Changes In Fatty Acid Composition Research Articles

Determination of changes in bioactive components and fatty acid compositions of olive fruits sonicated in different bitterness removal solutions in pickled olive production

Determination of changes in bioactive components and fatty acid compositions of olive fruits sonicated in different bitterness removal solutions in pickled olive production

Effect of the Mediterranean diet on the faecal long-chain fatty acid composition and intestinal barrier integrity: an exploratory analysis of the randomised controlled LIBRE trial.

We recently showed that adherence to the Mediterranean diet increased the proportion of plasma n-3 PUFA, which was associated with an improved intestinal barrier integrity. In the present exploratory analysis, we assessed faecal fatty acids in the same cohort, aiming to investigate possible associations with intestinal barrier integrity. Women from the Lifestyle Intervention Study in Women with Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (LIBRE) randomised controlled trial, characterised by an impaired intestinal barrier integrity, followed either a Mediterranean diet (intervention group, n 33) or a standard diet (control group, n 35). At baseline (BL), month 3 (V1) and month 12 (V2), plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, faecal zonulin and faecal fatty acids were measured. In the intervention group, faecal proportions of palmitoleic acid (16:1, n-7) and arachidonic acid (20:4, n-6) decreased, while the proportion of linoleic acid (18:2, n-6) and α linoleic acid (18:3, n-3) increased (BL-V1 and BL-V2, all P < 0·08). In the control group, faecal proportions of palmitic acid and arachidic acid increased, while the proportion of linoleic acid decreased (BL-V1, all P < 0·05). The decrease in the proportion of palmitoleic acid correlated with the decrease in plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (ΔV1-BL r = 0·72, P < 0·001; ΔV2-BL r = 0·39, P < 0·05) and correlated inversely with adherence to the Mediterranean diet (Mediterranean diet score; ΔV1-BL r = -0·42, P = 0·03; ΔV2-BL r = -0·53, P = 0·005) in the intervention group. Our data show that adherence to the Mediterranean diet induces distinct changes in the faecal fatty acid composition. Furthermore, our data indicate that the faecal proportion of palmitoleic acid, but not faecal n-3 PUFA, is associated with intestinal barrier integrity in the intervention group.

Physicochemical characteristics of cold-pressed blackcurrant-, strawberry-, and raspberry seed oils during storage and its influence on thermo-oxidative stability

The storage characteristics of cold-pressed blackcurrant-, strawberry- and raspberry seed oils and the factors influencing thermo-oxidative stability during storage were determined. It was established that throughout one year there were no significant (p ≤ 0.05) changes of thermo-oxidative stability (OIT at 120 and 140 °C) and fatty acid composition in all berry seed oils (BSO), despite a minor reduction in antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging) and tocopherol content, and an increase in acid value, p-anisidine value, and K232, K268 values. Pigment degradation became noticeable after 6 months, resulting from a decrease in chlorophyll and carotenoid content, and observed in changes of colour parameters (angle hue, chroma, ΔE). The study also showed that many compositional factors play an important role in maintaining the thermo-oxidative stability of berry seed oils at a constant level over a period of one year, among which the most significant parameters influencing OIT values were the content of fatty acid c18:1, tocopherols and carotenoids, as revealed by the multiple linear regression analysis (MLR).

The impact of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on the cream composition: Insight into changes of vitamin D3 content and fatty acid composition

Food fortification is considered a promising strategy to enhance the bioavailability of vitamin D. This study aimed to analyze the impact of probiotic bacteria added to cream on vitamin D3 biosynthesis. Both the biomass and lyophilized form of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum were tested. In addition, changes in the fatty acid (FA) profile were evaluated. Supplementation with L. plantarum B/00401 lyophilisate resulted in more efficient vitamin D3 enrichment of the cream compared to the biomass, increasing its content from 1.71 to 15.96 μg g−1. Moreover, a reduction in saturated fatty acids (SFA) accompanied by an increase in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was observed following the addition of L. plantarum B/00401 to the cream. The proposed fortification approach may help address poor vitamin D3 status. At the same time, the changes in the FA profile offer additional benefits to consumers by reducing the risk of heart disease development.

FADS1 Genetic Variant and Omega-3 Supplementation Are Associated with Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Red Blood Cells of Subjects with Obesity.

Obesity is characterized by low-grade chronic inflammation, which can be modulated by lipid mediators derived from omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Obesity is a multifactorial disease, where genetic and environmental factors strongly interact to increase its development. In this context, the FADS1 gene encodes the delta-5 desaturase protein, which catalyzes the desaturation of PUFA. The rs174547 genetic variant of FADS1 has been associated with alterations in lipid metabolism, particularly with decreases in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (AA) concentrations. To analyze the effect of an n-3-supplemented diet on the fatty acid profile and composition in red blood cells (RBCs) of obese subjects carrying the rs174547 variant of the FADS1 gene. Seventy-six subjects with obesity were divided into two groups: omega-3 (1.5 g of n-3/day) and placebo (1.5 g of sunflower oil/day). The dietary intervention consisted of a four-month follow-up. Anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary variables were evaluated monthly. The total fatty acid profile in RBC was determined using gas chromatography. The rs174547 variant was analyzed through allelic discrimination. The n-3 index (O3I) increased at the end of the intervention in both groups. Subjects carrying the CC genotype showed significant differences (minor increase) in n-6, n-3, total PUFA, EPA, DHA, and the O3I in RBCs compared to TT genotype carriers in the n-3 group. The diet supplemented with EPA and DHA is ideal for providing the direct products that bypass the synthesis step affected by the FADS1 rs174547 variant in subjects carrying the CC genotype. The O3I confirmed an increase in n-3 fatty acids in RBCs at the end of the intervention.

Evaluation of the Lemon Juice Induced Changes in Fatty Acid Composition, Membrane Fluidity and Virulence in Pathogenic Escherichia coli

Evaluation of the Lemon Juice Induced Changes in Fatty Acid Composition, Membrane Fluidity and Virulence in Pathogenic Escherichia coli

Investigating the Thermal Stability of Omega Fatty Acid-Enriched Vegetable Oils.

This study investigates the thermal stability of omega fatty acid-enriched vegetable oils, focusing on their behavior under high-temperature conditions commonly encountered during frying. This research aims to evaluate changes in fatty acid composition, particularly the degradation of essential omega-3, -6, and -9 fatty acids, and the formation of harmful compounds such as trans fatty acids (TFAs). Various commercially available vegetable oils labeled as containing omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9, including refined sunflower, high-oleic sunflower, rapeseed, and blends, were analyzed under temperatures from 180 °C to 230 °C for varying durations. The fatty acid profiles were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results indicated a significant degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and an increase in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and TFAs with prolonged heating. The findings highlight the varying degrees of thermal stability among different oils, with high-oleic sunflower and blended oils exhibiting greater resistance to thermal degradation compared to conventional sunflower oils. This study underscores the importance of selecting oils with favorable fatty acid compositions for high-temperature cooking to minimize adverse health effects associated with degraded oil consumption. Furthermore, it provides insights into optimizing oil blends to enhance thermal stability and maintain nutritional quality, crucial for consumer health and food industry practices.

MICROWAVE HEATING EFFECT ON THE OXIDATION AND QUALITY OF COLD-PRESSED SUNFLOWER OIL

Sunflower oil is widely used in the human diet, primarily due to its constituent components and its applications in producing functional products. The use of microwave ovens in food preparation has become widespread in recent years due to certain advantages that include saving time, energy and convenience. As a result of heat treatment of oils, various chemical reactions can occur, leading to the formation of products that may indicate deterioration or a reduction in quality. For this purpose, untreated oil (not subjected to heating) and oil heated in a microwave oven for varying durations (ranging from 4 to 20 minutes) were analyzed in this study. The quality assessment of cold-pressed sunflower oil was conducted using standard official methods to measure peroxide, acid, and iodine values. The progression of oil oxidation was tracked by analyzing conjugated dienes and conjugated trienes through UV-spectroscopy (method AOCS Ch 5-91). Additionally, considering the theoretical link between microwave heating and changes in fatty acid composition, the fatty acid profile of the oil was determined according to MKC EN ISO 12966-4:2015. The results indicate a notable shift in the peroxide value (PV). Specifically, after heating the oil for 4 minutes, the PV exceeds the permitted limits. Furthermore, a decrease in the iodine value is observed with increasing heating time, while no significant changes are noted in the acid value. Additionally, changes in the content of fatty acids are observed in cold-pressed sunflower oil. At specific wavelengths (232 and 268 nm), conjugated dienes and trienes were detected as oxidation products, i.e. the extinction coefficients (K232) and (K268) fell within the ranges of 3,72-4,16 and 1,25-2,56, respectively. These findings lead to the conclusion that microwave heating induces changes in the quality of cold-pressed sunflower oil. To maintain its quality, an appropriate choice of heat treatment is required.

Arabidopsis trigalactosyldiacylglycerol1 mutants reveal a critical role for phosphtidylcholine remodeling in lipid homeostasis.

Lipid remodeling plays a critical role in plant response to abiotic stress and metabolic perturbations. Key steps in this process involve modifications of phosphatidylcholine (PC) acyl chains mediated by lysophosphatidylcholine: acyl-CoA acyltransferases (LPCATs) and phosphatidylcholine: diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (ROD1). To assess their importance in lipid homeostasis, we took advantage of the trigalactosyldiacylglycerol1 (tgd1) mutant that exhibits marked increases in fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid flux through PC due to a block in inter-organelle lipid trafficking. Here, we showed that the increased fatty acid synthesis in tgd1 is due to posttranslational activation of the plastidic acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. Genetic analysis showed that knockout of LPCAT1 and 2 resulted in a lethal phenotype in tgd1. In addition, plants homozygous for lpcat2 and heterozygous for lpcat1 in the tgd1 background showed reduced levels of PC and triacylglycerols (TAG) and alterations in their fatty acid profiles. We further showed that disruption of ROD1 in tgd1 resulted in changes in fatty acid composition of PC and TAG, decreased leaf TAG content and reduced seedling growth. Together, our results reveal a critical role of LPCATs and ROD1 in maintaining cellular lipid homeostasis under conditions, in which fatty acid production largely exceeds the cellular demand for membrane lipid synthesis.

Exploring the role of FAT genes in Solanaceae species through genome-wide analysis and genome editing.

Plants produce numerous fatty acid derivatives, and some of these compounds have significant regulatory functions, such as governing effector-induced resistance, systemic resistance, and other defense pathways. This study systematically identified and characterized eight FAT genes (Acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterases), four in the Solanum lycopersicum and four in the Solanum tuberosum genome. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into four distinct groups, exhibiting conserved domain structures across different plant species. Promoter analysis revealed various cis-acting elements, most of which are associated with stress responsiveness and growth and development. Micro-RNA (miRNA) analysis identified specific miRNAs, notably miRNA166, targeting different FAT genes in both species. Utilizing clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated knockout, mutant lines for SlFATB1 and SlFATB3 were successfully generated and exhibited diverse mutation types. Biochemical evaluation of selected mutant lines revealed significant changes in fatty acid composition, with linoleic and linolenic acid content variations. The study also explored the impact of FAT gene knockout on tomato leaf architecture through scanning electron microscopy, providing insights into potential morphological alterations. Knocking out of FAT genes resulted in a significant reduction in both trichome and stoma density. These findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of FAT genes in Solanaceous species, encompassing genetic, functional, and phenotypic aspects.

Characterization of the Bacillus cereus spore killed by plasma-activated water (PAW)

Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) spore is one of the most easily contaminated bacterial spores. Plasma-activated water (PAW) has emerged as a potential method for microbial inactivation. The exterior pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (DPA) of spores was released after PAW oxidative stresses. The broken inner membrane and partially hydrolyzed cortex were represented. Some spores’ architecture changed from a full and plump surface to these with wrinkles and indentations and even the shape shifted from oval to partly elongated irregular contraction. The detached exosporium, the devoid content, and the distinctly ruptured multilayer structure were exhibited. Young’s modulus indicated that PAW may cause a body with reduced elasticity. The multiple resistances toward NaClO, NaCl, heat, UV, H2O2, and lysozyme uncovered that the compromise in the spore coat, the loss of the integrity of inner membrane permeability, the denatured proteins, the unsaturated DNA, the degradation of α/β-type small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs) and part inactivation of cortex lytic enzymes occurred. The changes in fatty acid compositions, lipid peroxidation, protein loss, and the inhibited activity of ATPase as well as the degraded and collapsed representative DNA/DPA/proteins Raman spectrum peaks also further confirmed the potential sites for spore death by PAW.

Identifying changes in foliar fatty acids composition caused by exposure to diesel fuel-contaminated soil

Identifying changes in foliar fatty acids composition caused by exposure to diesel fuel-contaminated soil

Characteristics of Malassezia furfur at various pH and effects of Malassezia lipids on skin cells

Malassezia species are commensal and opportunistic fungi found in human skin. All Malassezia species lack fatty acid synthesis genes and survive by utilizing several lipases to degrade and absorb fatty acids from external lipid sources, but little research has been done on their optimal active pH and temperature. Our skin protects itself from external stimuli and maintains homeostasis, involving bacteria and fungi such as Malassezia species that inhabit our skin. Hence, dysbiosis in the skin microbiome can lead to various skin diseases. The skin’s pH is slightly acidic compared to neutral, and changes in pH can affect the metabolism of Malassezia species. We used keratinocyte cell lines to determine the effect of lipids bio-converted by Malassezia furfur, Malassezia japonica, and Malassezia yamatoensis under pH conditions similar to those of healthy skin. Lipids bio-converted from Malassezia species were associated with the regulation of transcripts related to inflammation, moisturizing, and promoting elasticity. Therefore, to determine the effect of pH on lipid metabolism in M. furfur, which is associated with seborrheic dermatitis, changes in biomass, lipid content, and fatty acid composition were determined. The results showed that pH 7 resulted in low growth and reduced lipid content, which had a negative impact on skin health. Given that bio-converted Malassezia-derived lipids show positive effects at the slightly acidic pH typical of healthy skin, it is important to study their effects on skin cells under various pH conditions.Key points• pH 6, Malassezia spp. bio-converted lipid have a positive effect on skin cells• Malassezia spp. have different lipid, fatty acid, and growth depending on pH• Malassezia spp. can play a beneficial role by secreting lipids to the outside

Enhancing seed oil content and fatty acid composition in camelina through overexpression of castor RcWRI1A and RcMYB306

Seed triacylglycerol (TAG), a major component of vegetable oil, consists of a glycerol esterified with three fatty acids. Vegetable oil has industrial applications and is widely used as edible oil. The increasing demand for plant oils, owing to population growth, it is crucial to enhance the oil content in seeds. We found castor WRINKLED1A (RcWRI1A) and R2R3-type MYB domain protein 306 (RcMYB306) which have homology with Arabidopsis WRI1 (AtWRI1) and AtMYB96 which regulate genes involved in fatty acid and TAG synthesis, respectively. These castor genes were separately and jointly overexpressed using seed-specific promoters in an oil crop, camelina (Camelina sativa). Overexpression of RcWRI1A, RcMYB306, or RcWRI1A + RcMYB306 increased the total seed oil content in camelina. However, this increase was not significantly different from that observed during the overexpression of RcWRI1A or/and RcMYB306. RcWRI1A overexpression increased the fatty acid content, including 16:0, 18:2, 18:3. Contrastingly, RcMYB306 overexpression increased the 18:1, 18:2, 18:3, 20:0 and 20:1 fatty acid. In the RcWRI1A + RcMYB306 lines, changes in fatty acid composition demonstrated the combined effects of these transcription factors. These results suggest that RcWRI1A and RcMYB306 can be used to improve the productivity of oil crops.

Microplastic Leachate Negatively Affects Fertilization in the Coral Montipora capitata.

Microplastic pollution is an emerging stressor of concern to coral reef ecosystems, which are already threatened by additional global and local level anthropogenic stressors. The effects of ingesting microplastics alone on corals have been well studied, but the effects of the chemical composition of these particles have been understudied. Many microplastic-associated chemicals are endocrine disrupters potentially posing a threat to organismal reproduction. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine if differences exist between the effects of microplastics themselves and microplastic leachate on Montipora capitata fertilization due to changes in fatty acid quantity and composition. Assays were conducted two years in a row which exposed M. capitata gamete bundles to either one of four types of recently manufactured, virgin microspheres (nylon, polypropylene, high-density polyethylene, or low-density polyethylene) at three concentrations (50, 100, or 200 particles/L) or microplastic leachates, presumably including plastic additives from these microspheres. Gamete fertilization was not impacted by microplastic particles themselves, but some of the microplastic leachate treatments with the same polymer type significantly reduced fertilization rates for M. capitata. Additionally, a total of 17 fatty acids were seen in both years, but neither fatty acid quantity nor composition correlated with observed declines in fertilization. Instead, fertilization and fatty acid data independently varied by concentration and polymer type, likely due to the presence of different chemicals. This study is the first to directly test the toxicity of microplastic leachate to coral reproduction. These findings show that microplastic-associated chemicals are an important stressor affecting successful coral fertilization and fatty acid quantity and composition and provide evidence for the negative effects of microplastic leachate to coral reproduction. Thus, plastic additives could pose an additional threat to coral replenishment and persistence in coral reef ecosystems.

Gestational PFAS exposure and newborn size: The modifying effect of cord blood fatty acids

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) can disrupt lipid metabolism, and changes in cord blood fatty acid composition have been observed in small newborns. Emerging evidence suggests that exposure to PFASs during pregnancy is linked to decreased newborn size, although the evidence is not consistent. The modifying effect of fatty acids on the associations of gestational PFAS exposure with newborn size is still unknown. Here we show that the nutritional status of the fetus, as indicated by the level of fatty acids in the cord blood, mitigates the adverse effects of gestational PFAS exposure on the size of the newborn. Our study confirms the adverse developmental effects of PFASs and identifies emerging short-chain PFASs as the primary drivers of reduced newborn size, despite their lower exposure burden compared to legacy PFASs. Additionally, we find the protective role of cord blood fatty acids, suggesting potential strategies for mitigating the detrimental effects of emerging environmental exposures on human health. Our findings provide new evidence of the potential toxicity of emerging PFASs and call for further toxicity evaluations of these pollutants for regulatory purposes. Future studies should consider the complex interaction between exposure and nutrition within the human body, particularly during the first thousand days of life, to promote lifelong health.

Effects of nitrogen starvation on growth and biochemical composition of some microalgae species.

Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrient sources for the growth of microalgae. We studied the effects of nitrogen starvation on the growth responses, biochemical composition, and fatty acid profile of Dunaliella tertiolecta, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Nannochloropsis oculata. The lack of nitrogen caused changes in carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and fatty acid composition in all examined microalgae. The carbohydrate content increased 59% in D. tertiolecta, while the lipid level increased 139% in P. tricornutum under nitrogen stress conditions compared to the control groups. Nitrogen starvation increased the oligosaccharide and polysaccharide contents of D. tertiolecta 4.1-fold and 3.6-fold, respectively. Furthermore, triacylglycerol (TAG) levels in N. oculata and P. tricornutum increased 2.3-fold and 7.4-fold, respectively. The dramatic increase in the amount of TAG is important for the use of these microalgae as raw materials in biodiesel. Nitrogen starvation increased the amounts of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides of D. tertiolecta, while increased eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in N. oculata and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content in P. tricornutum. The amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), EPA, DHA, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides in microalgal species can be increased without using the too costly nitrogen source in the culture conditions, which can reduce the most costly of living feeding.

RNase R Affects the Level of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Transcripts Leading to Changes in membrane Fluidity

Previous studies on RNase R have highlighted significant effects of this ribonuclease in several processes of Streptococcus pneumoniae biology. In this work we show that elimination of RNase R results in overexpression of most of genes encoding the components of type II fatty acid biosynthesis (FASII) cluster. We demonstrate that RNase R is implicated in the turnover of most of transcripts from this pathway, affecting the outcome of the whole FASII cluster, and ultimately leading to changes in the membrane fatty acid composition. Our results show that the membrane of the deleted strain contains higher proportion of unsaturated and long-chained fatty acids than the membrane of the wild type strain. These alterations render the RNase R mutant more prone to membrane lipid peroxidation and are likely the reason for the increased sensitivity of this strain to detergent lysis and to the action of the bacteriocin nisin.Reprogramming of membrane fluidity is an adaptative cell response crucial for bacterial survival in constantly changing environmental conditions. The data presented here is suggestive of a role for RNase R in the composition of S. pneumoniae membrane, with strong impact on pneumococci adaptation to different stress situations.

Effect of refining process on some quality attributes of screw-pressed avocado oil

Avocado (Persea americana) is a source of vegetable oil abundant in unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and diverse nutrients, rendering it a valuable source of functional oil. Refining is a necessary step to achieve avocado oil with high-quality attributes. This research delved into the impact of the refining procedure on some quality attributes of avocado oil obtained through screw pressing. The study encompassed four distinct samples, each corresponding to a specific stage in the refining process, i.e. degumming, neutralization, bleaching, and the crude oil as the control. Findings from the experiments revealed that the yield of avocado oils subjected to cooking pre-treatment (49.19±0.65 %) exceeded those without pre-treatment (45.10±1.71 %). Compared to crude oil, the quality of bleached oil was improved by reducing free fatty acid (52.94 %) and peroxide value (59.38 %). There were noticeable increases in free fatty acid and peroxide value during storage. The physicochemical properties of the extracted oil were affected by the stages of refinement and the duration of storage. FTIR analysis showed that the bleaching stage played a role in removing peroxides, hydroperoxides, and residual moisture. There were no significant changes in fatty acid composition during refinement. Oleic acid (52.0–53.1 %) constituted the largest proportion, trailed by palmitic acid (24.0–24.4 %), linoleic acid (17.2–17.8 %), and palmitoleic acid (4.9–5.6 %). However, unsaturated fatty acids content in avocado oil decreased significantly during storage.

Key co-expressed genes correlated with blood serum parameters of pigs fed with different fatty acid profile diets.

This study investigated how gene expression is affected by dietary fatty acids (FA) by using pigs as a reliable model for studying human diseases that involve lipid metabolism. This includes changes in FA composition in the liver, blood serum parameters and overall metabolic pathways. RNA-Seq data from 32 pigs were analyzed using Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA). Our aim was to identify changes in blood serum parameters and gene expression between diets containing 3% soybean oil (SOY3.0) and a standard pig production diet containing 1.5% soybean oil (SOY1.5). Significantly, both the SOY1.5 and SOY3.0 groups showed significant modules, with a higher number of co-expressed modules identified in the SOY3.0 group. Correlated modules and specific features were identified, including enriched terms and pathways such as the histone acetyltransferase complex, type I diabetes mellitus pathway, cholesterol metabolism, and metabolic pathways in SOY1.5, and pathways related to neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease in SOY3.0. The variation in co-expression observed for HDL in the groups analyzed suggests different regulatory patterns in response to the higher concentration of soybean oil. Key genes co-expressed with metabolic processes indicative of diseases such as Alzheimer's was also identified, as well as genes related to lipid transport and energy metabolism, including CCL5, PNISR, DEGS1. These findings are important for understanding the genetic and metabolic responses to dietary variation and contribute to the development of more precise nutritional strategies.