Changes In Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Research Articles

Biofragmentation of Polystyrene Microplastics: A Silent Process Performed by Chironomus sancticaroli Larvae.

Polystyrene (PS) is one of the main synthetic polymers produced around the world, and it is present in the composition of a wide variety of single-use objects. When released into the environment, these materials are degraded by environmental factors, resulting in microplastics. We investigated the ability of Chironomus sancticaroli (Diptera, Chironomidae) to promote the fragmentation of PS microspheres (24.5 ± 2.9 μm) and the toxic effects associated with exposure to this polymer. C. sancticaroli larvae were exposed to 3 different concentrations of PS (67.5, 135, and 270 particles g-1 of dry sediment) for 144 h. Significant lethality was observed only at the highest concentration. A significant reduction in PS particle size as well as evidence of deterioration on the surface of the spheres, such as grooves and cracks, was observed. In addition, changes in oxidative stress biomarkers (SOD, CAT, MDA, and GST) were also observed. This is the first study to report the ability of Chironomus sp. to promote the biofragmentation of microplastics. The information obtained demonstrates that the macroinvertebrate community can play a key role in the degradation of plastic particles present in the sediment of freshwater environments and can also be threatened by such particle pollution.

SunGold Kiwifruit Consumption Restores Adequate to Optimal Vitamin C Status in People with a History of Severe Respiratory Infections.

Severe respiratory infections are characterised by depleted vitamin C and elevated inflammation and oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to recruit people with a history of severe respiratory infections to undergo a six-week intervention with SunGold kiwifruit to determine if this could restore adequate vitamin C status. Secondary outcomes included changes in inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, self-reported fatigue and subjective mood, and the incidence, duration and severity of respiratory symptoms. The total cohort comprised 20 adults (65% female, age range 31-84 years). The participants had a low median fruit and vegetable intake of 2.3 servings/day and a correspondingly low vitamin C intake of 46 mg/day. Circulating vitamin C status was a median of 45 µmol/L and was in the hypovitaminosis range in 25% of the cohort. Following intervention with two SunGold kiwifruit/day (equivalent to ~300 mg vitamin C), there was an increase in plasma vitamin C concentrations to >60 µmol/L (p < 0.05). Approximately 20% of the participants were unable to reach adequate vitamin C status (≥50 µmol/L), possibly due to current smoking, which enhances vitamin C turnover, and a strong inverse correlation between body weight and vitamin C status (r = -0.734, p < 0.05). Following the intervention, there were indications towards decreases in the inflammatory biomarkers C-reactive protein and TNFα (p > 0.05), but no changes in oxidative stress biomarkers (F2isoprostanes, protein carbonyls). There were decreases in fatigue and depression (p < 0.05) and a lower number of individual respiratory symptoms reported during the kiwifruit intervention phase (8.5 vs. 10, p = 0.05). Overall, the consumption of two SunGold kiwifruit per day for six weeks was able to restore adequate to saturating vitamin C status in ~80% of the participants. Smokers and people with higher body weight may need larger doses and/or longer duration of supplementation. The contribution of vitamin C to reducing fatigue, depression, and number of respiratory symptoms warrants further investigation.

Sensitivity of different organs and tissues as biomarkers of oxidative stress in juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) submitted to fasting

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of fasting on responses of oxidative biomarkers and antioxidant defenses using different organs and tissues of Colossoma macropomum. The fish were divided into two groups: fed (control) and fasting (7 days). After 7 days, the fish were sampled for assessment of oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA-lipid peroxidation and PCO-protein carbonyl) and antioxidant defenses (SOD-superoxide dismutase; CAT-catalase; GPX-glutathione peroxidase; and GST-glutathione-S -transferase) in the liver, intestine, gills, muscle, brain, and plasma. The results showed an increase in MDA, PCO, SOD, and GPX concentrations in the liver and intestine of fasting fish. In contrast, in the branchial tissue, there was a reduction in the activity of SOD and CAT enzymes in fasting fish. There was also a reduction in CAT activity in the muscle of fasting fish, while in the brain, there were no changes in oxidative stress biomarkers. Plasma showed a relatively low antioxidant response. In conclusion, our results confirm that a 7-day fasting period induced tissue-specific antioxidant responses, but the increase in antioxidant responses was only for the SOD and GPX enzymes of the liver and intestine. Additionally, the liver and intestine were the most responsive tissues, whereas the plasma was the least sensitive to oxidative stress.

The Effects of Vibration Frequency on Oxidative Stress, Digestive Enzymes and ATPases of Crimson Snapper (Lutjanus erythropterus) Fry during Transport

In this study, we sought to characterize the effect of water vibration frequency stress on crimson snapper (Lutjanus erythropterus) survival to determine an optimal transportation speed. To achieve this, we used a transport tank (25 cm × 17 cm × 16 cm) to simulate the transport process. After 8 h at five different vibration frequencies (D1 = 75 rpm, D2 = 105 rpm, D3 = 135 rpm, D4 = 165 rpm, and D5 = 195 rpm), the pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in the tanks decreased; ammonia nitrogen levels (NH4-N) and temperature (T) increased with increasing density; and significant changes in oxidative stress biomarkers, digestive enzymes, and ATPase levels were observed in crimson snapper fry. The enzyme activity increased and reached the maximum value at 195 rpm. The experimental results suggested that during the actual transport, when using transport tanks, the length of the transport time was less than 8 h, and setting the vibration frequency for transportation at 135 rpm was more appropriate, that is, a speed of 50 km/h for transporting crimson snapper fry.

Single and joint toxicity of azoxystrobin and cyproconazole to Prochilodus lineatus: Bioconcentration and biochemical responses

Fungicides are widely used across the world to protect crops and their presence in freshwater systems is increasing. However, the evaluation of their potential impacts on non-target organisms is in the minority of studies related to pesticides. In the current research, the single and joint toxicity of azoxystrobin (AZX) and cyproconazole (CYP) was investigated in juvenile fish Prochilodus lineatus. In particular, we evaluated bioconcentration and biochemical responses following a short-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of the fungicides (alone and in mixture). We also determined interactions between the biological responses when the two compounds were used in mixture. Our results demonstrate that AZX and CYP pose a risk to native freshwater fish by causing deleterious effects. Both compounds, alone and in mixture, bioaccumulated in P. lineatus and triggered neurotoxicity and changes in oxidative stress biomarkers in several organs. Moreover, muscle was a target tissue for these fungicides and a synergistic interaction was observed for the mixture. Due to the lack of studies in fish assessing the effects following exposure to AZX-CYP mixtures and considering a realistic exposure situation in agriculture-impacted water bodies, these findings provide new and relevant information for future studies.

Time-dependent changes in oxidative stress biomarkers and activities of lysosomal and antioxidant enzymes in hepatic tissue of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) following vaccination against Yersinia ruckeri

Abstract This study analyzed time-dependent effects of vaccination against Y. ruckeri on the oxidative mechanism underlying those effects by detecting relevant lipid peroxidation (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) and protein oxidation biomarkers [aldehydic and ketonic derivatives of oxidatively modified proteins (OMP)], antioxidant defenses [activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (TAC)], as well as activities of lysosomal functioning [alanyl aminopeptidase (AAP), leucyl aminopeptidase (LAP), acid phosphatase (AcP), and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG)] in hepatic tissue of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) following anti-Y. ruckeri vaccination in the first, second, and sixth months. A concentrated vaccine with Y. ruckeri strains was enclosed in fish feed and was administered three times every other day. Rainbow trout from each group were euthanized 31, 61, and 181 days following vaccination, and hepatic tissue was sampled for analysis. In the current study, vaccination against Y. ruckeri resulted in a no statistically significant change in TBARS levels, while aldehydic and ketonic derivatives of OMP in hepatic tissue decreased, especially after the first and second months following immunization. Moreover, the activities of glutathione-dependent enzymes increased, especially after the first and sixth months. The highest TAC levels were observed two and six months after vaccination. It has been shown that vaccination-related oxidative stress in hepatic tissue is involved in adaptive responses through the temporary mobilization of antioxidant and lysosomal enzymes in rainbow trout. The present study showed the effect of vaccination on lysosome membrane permeability for carbohydrate cleavage after the development of immunity against Yersinia, whereas antioxidant defence was reduced. Our results confirmed that the concept of preserving antioxidant enzyme function after vaccination was also evident when CAT, GR, and GPx activities either increased or were unchanged following vaccination.

Transgenic type2 diabetes mouse models for in vivo redox measurement of hepatic mitochondrial oxidative stress

BackgroundOxidative stress is involved in the progression of diabetes and its associated complications. However, it is unclear whether increased oxidative stress plays a primary role in the onset of diabetes or is a secondary indicator caused by tissue damage. Previous methods of analyzing oxidative stress have involved measuring the changes in oxidative stress biomarkers. Our aim is to identify a novel approach to clarify whether oxidative stress plays a primary role in the onset of diabetes. MethodsWe constructed transgenic type 2 diabetes mouse models expressing redox-sensitive green fluorescent proteins (roGFPs) that distinguished between mitochondria and whole cells. Pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, and kidney redox states were measured in vivo. ResultsHepatic mitochondrial oxidation increased when the mice were 4 weeks old and continued to increase in an age-dependent manner. The increase in hepatic mitochondrial oxidation occurred simultaneously with weight gain and increased blood insulin levels before the blood glucose levels increased. Administering the oxidative stress inducer acetaminophen increased the vulnerability of the liver mitochondria to oxidative stress. ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that oxidative stress in liver mitochondria in mice begins at the onset of diabetes rather than after the disease has progressed. General significanceRoGFP-expressing transgenic type 2 diabetes mouse models are effective and convenient tools for measuring hepatic mitochondrial redox statuses in vivo. These models may be used to assess mitochondria-targeting antioxidants and establish the role of oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes.

Mitochondrial bioenergetics and oxidative balance in in vitro arbovirus infection models: a systematic review

Introduction: Viral infections affect oxidative metabolism and may have repercussions on mitochondrial alterations, compromising cellular homeostasis. Objectives: To assess mitochondrial bioenergetics and oxidative balance in in vitro arbovirus infection models. Methods: The review was written in accordance with the PRISMA and submitted to the Open Science FrameWork platform with DOI 10.17605 / OSF.IO / 8ZFSW. Were used the Descriptors/MeSH (Arbovirus, Arboviruses, Arbovirus infections, Mitochondria, Oxidative stress and Reactive oxygen species) was carried out on the platforms: PubMed, SCOPUS, COCHRANE, Lilacs and Web of Science. The quality analysis of the studies was performed using the ARRIVE tool adapted to the CONSORT, followed by the KAPPA concordance test, were used 24 articles. Results: Results show morphological alterations in the mitochondria, such as swelling, fragmentation, and the appearance of membranes. Mitochondrial stretching was more intense in regions close to the convoluted zones, associated with changes in the genes of mitochondrial dynamics. Changes in oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant enzymes and ROS production were evident in most articles, except for those that used cells of immunological origin. Conclusion: Changes in mitochondrial bioenergetic can assist the virus in the replication process, however, these changes can result causing damage cell and of oxidative stress.

Postprandial changes of oxidative stress biomarkers in healthy individuals.

Food consumption induces oxidative stress in humans, but the changes in oxidative stress levels after a regular meal are still unclear. We conducted an experimental study on 20 healthy volunteers (10 males, 10 females), who matched in age (±2 years). They were given a regular diet (total energy of 704 kcal, which contains 75 g of carbohydrates, 35 g of protein, and 29 g of lipids) at 11:30 a.m. after a fast of over 12 h. We collected 6-repeated measures of venous blood samples at 2-h intervals via heparin anticoagulant tubes immediately after the meal (indicated as “0” h) and up to 10 h post-consumption. Biomarkers included plasma fluorescent products, plasma malondialdehyde, plasma total antioxidant capacity, and plasma superoxide dismutase. FlOPs were measured at three excitation/emission wavelengths (FlOP_320, FlOP_360, and FlOP_400). The average age and BMI for the twenty participants were 22.70 ± 1.98 years and 20.67 ± 2.34 kg/m2, respectively. Within 10 h after the meal, the overall trend of FlOPs were generally similar. There was no evidence of dose response for any of the three FlOPs (all P > 0.05). However, levels of MDA decreased with the time of fasting (Plinear and Pquadratic < 0.05), with the biggest decrease occurring between 0 and 2 h post-meal. The overall trend of T-AOC and SOD levels also decreased with fasting time (Plinear and Pquadratic < 0.05), though an increase was observed between 0 and 2 h following consumption. Levels of MDA, T-AOC, and SOD but not FlOPs, decreased with fasting time.

Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and their mixture with oxidative stress biomarkers during pregnancy

BackgroundOxidative stress from excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a hypothesized contributor to preterm birth. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure is reported to generate ROS in laboratory settings, and is linked to adverse birth outcomes globally. However, to our knowledge, the relationship between PFAS and oxidative stress has not been examined in the context of human pregnancy. ObjectiveTo investigate the associations between prenatal PFAS exposure and oxidative stress biomarkers among pregnant people. MethodsOur analytic sample included 428 participants enrolled in the Illinois Kids Development Study and Chemicals In Our Bodies prospective birth cohorts between 2014 and 2019. Twelve PFAS were measured in second trimester serum. We focused on seven PFAS that were detected in >65 % of participants. Urinary levels of 8-isoprostane-prostaglandin-F2α, prostaglandin-F2α, 2,3-dinor-8-iso-PGF2α, and 2,3-dinor-5,6-dihydro-8-iso-PGF2α were measured in the second and third trimesters as biomarkers of oxidative stress. We fit linear mixed-effects models to estimate individual associations between PFAS and oxidative stress biomarkers. We used quantile g-computation and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to assess associations between the PFAS mixture and averaged oxidative stress biomarkers. ResultsLinear mixed-effects models showed that an interquartile range increase in perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was associated with an increase in 8-isoprostane-prostaglandin-F2α (β = 0.10, 95 % confidence interval = 0, 0.20). In both quantile g-computation and BKMR, and across all oxidative stress biomarkers, PFOS contributed the most to the overall mixture effect. The six remaining PFAS were not significantly associated with changes in oxidative stress biomarkers. ConclusionsOur study is the first to investigate the relationship between PFAS exposure and biomarkers of oxidative stress during human pregnancy. We found that PFOS was associated with elevated levels of oxidative stress, which is consistent with prior work in animal models and cell lines. Future research is needed to understand how prenatal PFAS exposure and maternal oxidative stress may affect fetal development.

Toxic effects of glyphosate on the intestine, liver, brain of carp and on epithelioma papulosum cyprinid cells: Evidence from in vivo and in vitro research.

Glyphosate (GLY) is the most widely used organophosphorus herbicide in agriculture. The present study aimed to analyze the comprehensive toxicological effects of GLY on juvenile common carp and an epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cell line. In the in vivo experiments, exposure to GLY (5 and 15mg/L) for 30 days induced liver inflammation and oxidative damage in common carp and changed the physical barrier of the intestine. Histopathological analysis of the intestine, liver, brain, and changes in oxidative stress biomarkers provided evidence of damage and immune system responses to GLY. Moreover, an inhibitory effect of 15mg/L GLY on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was found in the brain, which may be an important reason for the significant decrease in both swimming distance and average acceleration of common carp. Cell experiments showed that 0.65 and 3.25mg/L GLY inhibited the viability of EPCs. Furthermore, oxidative DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were observed in EPC cells following GLY exposure. Taken together, this study not only highlights the negative effects of GLY on common carp but also enriches the knowledge of the cytotoxicity mechanism to further clarify the comprehensive toxicity of GLY in common carp.

Urinary paraben derivatives in pregnant women at three trimesters: Variability, predictors, and association with oxidative stress biomarkers.

Exposure to parabens has been shown to increase oxidative stress, which has a vital impact on the development of numerous diseases. However, few studies reported the effects of the paraben derivatives on oxidative stress, particularly among pregnant women. This study, using repeated measurements, aimed to understand the exposure profiles of urinary paraben derivative concentrations and their relationships with oxidative stress biomarkers (OSBs). A total of 861 pregnant women, who provided spot urine samples at three trimesters, were included, and 2583 urine samples were used to measure four paraben derivatives [p-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HB), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHB), methyl protocatechuate, and ethyl protocatechuate], four parabens (methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl), and three OSBs [8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (for DNA), 8-hydroxyguanosine (for RNA), and 4-hydroxy nonenal mercapturic acid (for lipid)]. Pregnant women were extensively exposed to parabens and paraben derivatives with detection frequencies (DFs) of 86.1%-100%, except for butylparaben with a DF of 14.9%. p-HB and 3,4-DHB had relatively high urinary concentrations (specific gravity-adjusted median values: 1394 and 74.5ng/mL, respectively). Low reproducibility in paraben derivatives was found across the three trimesters. Sampling season, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and infant sex were predictors of some paraben derivatives/parabens. Linear mixed model analyses showed that all target compounds (if DF>50%) were associated with increases in all the selected OSBs, where the percent change in OSBs with an interquartile range increase in paraben concentration ranged from 9.85% to 24.7%, while those in paraben derivative concentration ranged from 13.8% to 72.1%. Weighted quantile sum model showed that joint exposure was significantly associated with increased OSBs, and paraben derivatives were stronger contributors to OSBs compared with parabens. Overall, urinary paraben derivatives were associated with increased oxidative stress of nucleic acids and lipid in pregnant women.

Vanadium pentoxide induces hematological, oxidative stress and histological changes in Oryctolagus cuniculus

The effects of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) on hematological, oxidative stress biomarkers, and histopathological status of male Oryctolagus cuniculus were investigated on a 21-day exposure trial and 7-days recovery. Oryctolagus cuniculus (433.45 ± 5.00 g) were randomized into four experimental and one control groups each in triplicate of four animals. A 96-h estimated median lethal dose (LD50) of 119.0 mg/kg was used to derive four experimental daily oral doses (1, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight) of V2O5; while the control received distilled water instead. Hematological and oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated on day-7 (d-7), d-14, d-21 and 7-d withdrawal, whereas histopathology was assessed on d-21 and 7-d withdrawal. After 21-d exposure to 20 mg/kg of V2O5, the red blood cell count (RBC) and hemoglobin concentration (Hb) decreased by 16.9% and 12.3% respectively, while the white blood cell count (WBC) increased by 6.7% compared to the control. The activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase decreased by as much as 30.0% and 14.3% respectively compared to the control in rabbits exposed to 20 mg/kg of V2O5. Lipid peroxidation increased from exposure to V2O5, and peaked on d-7 (∼ 42.9 – 61.0% above the control). Changes in oxidative stress biomarkers were dose- and time-dependent. Sections of the liver and kidney of exposed animals showed alterations in tissue architecture that were characterized by inflammatory cells infiltration, sinusoidal congestion, renal cast formation and vacuolar and tubular degeneration. Taken together, exposure to V2O5 exerts hematological, oxidative stress and histopathological changes in O. cuniculus and calls for strict restriction on the use of this compound to avert environmental hazard.

Ameliorative Potential of Aqueous Extract of Broccoli Sprouts Against Triazophos Induced Ovarian Toxicity in Wistar Rats

Traditional therapeutic procedures using antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables have been in vogue for the development of evidence-based biomarkers for assessing reproductive health. Present investigation was designed to study the antioxidative potential of broccoli sprouts aqueous extract (BE), against ovarian toxicity in female rats induced by triazophos (TZ). In the experimental setup, six groups of rats were formed; Control (group 1), BE (group 2), TZ (group 3), and also BE+TZ groups such as BE1 (group 4), BE2 (group 5) and BE3 (group 6) groups. Body weight was weekly recorded of all the rats, while vaginal smear was observed daily during 30 days experiment. After sacrifice, oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers levels viz; catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were determined along with histopathological and apoptotic observation. Results revealed differentially modified changes in OS biomarkers as CAT, SOD, GR, GPx, and GST, while LPO levels were significantly improved with broccoli supplementation compared to TZ group rats. Plasma progesterone and estradiol levels were also restored along with improved ovarian histoarchitecture among all BE+TZ treated rats. Reduced apoptotic granulosa cells with reduced atresia and normal ovarian surface epithelium height were also observed with BE treatment. BE exerts multi-mechanistic protective effects against TZ induced ovarian toxicity which is attributable to its antioxidant and protective actions.

BIOCHEMICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON THE MALE RAT HEPATIC TISSUE AFTER EXPOSURE TO 900MHZ ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD DURING ADOLESCENT PERIOD

The aim of this study was to employ biochemical analysis and histopathological techniques to investigate the effects of the application of a 900-megahertz electromagnetic field during adolescence on the rat liver. 24 male Sprague Dawley rats aged 21 days were randomly divided into electromagnetic field, sham and control groups. No procedure was performed on the control group rats. Electromagnetic field group rats were exposed to a 900-megahertz electromagnetic field in an electromagnetic field application cage (1 hours/day, every day for 25 days). The sham group rats were placed in the same electromagnetic field cage without exposure to electromagnetic field. At the end of the experiments, the livers were removed. The livers were used for histopathological evaluation (light, electron and immunofluorescence microscopy) and biochemical analyses. Biochemical analyses revealed increased lipid peroxidation and glutathione values while catalase and superoxide dismutase values were decreased in electromagnetic field group. Electron microscopy evaluations identified necrotic hepatocytes with numerous cytoplasmic and mitochondrial vacuoles in electromagnetic field group sections. We also observed an enlarged endoplasmic reticulum and loss of mitochondrial matrix, in addition to the presence of vacuoles. Also, loss of inner and outer mitochondrial membrane integrity was observed. Light microscopy evaluations revealed sinusoidal capillary dilatation and degeneration in hepatocytes with cytoplasmic swelling, vacuolar degeneration and pyknotic nuclei in electromagnetic field group sections. Deterioration in the integrity of the collagen fibers was also present around the vena centralis. Additionally, electromagnetic field had no effect on body weight. Therefore, we conclude that continuous 900-megahertz electromagnetic field treatment may cause changes in oxidative stress biomarkers and the morphology of the adolescent rat liver.

A Comparison of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in the Serum of Healthy Polish Dairy Goats with Those Naturally Infected with Small Ruminant Lentivirus in the Course of Lactation.

Simple SummaryMany viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus 1, influenza virus, or Rift Valley fever virus, cause cell damage by generating reactive oxygen species and altering redox homeostasis. However, cells have developed various antioxidant mechanisms. We assumed that small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV), which has been found to infect sheep and goats worldwide can also disrupt the homeostasis of animals. SRLV target organs are the joints, lungs, brain, and the udder. To our knowledge, no information exists on the influence of SRLV infection on the oxidative processes occurring in goats. Understanding the influence of viral infection on oxidative stress may help develop novel antiviral treatments. Our study aimed to examine the effects of SRLV infection on oxidative stress biomarkers in the serum of dairy goats during lactation. No differences in any studied parameter at any stage of lactation were found between infected and uninfected goats. On the other hand, significant differences in almost all investigated parameters were found between stages of lactation, regardless of the infection status of goats. In conclusion, asymptomatic SRLV-infected goats do not reveal any apparent dysfunctions in serum oxidative stress biomarkers compared to their uninfected counterparts. The only changes in oxidative stress biomarkers observed during lactation appear to reflect the metabolic effort associated with milk production and developing pregnancy.The present study examines the effects of natural infection by small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) in the two most common goat breeds in Poland, i.e., Polish white improved and polish fawn improved. It focuses on biomarkers of oxidative stress, oxidatively modified proteins and antioxidant defenses, ceruloplasmin level as an acute phase protein, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the goat serum. It was conducted on 24 goats divided into two equal groups: one SRLV-seropositive (SRLV-SP) and another SRLV-seronegative (SRLV-SN). Both groups were identical in terms of breed and parity. Despite infection, the SRLV-SP goats demonstrated no symptoms of caprine arthritis-encephalitis. In addition, the SRLV-SP goats did not reveal pronounced dysfunctions in oxidative stress biomarkers in the serum compared to the SRLV-SN animals. However, both groups demonstrated elevated levels of the aldehydic and ketonic derivatives of oxidatively modified proteins during the lactation period. In addition, both groups retained a high total antioxidant capacity in serum despite the decrease of enzyme antioxidant defenses throughout the 200-day lactation period.

Effects of omega-3 supplementation on endothelial dysfunction in humans: a systematic review

Objective: To evaluate the effects of omega-3 supplementation on endothelial dysfunction in humans, considering the lipid profile, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. Methods: The search for the articles was carried out on the bases PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane and Web of Science, following the recommendations for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis of PRISMA. This study was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews database. After the process of searching and applying the inclusion criteria, 17 articles were selected. Results: The most pronounced effect of omega-3 supplementation was on reductions in triglycerides, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, pulse wave velocity and increased dilation mediated by the flow of the brachial artery. There were no significant changes in oxidative stress biomarkers and overall nutritional status. Final considerations: Evidence of benefits of omega-3 in improving dyslipidemia, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction; new intervention research is needed to better elucidate the role of this nutrient in the studied parameters, in addition to establishing effective doses, composition and intervention time for application in clinical practice.

In Vivo Effects on Stress Protein, Genotoxicity, and Oxidative Toxicity Parameters in Oreochromis niloticus Tissues Exposed to Thiamethoxam

This study aimed to observe the effect of toxicity of the pesticide thiamethoxam (TMX) at sublethal concentrations in the liver and brain of Oreochromis niloticus. In the experiment, fish were exposed to 50, 100, and, 150 mg/L with thiamethoxam for 48 h and 15 days. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferaz (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activities; and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70), glutathione (GSH), and genotoxicity parameter 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were analyzed by spectrophotometric methods and ELISA techniques. Depending on time and dose in TMX exposure in liver tissue, a significant decrease in GSH level; an increase in SOD, GST, GPx, and EROD enzyme activities; and HSP70, TBARS, and 8-OHdG levels was determined. In brain tissue, SOD, GST, and EROD enzyme activities, an increase in HSP70, TBARS, and 8-OHdG levels, and a decrease in CAT enzyme activity and GSH levels were determined. In this study, TMX in the concentrations used showed that changes in oxidative stress biomarkers, genotoxicity parameter 8-OHdG levels, and HSP70 levels caused toxic effects in the model organism. As a result of the study, the changes and protective effects of the antioxidant system and stress proteins at the cellular level were determined in sublethal doses of toxic effects caused by TMX in the vital organs of the organism. In this toxicological study, TMX exposure resulted in toxicity to O. niloticus liver and brain tissues, in addition, responses of biomarkers to time and concentrations were determined. As a result of this study, the potential toxic effects of the commonly used pesticide TMX will reveal both the ecological risks of the aquatic organism and the basic data of the safety and risk assessments of O. niloticus consumed as food for human health.

Metal load and oxidative stress driven by organotin compounds on rainbow trout

Tributyltin-based (TBT) antifouling paints, widely used for the treatment of flooded surfaces, have been banned in 2008 for their high environmental persistence and bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms. Although it is still present in aquatic ecosystems, oxidative stress driven by TBT has been still poorly investigated in fish. The aim of the study was to examine the time-course stress responses in liver of rainbow trout that received a single intraperitoneal injection of tributyltin chloride (TBTC) or tributyltin ethoxide (TBTE), both at a dose of 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg. Levels of metallothioneins, total glutathione, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase were evaluated at 3 and 6 days post-injection. Tin load was measured in the muscle of the same fish. Differences were observed in the time-course accumulation of tin with a clear dose-response relationship. Although individual oxidative stress biomarkers varied, the biomarker profile indicated different stress mechanisms caused by both TBTC and TBTE. The weak induction of metal-trapping metallothioneins and the changes of oxidative stress biomarkers suggested a stress-pressure in both TBT-treated trout, advising for an ecotoxicological risk for freshwater ecosystems.

Detoxification gene expression, genotoxicity, and hepatorenal damage induced by subacute exposure to the new pyrethroid, imiprothrin, in rats.

The pyrethroid imiprothrin is widely used worldwide for control of insects in the agriculture and public health sectors. No sufficient information is however available concerning detoxification gene expression, i.e., cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) and metallothionein 1a gene, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and organ injury induced by imiprothrin in mammals. This study is designed to explain the mechanism of imiprothrin induced detoxification gene expression, DNA damage, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and organ toxicity in male rats. The benchmark dose (BMD) was calculated to find the best sensitive markers to imiprothrin toxicity. Imiprothrin was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) into male rats once a day for 5 days with doses of 19, 38, and 75 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.). Imiprothrin caused a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and changes in oxidative stress biomarkers in treated rats. Significant dose-dependent changes in the liver and kidney biomarkers were observed. Histopathological alterations were seen in the liver and kidney tissue of male rats. Imiprothrin also significantly increased chromosomal aberrations (CA) and micronuclei in bone-marrow cells, and induced lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and liver and kidney dysfunction, and damage. Imiprothrin induced DNA damage and over detoxification gene expression of CYP1A2 and metallothionein 1a gene in hepatocytes of male rats. Imiprothrin thus shows clastogenic and genotoxic potential. The mechanism for hepatorenal toxicity and injury, genotoxicity/cytotoxicity of imiprothrin might be due to enhanced lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress associated with overproduction of free radicals, especially reactive oxygen species, and an imbalance in redox status. From the BMD models, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein, uric acid, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and micronuclei (MPEs) were very sensitive markers to imiprothrin toxicity.