2011) report a positive effect of involvement in external childcare on education and labor participation in later life course as well as a lower risk of dependence on social assistance. In addition, the role of familial habitus is shaping children's views of their future employment, as indicated by an intergenerational transmission of non-traditional attitudes from mothers to their children (Johnston et al. 2014). It turned out that daughters are significantly more likely to reach higher school degrees, participate in the labor force, and work more hours if their mothers held non-traditional beliefs. Mothers' attitudes are also significantly associated with sons' partners' (daughter-inlaw) labor supply. This could explain an important part of gender inequalities in economic opportunities.We study attitudes towards the statements A pre-school child suffers if his/her mother works and Children often suffer because their fathers concentrate too much on their work. We adopt the culturalist research perspective as we concentrate on social values and norms in a broad range of post-modern countries (Haas 2005; Pfau-Effinger 1998). The aim of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of cross-country differences in gender roles and family models. By studying not only the attitudes towards combining motherhood and work when children are at preschool-age, but also by addressing the less studied issue of the role of fathers in childrearing, we bring new insights into the perception of parenthood across Europe, Australia and Japan. …