Changes In Thyroid Function Research Articles

7314 The Thyroid Tetralogy: Hypothyroidism, Graves' Disease, AFTN, and Thyroid Cancer in a Single Patient

Abstract Disclosure: F. Sajid: None. F. Mohammadrezaei: None. K. Tiwari: None. J. Shapiro: None. F. Mohsin: None. T. Lin: None. Introduction: In this case, we explore a rare and complex situation involving a patient's shift from hypothyroidism to hyperthyroidism. This transition led to the diagnosis of Marine Lenhart Syndrome (MLS), an uncommon condition characterized by the coexistence of Graves' disease and autonomously functioning thyroid nodules (AFTNs). Adding to the complexity of the case, the patient was also diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Case Presentation: A 47-year-old woman with a history of hypothyroidism, treated with levothyroxine for 14 years, presented with palpitations, weight loss, and insomnia for a few months. Her levothyroxine dose was gradually reduced and eventually discontinued by her primary care physician due to low TSH and high free T4 levels. Post-discontinuation, her symptoms were improving. Laboratory tests showed TSH 0.01 mIU/mL (0.39-4.08), Thyroglobulin (TG) 72 ng/mL (3-40), Free T4 2.5 ng/dL (0.8-1.8), Free T3 11.5 ng/dL (0.2-0.5ng/dL). Furthermore, Thyrotropin Receptor Antibody (TRAb), and Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody (TPO Ab) were positive leading to a diagnosis of Graves' Disease and initiation of Methimazole. After three months on Methimazole, her TSH remained suppressed with normalized free T4 and T3 levels. A thyroid ultrasound revealed bilateral nodules, with a calcified well-circumscribed nodule in the right mid-pole. A Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) scan showed a hyperfunctioning right mid-pole thyroid nodule. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was consistent with Bethesda V, suggestive of possible malignancy. Consequently, she underwent a total thyroidectomy, with pathology confirming multifocal classic PTC, stage pT1bN0. Post-surgery, she developed hypothyroidism and was started on levothyroxine. Four weeks later, her TSH remain suppressed, other thyroid function tests and calcium levels were within normal range: TSH 0.01 mIU/mL, Free T4 1.0 ng/dL, TG 4.6 ng/mL, Thyroglobulin antibodies 1 IU/mL (less than or equal to 1), PTH intact 43 pg/mL (16-77), and Calcium 8.9 mg/dL (8.6-10.2). Conclusion: This case represents a complex and unusual medical scenario where a patient transitioned from hypothyroidism to hyperthyroidism, ultimately leading to the diagnosis of MLS in conjunction with PTC. The exact mechanism behind this transition is not fully understood. In the management of hypothyroidism, adjustments in thyroxine dosage are common, but significant tapering of the dose should prompt further investigation. The presence of PTC in AFTNs is considered rare, as AFTNs are typically characterized as hot nodules, implying they are hyperfunctioning and generally considered to be less likely malignant compared to cold nodules. This case underscores the need for comprehensive evaluation and follow-up in patients with thyroid disorders, especially when there is a change in thyroid function or the presence of nodules. Presentation: 6/3/2024

Dynamic Changes of Growth and Thyroid Function in Young Children With Chronic Hepatitis B Treated With Peginterferon Monotherapy.

Peginterferon (PegIFN) has shown promising results in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of PegIFN α-2b on growth and thyroid function in young children with CHB. A retrospective study was performed by extracting clinical data from children with CHB who received PegIFN α-2b monotherapy at the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu between June 2017 and December 2020. Mean, SD, independent samples t test and 1-way repeated analysis of variance were used to evaluate relevant data. A total of 62 children were included in this study. Overall, significant differences were observed in the weight-for-age z score (WAZ), height-for-age z score (HAZ) and body mass index-for-age z score (BAZ) at different time points ( P < 0.001). WAZ, HAZ and BAZ were not affected by PegIFN α-2b at 24 weeks of treatment (all P > 0.05). WAZ, HAZ and BAZ at the end of treatment and 48 weeks after treatment; WAZ at 96 weeks after treatment were lower than baseline levels (all P < 0.05). No statistical differences were found in HAZ and BAZ at 96 weeks after treatment compared with baseline. Thyroid dysfunction developed in 17.7% of children during the treatment. Thyroid dysfunction was transient and had no effect on growth. PegIFN α-2b has inhibitory effects on growth and can increase the incidence of thyroid dysfunction in young children with CHB. These effects are generally reversible with the cessation of therapy, although WAZ had not returned to baseline after 96 weeks of observation.

Comparing the prognostic impact of 131I and/or artificial liver support system on liver function failure combined with hyperthyroidism.

Hyperthyroidism, a prevalent endocrine disorder, can lead to complications such as liver failure due to the liver's essential role in thyroid hormone metabolism. The study aimed to elucidate the respective contributions of 131I and/or ALSS in managing hyperthyroidism alongside liver failure. A retrospective analysis was carried out on 74 patients diagnosed with severe liver failure in the context of Graves' disease. Patients were categorized into three groups: group A (n = 34) received 131I treatment, group B (n = 17) underwent 131I and ALSS treatment, and group C (n = 24) received artificial liver support system (ALSS) treatment alone. Throughout the treatment period, the liver function indexes in all groups exhibited a declining trend. The thyroid function of group A and group B treated with 131I was significantly improved compared to that before treatment. There was no significant change in thyroid function in group C. After the correction of hyperthyroidism, significant improvements were observed in the liver function of individuals in groups A and B, particularly with more noticeable amelioration compared to group C. After two months of treatment, the efficacy rates for the three groups were 79.41%, 82.35%, and 60.87% respectively. Mortality rates of the three groups were 5.88%, 17.65%, and 36% (P < 0.01). Group B, receiving both 131I and ALSS treatments, exhibited a lower mortality rate than group C. In cases of severe liver failure accompanied by hyperthyroidism, prompt administration of 131I is recommended to alleviate the adverse effects of hyperthyroidism on liver function and facilitate a conducive environment for the recovery of liver functionality.

Alterations in Thyroid Hormones in Obese Patients are Associated with Body Composition Changes after Bariatric Surgery.

This study investigates how metabolic/bariatric surgery (MBS) affects thyroid hormone (TH) levels and TH resistance in obese euthyroid individuals, focusing on their correlation with changes in body composition. We included 470 obese individuals and 118 controls for baseline assessment, and 125 obese patients receiving MBS for longitudinal study. Data on body composition and thyroid function were collected. Correlations between baseline and changes in thyroid function and body composition were assessed. In the obese group, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3) levels, and thyroid feedback quantile-based index (TFQI) were elevated and significantly decreased post-MBS, along with visceral fat area (VFA) and body fat percentages, while skeletal muscle mass (SMM) percentage increased. Preoperative partial correlation analysis adjusted for age and sex revealed that TSH positively correlated with VFA (r=0.109, P=0.019), body fat percentage (r=0.114, P=0.013), and negatively correlated with SMM percentage (r=-0.104, P=0.024). Similar correlations were observed between central TH resistance indices and body composition, but no significant correlations were found in the control group. Post-MBS, decreased TSH positively correlated with decreased VFA (r=0.251, P=0.006) and increased SMM percentage (r=0.233, P=0.011). While reductions in VFA and body fat percentage were linked to improved central thyroid hormone resistance, a decrease in peripheral TH conversion was noted. MBS significantly impacts thyroid function and TH resistance, with notable correlations to changes in body composition.

An innovative method to better understand thyroid function changes: longitudinal trajectories of gestational thyroid function

An innovative method to better understand thyroid function changes: longitudinal trajectories of gestational thyroid function

Chemotherapy for post-menopausal women with early breast cancer seems not to result in clinically significant changes in thyroid function.

Adjuvant chemotherapy is often indicated in patients diagnosed with early breast cancer (EBC). Among others, weight gain is one of the observed side effects of both chemotherapy and other cancer treatments; however, the mechanism is not well-described. In this study, we aimed to assess thyroid function before and shortly after the course of chemotherapy for EBC. This is a prospective cohort study of women diagnosed with EBC. The main outcome was the thyroid function and body weight before and after completing chemotherapy. Secondary outcomes were the presence of thyroid autoantibodies and treatment radiation dosage. We included 72 patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, whereas 59 patients also received supraclavicular locoregional radiotherapy. Triple-negative breast cancer (BC) patients receiving chemoimmunotherapy were excluded. After the chemotherapy, we observed an increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (p = 0.03) and a decrease in free-thyroxine (p = 0.0006), with no significant weight change. The prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis was low. On average 3 months post-chemo, we found no statistically significant difference in the thyroid function of women treated versus not treated with supraclavicular locoregional radiotherapy. Although statistically significant changes in thyroid hormones were observed, this study suggests no obvious clinically significant changes in thyroid function in women with early BC after the course of chemotherapy. The decrease in thyroid function was not related to autoimmunity, non-thyroidal illness, radiotherapy, or high-dose corticosteroids. Further studies with a longer follow-up of thyroid function after adjuvant chemotherapy and supraclavicular locoregional radiotherapy are needed.

The Role of Nutrition on Thyroid Function.

Thyroid function is closely linked to nutrition through the diet-gut-thyroid axis. This narrative review highlights the influence of nutritional components and micronutrients on thyroid development and function, as well as on the gut microbiota. Micronutrients such as iodine, selenium, iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, vitamin A, and vitamin B12 influence thyroid hormone synthesis and regulation throughout life. Dietary changes can alter the gut microbiota, leading not just to dysbiosis and micronutrient deficiency but also to changes in thyroid function through immunological regulation, nutrient absorption, and epigenetic changes. Nutritional imbalance can lead to thyroid dysfunction and/or disorders, such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, and possibly contribute to autoimmune thyroid diseases and thyroid cancer, yet controversial issues. Understanding these relationships is important to rationalize a balanced diet rich in essential micronutrients for maintaining thyroid health and preventing thyroid-related diseases. The synthetic comprehensive overview of current knowledge shows the importance of micronutrients and gut microbiota for thyroid function and uncovers potential gaps that require further investigation.

Effects of 1, 2-bis (2,4, 6-tribromophenoxy) ethane and bis (2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate on serum metabolic and lipid profiles in male rats

This study explored the effects of 1, 2-bis (2,4, 6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and bis (2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) on serum metabolites and lipids in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Rats were orally gavaged 250 mg/kg bw of BTBPE and 500 mg/kg bw of TBPH for 28 consecutive days. Serum samples were collected for metabolomics and lipidomics analysis. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to explore changes in rat metabolic patterns. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression models were established using serum levels of total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), and rats' grouping information as variables to screen for robust differential substances. SuperPred was the database to obtain potential targets. The metabolomics and lipidomics results showed that BTBPE and TBPH had an impact on rat metabolic patterns, affecting pathways such as vitamin B6 synthesis. For BTBPE treatment, pyridoxal and ceramide (Cer) 24:0;4O were selected as differential substances related to thyroid hormones. For TBPH treatment, dehydroascorbic acid, acylcarnitine (CAR) 19:0, and diglyceride (DG) 38:4 were selected as differential substances related to thyroid hormones. Serotonin 2c receptor and cyclooxygenase-2 were chosen as potential targets of BTBPE and TBPH, respectively. In conclusion, this study found that BTBPE and TBPH impacted the metabolism of rats, and this effect may be related to changes in thyroid function.

Elevated thyroid manganese reduces thyroid iodine to induce hypothyroidism in mice, but not rats, lacking SLC30A10 transporter.

Elevated manganese (Mn) accumulates in the brain and induces neurotoxicity. SLC30A10 is an Mn efflux transporter that controls body Mn levels. We previously reported that full-body Slc30a10 knockout mice (1) recapitulate the body Mn retention phenotype of humans with loss-of-function SLC30A10 mutations and (2) unexpectedly develop hypothyroidism induced by Mn accumulation in the thyroid, which reduces intra-thyroid thyroxine. Subsequent analyses of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data identified an association between serum Mn and subclinical thyroid changes. The emergence of thyroid deficits as a feature of Mn toxicity suggests that changes in thyroid function may be an underappreciated, but critical, modulator of Mn-induced disease. To better understand the relationship between thyroid function and Mn toxicity, here we further defined the mechanism of Mn-induced hypothyroidism using mouse and rat models. Slc30a10 knockout mice exhibited a profound deficit in thyroid iodine levels that occurred contemporaneously with increases in thyroid Mn levels and preceded the onset of overt hypothyroidism. Wild-type Mn-exposed mice also exhibited increased thyroid Mn levels, an inverse correlation between thyroid Mn and iodine levels, and subclinical hypothyroidism. In contrast, thyroid iodine levels were unaltered in newly generated Slc30a10 knockout rats despite an increase in thyroid Mn levels, and the knockout rats were euthyroid. Thus, Mn-induced thyroid dysfunction in genetic or Mn exposure-induced mouse models occurs due to a reduction in thyroid iodine subsequent to an increase in thyroid Mn levels. Moreover, rat and mouse thyroids have differential sensitivities to Mn, which may impact the manifestations of Mn-induced disease in these routinely used animal models.

Thyroid function changes during growth hormone therapy in pediatric patients: a controlled study and review of recent data

Introduction: Growth hormone therapy is a cornerstone treatment for children with GHD and ISS. Its impact on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, however, has been a subject of ongoing research. This review compiles findings from several studies spanning three decades and contrasts them with recent data to enhance our understanding of thyroid function dynamics during GH therapy. Review of Literature: Early Observations (1992-2005) Pirazzoli et al. (1992) and Tang et al. (1997) were among the first to document changes in thyroid function due to GH therapy, noting enhanced peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 and a prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism. Wyatt et al. (1998) reported significant decreases in T4 and increases in T3, indicating a notable shift in thyroid hormone levels early in GH therapy. Mid-Term Studies (2005-2015) Seminara et al. (2005) and Kalina-Faska et al. (2004) reported changes in thyroid function, particularly a decrease in T4 levels and a transient increase in fT3 during the early stages of GH therapy. · Recent Developments (2016-Present) Wang Ying and Liang Furong (2016) emphasized the need for vigilant monitoring of thyroid hormone levels, aligning with Zheng et al. (2014) who noted improvements in lipid metabolism without significant thyroid function impacts. Glynn et al. (2017, 2018) and Kucharska et al. (2021) focused on the complexities of the biological effects of GH-induced changes in thyroid hormones. Comparison with our Data Our recent study reveals subtle changes in thyroid function in GH-treated children with GHD and ISS. We observed a slight decrease in mean FT4 and an increase in mean TSH in the GH treatment group, stable TSH and decreased FT4 in the ISS treatment group, and significant decreases in both FT4 and TSH in the no-treatment group. These findings corroborate the trend seen in earlier studies, highlighting the multifaceted nature of thyroid function changes during GH therapy. Conclusions: The review underscores that GH therapy can significantly influence thyroid function, necessitating regular monitoring of thyroid hormone levels. The variation in thyroid responses suggests a complex interaction between GH therapy and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, which may be influenced by factors like age, severity of GHD, and duration of GH treatment.

Association between physical activity and thyroid function in American adults: a survey from the NHANES database

ObjectivePhysical activity (PA) is closely related to our lives, and the effects of PA on thyroid function have not been elucidated.MethodsUsing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2012, we included 5877 participants and analyzed the associations of thyroid function with weekly physical activity (PAM, expressed in metabolic equivalents of task) and physical activity time (PAT) in American adults. Univariate and multivariate logistic analyses were used to demonstrate the associations of PAM and PAT with the primary outcome. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine the associations between thyroid biochemical indicators/diseases and PAM/PAT.ResultsOur study revealed noticeable sex differences in daily PA among the participants. The odds ratio of the fourth versus the first quartile of PAM was 3.07 (confidence interval, CI [1.24, 7.58], p = 0.02) for overt hypothyroidism, 3.25 (CI [1.12, 9.45], p = 0.03) for subclinical hyperthyroidism in adult men. PAT in the range of 633–1520 min/week was found to be associated with the occurrence of subclinical hyperthyroidism [p < 0.001, OR (95% CI) = 5.89 (1.85, 18.80)], PAT of the range of > 1520 min/week was found to be associated with the occurrence of overt hypothyroidism [p < 0.001, OR (95% CI) = 8.70 (2.80, 27.07)] and autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) [p = 0.03, OR (95% CI) = 1.42 (1.03, 1.97)] in adult men. When PAM < 5000 MET*minutes/week or PAT < 1000 min/week, RCS showed an L-shaped curve for TSH and an inverted U-shaped curve for FT4. The changes in FT3 and TT3 in men were linearly positively correlated with PAM and PAT, while TT4 is linearly negatively correlated.ConclusionThe amount of daily physical activity of American adults is strongly associated with changes in thyroid function, including thyroid hormone levels and thyroid diseases. Thyroid hormone levels were varied to a certain extent with changes in PAM and PAT.

Thyroid dysfunction and semen quality among males investigated for infertility in Southern Nigeria

The relationship between thyroid and testis is well understood, and the association between changes in thyroid function and male infertility has been reported. However, the contribution of thyroid dysfunction to male infertility is not sufficiently addressed in our setting. This study aims to assess the thyroid hormones level among males undergoing investigation for infertility and to establish correlations between thyroid hormones and sperm indices. Thyroid hormones were determined in 150 infertile males and 50 fertile male controls. Semen analysis was done according to the World Health Organization criteria while thyroid hormones were determined using Enzyme linked Immunosorbent assay technique. The measured anthropometric data, sperm indices and thyroid hormone levels were compared using appropriate statistical tools. Serum triiodothyronine, and thyroxine levels were significantly lower (p &lt; 0.001), while thyroid stimulating hormone was higher among infertile males than control subjects. The body mass index of the infertile subjects was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.011) than control subjects. Of the 150 subjects, 41.33% (62/150) were euthyroid, 7.33% (11/150) had subclinical hypothyroidism while 51.34% (77/150) had overt hypothyroidism. Among the 88 altered thyroid function, 6.82% (6/88) had normozoospermia, 44.32% (39/88) had oligozoospermia while 48.86% (43/88) were azoospermia. The area Under the Curve of T3 (0.858), T4 (0.765) and sperm count (0.875) were able to differentiate fertile men from infertile subjects. Thyroid disorders are prevalent among infertile men and should be considered in the laboratory assessment of male infertility cases. Including thyroid function tests in the investigative panel can help identify and manage potential thyroid-related factors contributing to infertility. This comprehensive approach ensures thorough evaluation and targeted treatment for better reproductive outcomes in affected individuals.

Associations between short-term exposure to air pollution and thyroid function in a representative sample of the Korean population

BackgroundDisruption of thyroid function can profoundly affect various organ systems. However, studies on the association between air pollution and thyroid function are relatively scarce and most studies have focused on the long-term effects of air pollution among pregnant women. ObjectivesThis study aimed to explore the associations between short-term exposure to air pollution and thyroid function in the general population. MethodsData from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2015) were analyzed (n = 5,626). Air pollution concentrations in residential addresses were estimated using Community Multiscale Air Quality models. The moving averages of air pollution over 7 days were set as exposure variables through exploratory analyses. Linear regression and quantile g-computation models were constructed to assess the effects of individual air pollutants and air pollution mixture, respectively. ResultsA 10-ppb increase in NO2 (18.8-μg/m3 increase) and CO (11.5-μg/m3 increase) was associated with 2.43% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.42, 4.48] and 0.19% (95% CI: 0.01, 0.36) higher thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, respectively. A 10-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 and a 10-ppb increase in O3 (19.6-μg/m3 increment) were associated with 0.87% (95% CI: 1.47, −0.27) and 0.59% (95% CI: 1.18, −0.001) lower free thyroxine (fT4) levels, respectively. A simultaneous quartile increase in PM2.5, NO2, O3, and CO levels was associated with lower fT4 but not TSH levels. ConclusionsAs the subtle changes in thyroid function can affect various organ systems, the present results may have substantial public health implications despite the relatively modest effect sizes. Because this was a cross-sectional study, it is necessary to conduct further experimental or repeated-measures studies to consolidate the current results.

Assessment of iodine nutritional status and gestational thyroid function reference ranges during the first trimester of pregnancy in Taiwan.

Iodine nutrition is critical for fetal neurodevelopment in the first trimester of pregnancy, a period associated with dramatic changes in thyroid function. The aim of this study was to evaluate iodine nutritional status and thyroid function reference ranges in the first trimester in Taiwan. Pregnant women aged 20 years and above in the first trimester were recruited in Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan from March 2019 to July 2022. Each participant provided a spot urine sample for measurement of urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and a blood sample for checkup of thyroid function and thyroid autoantibodies. A simple food frequency questionnaire was also completed. A total of 209 women with a mean age of 32.9 ± 4.4 years were enrolled. The median UIC was 160.9 μg/L (interquartile range [IQR]: 105.0-246.2 μg/L), indicating overall iodine sufficiency. The gestational thyroid function reference ranges were: thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (median: 0.93 [0.007-2.9] µIU/mL), free T4 (1.3 [0.93-2.2] ng/dL), free T3 (3.0 [2.3-5.0] ng/dL), total T4 (9.9 [6.4-16.9] ng/dL), and total T3 (135 [88-231] ng/dL). If the nonpregnant reference range of serum TSH was used, eight women (4.8%) would be misclassified as having subclinical hyperthyroidism, and two women (1.2%) with subclinical hypothyroidism would be missed. In multivariate analysis, nulliparous (adjusted odds ratio [OR] from model 1-3: 2.02, 2.05, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.08-3.77, 1.10-3.81, 1.11-3.66; p = 0.027, 0.023, 0.022, respectively) and multivitamin nonusers (adjusted OR from model 1-3: 1.86, 1.85, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.04-3.34, 1.03-3.32, 1.004-3.71; p = 0.038, 0.039, 0.049, respectively) had increased odds of having lower UIC levels <150 μg/L. The iodine nutritional status in the first trimester is adequate in Taiwan; however, certain subgroups such as nulliparous and multivitamin nonusers are still at risk for iodine deficiency. Gestational thyroid function reference ranges are needed for correct diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy.

The effect of low-level laser therapy on the oxidative stress level and quality of life in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

This study aimed to examine the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) combined with levothyroxine replacement therapy on thyroid function, oxidative stress (OS), and quality of life in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). Forty-six patients diagnosed with HT were randomized to receive active LLLT (n = 23) and sham LLLT (n = 23) twice a week for three weeks. Clinical and laboratory evaluations of the participants were performed before treatment and three months after treatment. Biochemical parameters were taken from the patient file requested by the physician as a routine examination. Malondialdehyde and nitricoxide indicating oxidant stress and superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione, which indicate antioxidant capacity, were used in OS evaluation. The Oxidative Stress Index was calculated by measuring the Total Antioxidant Status and the Total Oxidant Status. At the end of our study, a significant improvement in oxidant and antioxidant biomarker levels showing OS and quality of life was observed in the treatment groups (p < 0.05). There was no change in thyroid function and autoimmunity at the end of the treatment between the two groups (p > 0.05). Improvements in glutathione levels and quality of life were significantly higher in the active treatment group than in the sham-controlled group. LLLT was found to be more effective on OS and quality of life in patients with HT than in patients in the sham-controlled group. It was concluded that LLLT is a safe and effective method that can be used in the treatment of patients with HT.

A Horizontal and Longitudinal Study on the Changes of Aging Thyroid Function in Elderly Male Population.

There are few follow-up studies on thyroid function in the same group for many years. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyze the changes of thyroid function in a group of people for 8 years and to explore the changes of thyroid function in elderly men with normal thyroid function with age. Reviewing the records of elderly men who underwent physical examination in the Beijing Hospital physical examination center from 2013 to 2020, 354 subjects were included in the study. According to age, they are divided into 4 groups. The differences in thyrotropin (TSH), anti-triiodothyronine (rT3), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroid hormone (FT4) among different age groups in initial time (2013) were compared. Longitudinal comparison of changes of thyroid function in the same age group for 8 years was compared too. At the initial time, age was negatively correlated with FT3 (r = 0.349, p < 0.001), positively correlated with rT3 and TSH (r = 0.182, p < 0.001, r = 0.212, p < 0.001), but not correlated with FT4. The results of eight years of analysis show that, for TSH, during the whole follow-up period, the TSH of the >80 years group was higher than that of the <60 years and 60-69 years groups, and the difference was statistically significant. The 70-79 age group was higher than the <60 years group at different time points, except for the age group <60 years. The other three groups showed an increasing trend with age, especially in the group of ≥80 years. For FT3, in 2013, the age ≥80 years group was significantly lower than that of the 70-79 years, 60-69 years, and <60 years old groups (p < 0.05). The analysis results at different time points in each age group showed a downward trend and then an upward trend. For FT4, there was no significant difference in FT4 among different age groups in 2013. Still, during the follow-up period, the age group ≥80 was lower than other age groups in 2019 and lower than the <60 years groups in 2014, 2015, 2019, and 2020, and the difference was statistically significant. The change rule of FT4 with the increase of age was not clear. For rT3, during the whole follow-up period, the rT3 of the >80 years group was higher than that of the <60 years and 60-69 years groups, and the difference was statistically significant. The analysis results at different time points in each age group showed a trend of rising first, then falling, and finally rising. After 2017, the rT3 of the 70-79 years and ≥80 years groups increased with age. The thyroid function index of elderly men changes with age. In transverse analysis, the value of TSH is the highest, and FT3 is the lowest in the group ≥80 years old. There are differences between the changes in the longitudinal analysis and the results of the horizontal analysis. Therefore, the law of thyroid function changing with age in different individuals is not the same as that of the same individual with age, which should be paid more attention in medical research and clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Dentification of some variable parameters in serum of COVID-19 patients in comparison with control group

The study intended to determine the correlation among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and variable abnormalities in liver function test, lipids, and thyroid hormones. The study included 160 infected COVID-19 patients (80 females and 80 male) and 100 subjects as a control group (50 females and 50 males), attended the Al-Sader Medical City in Al-Najaf, Iraq during the period between January 2021 to October 2021. The patients' age ranged from 16-80 years old. Liver enzymes, lipid profile and thyroid hormone were tested. The results revealed a significant increase in liver function levels including alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and Albumin (p&lt;0.05). Also, there was an increase in lipids levels including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides. The result showed significant difference in levels of thyroid hormones triiodothyronine, thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone between COVID-19 infected patients and the control group. As well the antithyroid antibodies (thyroglobulin antibody, thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyrotropin receptor antibodies) were increased. There was a correlation between increasing thyroid hormones and their antibodies with infection by COVID-19. This study concluded that COVID-19 infection can induce disturbances in liver and thyroid function tests and changes in the lipid metabolism.

Content of macro- and microelements in rats with experimental autoimmune thyroiditis and under the influence of lemna minor

The aim was to study the effect of aqueous extract and 30 % alcohol tincture of Lemna minor frond (AELM and TLM) on the content of macro- and microelements in rats with experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. Materials and methods. The effect of AELM and TLM was studied in a model of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in rats, induced by immunization with human thyroid antigen. The serum levels of total thyroxine, total triiodothyronine, antibodies to thyroglobulin, antibodies to thyroperoxidase, and concentrations of macro- and microelements were studied. Results. The development of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis led to a decrease in the content of total thyroxine and antibodies to thyroperoxidase in the blood serum, an increase in the content of antibodies to thyroglobulin and a decrease in the concentrations of sodium, chlorine, potassium phosphorus, zinc, copper, iron and magnesium. It was found that the use of AELM and TLM against the background of autoimmune thyroiditis led to the restoration of T4 and elemental balance in rats, which was manifested in an increase in the content of sodium, chlorine, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper and calcium in the blood serum. It was also shown that TLM had a more powerful effect on the normalisation of the content of such elements as chlorine, potassium, copper and zinc. The obtained effect of AELM and TLM on the content of macro- and microelements in the blood serum of animals with experimental AIT can be explained by their positive effect on the functional activity of the thyroid gland. The studied extract and tincture may also affect other physiological and biochemical processes due to the content of macro- and microelements and other biologically active substances, which requires further research. Conclusions. Administration of AELM and TLM to rats with experimental AIT contributed to lowering the level of Anti-TG and restoring the thyroid and elemental status in the animals' blood serum. The obtained research data allow us to recommend AELM and TLM as a regulator of the elemental status of the body in case of changes in thyroid function

Relationship between thyroid function changes with work-/night-shifts and history of thyroid pathology among health personnel

The study aim was to analyze the relationship between functional thyroid pathology and the exposure to work shifts / night shifts, and describe the most prevalent thyroid disorders based on the type of shift. Cross-sectional study performed in the emergency department of a hospital in Almeria (Spain). Relationships between thyroxine and thyrotropin levels (TSH) and work shifts, professional category and history of thyroid pathology were analyzed. The study included 133 workers; 80.5% female, average age was 46.11 years (38 - 65), and 52% were part of the nursing staff; thyroid disorders were more frequent in female participants. Most participants (81.2%) had rotating shifts schedules and 11.3% night shifts (12.1% female and 7.7% male). Thyroid alterations were found in 27% of the participants (usually elevated TSH levels and normal thyroxine levels), particularly in those doing night shifts (61.1%). TSH alterations were more frequent in individuals doing night shifts than in rotating shifts (53.3 vs 13.0%; p<0.001). Individuals working night shifts had mean TSH values in the normal range, although significantly higher than the individuals in the rest of the shifts; thyroxine levels were found to be similar. No thyroid disorders were found in day shift participants. Night shift and a history of thyroid pathology were independent predictors of thyroid disorders. Night shift schedules and history of thyroid disorders are more frequent in female, both related to the presence of thyroid disorders, indicating the need to include the evaluation of these disorders in health surveillance programs and analyze gender differences.

Iodine-131 intervention in hyperthyroidism with hepatic insufficiency: Metabolomic evaluation

Hyperthyroidism, often accompanied by hepatic insufficiency (HI), poses significant clinical challenges, highlighting the necessity for identifying optimal treatment strategies and early diagnostic biomarkers to improve patient outcomes. This study aimed to determine the optimal iodine-131 (131I) intervention dose for alleviating hyperthyroidism with HI and to identify serum metabolic biomarkers for early diagnosis using UPLC-Q/TOF-MS technology. A mouse model for early 131I intervention was established to monitor changes in physiological response, body weight, fur condition, thyroid, and liver function. Metabolite identification was achieved through UPLC-Q/TOF-MS and further analyzed via MetaboAnalyst. Six biomarkers were identified and subjected to ROC analysis. Early intervention with 80 μCi 131I per gram of thyroid tissue effectively controlled hyperthyroidism and improved liver function. Metabolomics analysis uncovered 63 differentially abundant metabolites, six of which (L-kynurenine, Taurochenodesoxycholic acid, Glycocholic acid, Phytosphingosine, Tryptamine, and Betaine) were identified as early warning biomarkers. Post-intervention, these biomarkers progressively returned to normal levels. This study demonstrates the efficacy of UPLC-Q/TOF-MS in identifying metabolic biomarkers for early diagnosis of hyperthyroidism with HI and highlights the therapeutic potential of early 131I intervention in normalizing these biomarkers.